Unionism in Scotland
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Unionism in Scotland(Scottish Gaelic:Aonachas) is a political movement which favours the continuation of the political union betweenScotlandand the other countries of theUnited Kingdom(England,WalesandNorthern Ireland), and hence is opposed toScottish independence.Scotland is one of fourcountries of the United Kingdomwhich has its owndevolvedgovernment andScottish Parliament,as well as representation in theUK Parliament.There are many strands of political Unionism in Scotland, some of which have ties toUnionismandLoyalisminNorthern Ireland.The two main political parties in the UK — theConservativesandLabour— both support Scotland remaining part of the UK.
The Scottish unionism movement consists of many factions with varying political views but which are united in being politically opposed toScottish independence,which would mean Scotland leaving the UK and becoming an independent state. Political parties which support Scottish independence include: theScottish National Party(SNP) and theScottish Greens.The SNP have formed the devolvedScottish Governmentsince2007.After the SNP won an overall majority in the2011 Scottish Parliament election,the UK and Scottish governments agreed to hold areferendum on Scottish independence,which was held on 18 September 2014. The three main UK political parties formed theBetter Togethercampaign, supporting Scotland remaining part of the UK. The referendum resulted in a victory for the "No" (unionist) campaign, with 55.3% of votes cast for "No" to Scottish independence, and 44.7% cast for "Yes" to Scottish independence.
After the2014 Scottish independence referendum,the cross-partyBetter Togethercampaign ceased to be active. In its place now existsScotland in Union(SIU), Scotland's largest and most active pro-UK campaign.[1]Scotland in Union was launched in March 2015 with the aim of promoting Scotland's place in the UK. People who had supportedBetter Togetherin the 2014 referendum set up the campaign as a response to the continued, high-profile push for independence by Scottish nationalists after the referendum result. Initially, the organisation was led by its founder Alastair Cameron, a former Army captain.[2]In January 2017,Scottish Labour's former Justice spokespersonGraeme Pearsonwas announced as Chief Executive.[3]In August 2017, former Labour MPPamela Nashtook over the role.[4]
Status of the term
[edit]
Before its merger with theConservative and Unionist Partyin England and Wales in 1965, theUnionist Partyin Scotland was often known simply as "Unionist". Both the Conservative and Unionist and Scottish Unionist parties were formed by the merger of Conservatives andLiberal Unionistsin 1912. The union referred to is the1800 Act of Union(between Great Britain and Ireland), not theActs of Union 1707(between England and Scotland).[5]
The term may also be used to suggest an affinity withNorthern Irish unionism.[citation needed]
The formerSecretary of State for Scotland,Michael Moore,has written that he does not call himself a Unionist, despite being a supporter of the union. This he ascribes to theLiberal Democratposition in regard toHome Ruleand decentralisation within the United Kingdom, noting that: "for me the concept of 'Unionism' does not capture the devolution journey on which we have travelled in recent years." He suggests the connotations behind Unionism are of adherence to a constitutional status quo.[6]
History of the Union
[edit]
Kingdom of Scotland
[edit]Scotland emerged as an independentpolityduring the Early Middle Ages, with some historians dating its foundation from the reign ofKenneth MacAlpinin 843. The independence of theKingdom of Scotlandwas fought over between Scottish kings and by theNormanandAngevinrulers ofEngland.A key period in the Kingdom of Scotland's history was a succession crisis that started in 1290, whenEdward I of Englandclaimed the Scottish throne. The resultingwars of Scottish Independencewhich led to Scotland securing its independent status, withRobert the Bruce(crowned in 1306) winning a major confrontation atBannockburnin 1314.
England,Irelandand Scotland shared the same monarch in apersonal unionfrom 1603, when King James VI of Scotland also became King James I of England and Ireland, resulting in the "Union of the Crowns".A political union between the Kingdoms of Scotland, England and Ireland was temporarily formed when the crowns were overthrown as a result of theEnglish Civil War,withOliver Cromwellruling over the whole of Great Britain and Ireland asLord Protector.This period was known asthe Protectorate,or to monarchists as theinterregnum.The monarchies were subsequentlyrestored in 1660,with Scotland reverting to an independent kingdom sharing the same monarch as England and Ireland.
Union between England and Scotland (1707)
[edit]Thepolitical unionbetween the Kingdoms ofScotlandandEngland(also includingWales) was created by theActs of Union,passed in the parliaments of both kingdoms in 1707 and 1706 respectively. Causes for this included English fears that Scotland would select a different (Catholic) monarch in future, and the failure of the Scottish colony atDarien.
The Union was brought into existence under the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707, forming a singleKingdom of Great Britain.Scottishjacobiteresistance to the union, led by descendants ofJames VII of Scotland (II of England),continued until 1746 and the Jacobite defeat atCulloden.
Union with Ireland (1801)
[edit]With the Acts of Union 1800,Irelandunited withGreat Britaininto what then formed theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.The history of the Unions is reflected in various stages of theUnion Flag,which forms theflag of the United Kingdom.Ireland waspartitionedin the early 1920s:Southern Ireland,now known as theRepublic of Ireland,left the United Kingdom, whileNorthern Irelandchose to stay within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Devolution (1999)
[edit]TheLiberal Democrats,and their predecessorLiberal Party,have long been supportive of Home Rule as part of a wider belief insubsidiarityandlocalism.[7]In a mirror image of how the Liberal Democrat Party is itself structured, that party is generally supportive of afederalrelationship between thecountries of the United Kingdom.[8]The Liberal governments of the late 19th century and early 20th century supported a "home ruleall round "policy,[9]which would have meant creating national parliaments in England, Ireland and Scotland with common and external matters (such as defence and foreign affairs) decided by the UK Parliament. A "Government Of Scotland Bill" was introduced to the UK Parliament by the Liberal government in 1913, and its second reading was passed in the House of Commons by 204 votes to 159.[10]The bill did not become law, and home rule fell off the agenda after most of Ireland became independent in 1922.
Following theKilbrandon Reportin 1973, recommending a devolved Scottish Assembly, the Labour government led byJim Callaghanintroduced theScotland Act 1978.A majority voted in favour of the proposed scheme in aMarch 1979 referendumon the proposal, but the Act stipulated that 40% of the total electorate had to vote in favour. The result of the referendum did not meet this additional test, and the Labour government decided not to press ahead with devolution. When the party returned to power in 1997, they introduced asecond devolution referendumwhich resulted in the enactment of theScotland Act 1998and the creation of theScottish Parliament.[11]
Unionists took different sides on the debates regarding devolution. Supporters argued that it would strengthen the Union, as giving Scotland self-government would remove the contention that independence was the only way to obtain control over internal affairs. Labour politicianGeorge Robertsonsaid that devolution "will kill nationalism stone dead"[12]for this reason.John Smith,a Labour leader who supported devolution, believed it was the "settled will" of the Scottish people.[13]Unionist opponents of devolution argued that granting self-government would inevitably lead to the Union breaking, as they believed it would encourage nationalist sentiment and create tensions within the Union. Labour politicianTam Dalyellsaid devolution would be a "motorway to independence".[12]HisWest Lothian questionasked why MPs for Scottish constituencies should be able to decide devolved matters (such as health and education) in England, but MPs for English constituencies would have no say over those matters in Scotland.[14]
TheConservatives,as a Britain-wide party, fielded candidates in Scotland until the creation of a separateUnionist Partyin 1912. This was a separate party which accepted the Conservative whip in the UK Parliament until it was merged into the Conservative Party in 1965. TheDeclaration of Perthpolicy document of 1968 committed the Conservatives to Scottish devolution in some form, and in 1970 the Conservative government publishedScotland's Government,a document recommending the creation of aScottish Assembly.Support for devolution within the party was rejected and was opposed by the Conservative governments led byMargaret ThatcherandJohn Majorin the 1980s and 1990s. The party largely remained opposed to devolution in the1997 Scottish devolution referendumcampaign.[11]That referendum was passed with a large majority, the Conservatives have since accepted devolution in both Scotland and Wales. The governments led byDavid Camerondevolved further powers to theScottish Parliamentin2012and2016.Cameron also attempted to answer the "West Lothian question" by changing the procedures of the UK Parliament (English votes for English laws).[14]
Notable opponents of unionism are theScottish National Party(SNP) and theScottish Green Party.[15]TheScottish Socialist Party(SSP) andSolidarityseek to make Scotland an independentsovereign stateand a republic separate from England,WalesandNorthern Ireland.Of these parties, only the SNP currently has representation in the UK Parliament, which it has had continuously since winning the1967 Hamilton by-election.The SNP and the Scottish Greens both have representation within theScottish Parliament,with the SNP having formed theScottish Governmentsince2007.
Independence referendum (2014)
[edit]
The SNP won an overall majority in the2011 Scottish Parliament election.Following that election, the UK and Scottish Governmentsagreedthat the Scottish Parliament should be given the legal authority to hold an independence referendum by the end of 2014.[16]
The referendum was held on 18 September 2014, asking voters in Scotland the following question: "Should Scotland be an independent country?". At the poll, 2,001,926 voters (55%) rejected the proposal for Scotland to become anindependent stateover 1,617,989 (45%), who voted in favour of Scottish independence.[17]
The referendum result was accepted by the Scottish and British governments, leading to Scotland remaining adevolved partof the United Kingdom. Further moves have since been made towards increased devolution of power to the Scottish Parliament, which has been incorporated into UK law via theScotland Act of 2016.
Subsequent elections
[edit]Following the September 2014 referendum, the pro-independence SNP benefitted from increased membership and political support.[18]In the2015 general election,the SNP won 56 of the 59 seats contested in Scotland, with the three main British parties winning one seat each. The pro-unionist Scottish Conservatives then also saw increased support in the2016 Scottish Parliamentand2017 UK generalelections.
Before the latter election, the Scottish Government (formed by the SNP) had proposed asecond Scottish independence referendum,due to the"Leave"victory in theJune 2016 referendumon UK membership of the European Union, which the majority of voters in Scotland voted against. The SNP won 35 seats in the 2017 UK general election, a loss of 21 from the 2015 election, with their vote dropping from 50% in 2015 to 37%.
In the2019 UK general election,SNP support increased to 45% of the vote and they won 48 of the 59 seats contested in Scotland. The election was focused around Brexit, as the Conservative government led byBoris Johnsonpledged to "get Brexit done". Despite losing seats in Scotland, the Conservatives won an overall majority and the UK left the European Union on 31 January 2020.
The2024 general electionsaw a resurgence of the Unionist Labour Party within Scotland, with the party winning 37 of the 57 Scottish seats at Westminster. The other Unionist parties, the Conservative Party and Liberal Democrats, lost 1 seat and gained 4 seats, respectively. The pro-independence Scottish National Party, meanwhile, the dominant party in Scotland since 2007, saw a collapse of support and lost 40% of its vote share and 39 seats, bringing their total from 48 seats to nine.
Demographics
[edit]An academic study surveying 5,000 Scots following the referendum in 2014, found that the "No" campaign performed strongest among elderly, Protestant and middle-income voters.[19]The study also found that the "No" campaign polled ahead among young voters aged between 16 and 24, whilst the "Yes" campaign performed better among men, Roman Catholic voters and voters aged between 25 and 34 years old.[19]
According to ProfessorJohn Curtice,polling evidence indicates that support for independence was highest among those aged in their late-20s and early-30s, with a higher "No" vote among those aged between 16 and 24.[20]There was an age gap at the referendum, with elderly voters being the most likely to vote against independence and younger voters aged under 55, with the exception of those aged between 16 and 24, generally being more in favour of independence.[20]Those in C2DE, or "working class", occupations were slightly more likely to vote in favour of independence than those in ABC1, or "middle class", occupations, however, there was a significant discrepancy in voting between those living in the most deprived areas and those living in the least deprived areas, with those in more deprived areas being significantly more likely to vote in favour of independence and those in more affluent areas being more likely to vote against independence.[20]This has been picked up by other academics,[21]with data from theScottish Index of Multiple Deprivationstudy from 2012 indicating that the six most deprived local authorities in Scotland returned the highest "Yes" vote shares at the referendum.[22]
Geography
[edit]At the referendum a total of 4 out of 32 council areas voted in favour of independence, these being:North Lanarkshire(51.1% Yes),Glasgow(53.5% Yes),West Dunbartonshire(54.0% Yes) andDundee(57.3% Yes). The largest No votes were returned byOrkney(67.2% No),Scottish Borders(66.6% No),Dumfries and Galloway(65.7% No) andShetland(63.7% No). Generally, the Yes campaign performed strongly in deprived urban settings, such as inGreater GlasgowandDundee,with the No campaign performing better in affluent rural and suburban areas, such as inAberdeenshireandEast Renfrewshire.The campaign saw large shifts in favour of independence in areas traditionally held byScottish Labourat theScottish and UK Parliaments,with the Yes campaign performing strongly inRed Clydeside.The No campaign performed better in affluent areas traditionally held by theScottish Liberal DemocratsandScottish Conservativessuch as inEast Dunbartonshireand theScottish Borders.Surprisingly, the No campaign were able to secure a set of sizeable majorities in some council areas which have traditionally voted for theSNP,such as inMorayandAngus,where the "No" vote was 57.6% and 56.3% respectively.
Religion
[edit]Public opinion polling conducted byLord Ashcroftafter the Scottish independence referendum found that approximately 70% of Scotland'sProtestantpopulation voted against Scottish independence whereas 57% ofRoman Catholicsvoted in favour of Scottish independence.[23]
National identity
[edit]"British" national identity forms a significant part of the unionist movement in Scotland, with the vast majority of those identifying their national identity more as "British" being in favour of Scotland remaining a part of the United Kingdom, with a smaller majority of those identifying their national identity more as "Scottish" supporting Scottish independence.[24]However, many independence supporters also identify as "British" in varying degrees, with a majority of those describing their national identity as "More Scottish than British" being supportive of Scottish independence.[24]
A question onnational identitywas asked in the 2011 UK Census: "what do you feel is your national identity?". Respondents could identify themselves as having more than one national identity.
In the 2011 UK Census:[25]
- 62% identified themselves as 'Scottish only'
- 18% identified themselves as 'Scottish' and 'British'
- 8% identified themselves as 'British only'
- 2% identified themselves as 'Scottish' together with some other identity.
- the remainder chose other national identities.
The council areas with at least 90% of the population stating some 'Scottish' national identity wereNorth Lanarkshire,Inverclyde,East AyrshireandWest Dunbartonshire.The lowest proportions of people stating some 'Scottish' national identity were in Edinburgh (70%) and Aberdeen (75%).[26]
The council areas with the highest proportions of people stating 'British' as their only national identity wereArgyll and ButeandShetland,each with 12%.[26]
Below is a table of national identity sorted by council area based on the results of the 2011 census:
| Council area | Scottish only | Scottish and British only | British only | Other UK identities | Scottish and any other identities | Other only |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aberdeen | 54.7% | 17.7% | 8.3% | 4.7% | 2.5% | 12.1% |
| Aberdeenshire | 61.3% | 17.7% | 9.0% | 6.7% | 1.9% | 3.6% |
| Angus | 66.8% | 17.8% | 7.2% | 4.4% | 1.6% | 2.2% |
| Argyll and Bute | 57.4% | 17.2% | 11.6% | 8.9% | 2.4% | 2.4% |
| Clackmannanshire | 67.0% | 17.6% | 7.4% | 4.3% | 1.6% | 2.1% |
| Dumfries and Galloway | 59.6% | 16.7% | 10.1% | 9.7% | 2.0% | 1.8% |
| Dundee | 65.5% | 16.6% | 6.5% | 3.6% | 1.8% | 6.1% |
| East Ayrshire | 70.6% | 18.7% | 5.7% | 2.9% | 1.2% | 0.9% |
| East Dunbartonshire | 60.2% | 24.7% | 8.7% | 2.7% | 1.9% | 1.8% |
| East Lothian | 62.6% | 18.9% | 8.6% | 4.6% | 2.0% | 3.0% |
| East Renfrewshire | 59.0% | 25.6% | 9.4% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 1.8% |
| Edinburgh | 48.8% | 18.5% | 11.4% | 6.7% | 3.2% | 11.4% |
| Eilean Siar | 69.2% | 14.3% | 8.1% | 5.4% | 1.5% | 1.4% |
| Falkirk | 68.0% | 19.7% | 6.3% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 2.0% |
| Fife | 63.8% | 18.2% | 7.9% | 5.1% | 1.8% | 3.2% |
| Glasgow | 61.9% | 16.1% | 8.6% | 2.9% | 2.2% | 8.3% |
| Highland | 61.5% | 15.2% | 10.2% | 7.6% | 2.3% | 3.3% |
| Inverclyde | 69.9% | 19.7% | 6.3% | 1.9% | 1.1% | 1.1% |
| Midlothian | 68.3% | 18.2% | 6.8% | 3.2% | 1.5% | 2.0% |
| Moray | 58.4% | 15.9% | 10.9% | 10.0% | 2.1% | 2.7% |
| North Ayrshire | 68.2% | 19.4% | 6.8% | 3.2% | 1.3% | 1.1% |
| North Lanarkshire | 71.6% | 18.1% | 5.9% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 1.7% |
| Orkney | 62.4% | 13.8% | 10.8% | 9.8% | 1.6% | 1.6% |
| Perth and Kinross | 59.0% | 18.9% | 9.5% | 6.0% | 2.3% | 4.3% |
| Renfrewshire | 65.9% | 21.0% | 7.3% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 2.6% |
| Scottish Borders | 57.7% | 16.9% | 10.7% | 9.2% | 2.6% | 2.9% |
| Shetland | 59.9% | 15.7% | 11.6% | 7.6% | 1.8% | 3.4% |
| South Ayrshire | 63.9% | 21.0% | 7.6% | 4.3% | 1.6% | 1.6% |
| South Lanarkshire | 67.2% | 20.5% | 6.9% | 2.3% | 1.3% | 1.8% |
| Stirling | 57.5% | 20.0% | 9.6% | 5.8% | 2.5% | 4.6% |
| West Dunbartonshire | 72.0% | 17.3% | 6.0% | 2.0% | 1.1% | 1.5% |
| West Lothian | 65.2% | 18.8% | 7.6% | 3.4% | 1.6% | 3.4% |
Scottish Social Attitudes Survey
[edit]Below are findings from theScottish Social Attitudes Survey,which is an annual survey of public opinion in Scotland from a representative sample of 1,200–1,500 people conducted in conjunction with organisations such as theBBCand various governmental departments, such as theDepartment for Communities and Local Governmentand theDepartment for Business Innovation and Skills.[27][28]
'Moreno' national identity
[edit]Respondents were asked to select the "National identity that best describes the way respondent thinks of themselves?"[29][30]
| Year | 1979[citation needed] | 1992 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2003 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scottish not British | 19% | 23% | 32% | 37% | 36% | 31% | 32% | 33% | 26% | 27% | 28% | 28% | 23% | 25% | 23% |
| More Scottish than British | 40% | 38% | 35% | 31% | 30% | 34% | 32% | 32% | 29% | 31% | 30% | 32% | 30% | 29% | 26% |
| Equally Scottish and British | 33% | 27% | 22% | 21% | 24% | 22% | 21% | 21% | 27% | 26% | 26% | 23% | 30% | 29% | 32% |
| More British than Scottish | 3% | 4% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 4% | 4% | 4% | 5% | 4% | 4% | 5% | 5% | 4% | 5% |
| British not Scottish | 3% | 4% | 4% | 4% | 3% | 4% | 5% | 5% | 6% | 4% | 4% | 5% | 6% | 6% | 6% |
Forced choice
[edit]Respondents were asked to select the "National identity that best describes the way respondent thinks of themselves?"[30][31]
| Year | 1979 | 1992 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scottish | 57% | 72% | 77% | 80% | 77% | 75% | 72% | 75% | 77% | 78% | 72% | 73% | 73% | 75% | 69% | 66% | 65% |
| British | 39% | 25% | 17% | 13% | 16% | 18% | 20% | 19% | 14% | 14% | 19% | 15% | 19% | 15% | 20% | 24% | 23% |
Trends
[edit]British national identity entered a sharp decline in Scotland from 1979 until the advent of devolution in 1999, with the proportion of respondents in Scotland identifying their national identity as British falling from 39% in 1979 to just 17% in 1999, hitting an all-time-low of 13% in 2000. Since then, there has been a gradual increase in British national identity and a decline in Scottish national identity, with British national identity hitting a twenty-year high in Scotland in 2013 at 24% and Scottish national identity hitting a 35-year low the following year at 65%.[30]Polling conducted since 2014 has indicated that British national identity has risen to between 31 and 36% in Scotland and that Scottish national identity has fallen to between 58 and 62%.[32]
Recent election results
[edit]2019 United Kingdom general election
[edit]In the2019 United Kingdom general election,the pro-independenceScottish National Partywon 45% of the vote share in Scotland (an increase of 8.1% from theprevious election) and 48 of the 59 seats contested in Scotland (a net increase of 13).[33]Notable casualties for unionist parties includedJo Swinson,the leader of the Liberal Democrats, who lost her seat in theEast Dunbartonshireconstituency to the SNP and this resulted in her resigning the party leadership.[33]The Conservatives won six seats (down seven from the previous election), Liberal Democrats four and Labour one (Edinburgh South).[33]
2016 Scottish Parliament election
[edit]The SNP won 63 seats of 129 available in the2016 Scottish Parliament election.This meant that they continued in government, but no longer had an overall majority (which they had won in2011). As the pro-independence Scottish Greens won six seats, there was still a majority of members in favour of Scottish independence. The Scottish Conservatives won 31 seats, overtaking Scottish Labour as the main opposition party in the devolved Parliament. Labour won 24 seats and finished in third place, and the Scottish Liberal Democrats won 5 seats.
Organisations who support the Union
[edit]Political parties
[edit]- All for Unity
- Abolish the Scottish Parliament
- Britain First
- British National Party
- Democratic Unionist Party
- Co-operative Party
- Liberal Democrats
- Liberal Party[34]
- Progressive Unionist Party
- Reform UK[35]
- Conservative and Unionist Party
- Labour Party
- Scottish Unionist Party
- Social Democratic Party
- Traditional Unionist Voice
- UK Independence Party[36]
- Ulster Unionist Party
Of the above parties, the three largest and most significant political parties that support the Union are theLabour Party,the Liberal Democrats and theConservative and Unionist Party,all of which organise and stand in elections across Great Britain and hold representation in both the Scottish and UK Parliaments. These three parties have philosophical differences about what Scotland's status should be, particularly in their support ofdevolution(historically Home Rule) orfederalism.
Other groups
[edit]
TheGrand Orange Lodge of Scotlandalso supports the continuation of the Union.[37]In March 2007, the Lodge organised a march of 12,000 of its members throughEdinburgh'sRoyal Mileto celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Union.[38]The high turnout was believed to be in part due to opposition toScottish independence.[39]The Orange Order used the opportunity to speak out against the possibility of nationalists increasing their share of the vote in the2007 Scottish Parliament election.In the run up to the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, the Orange Order held a Unionist march and rally in Edinburgh which involved 15,000 Orangemen, loyalist bands and no voters from across Scotland and the UK.[40][41]
During the 2014 referendum campaign, a pro-Union rally by the "Let's Stay Together Campaign" was held in London'sTrafalgar Square,where 5,000 people gathered to urge Scotland to vote "No" to independence.[42]Similar events were held in other cities across the rest of the United Kingdom, including in Manchester, Belfast and Cardiff.[42]
Ties to Unionism in Northern Ireland
[edit]There is some degree of social and political co-operation between some Scottish unionists andNorthern Irish unionists,due to their similar aims of maintaining the unity with the United Kingdom. For example, theOrange Orderparades inOrange walksin Scotland and Northern Ireland. This is largely concentrated in theCentral Beltand west of Scotland. A unionist rally was held in Belfast in response to the referendum on Scottish independence. Northern Irish unionists gathered to urge Scottish voters to remain within the United Kingdom.[42]
See also
[edit]
References
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- ^abCurran, Sean (19 September 2014)."Scottish referendum: What is the 'English Question'?".BBC News.BBC.Retrieved30 June2017.
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- ^Mooney, Gerry (2 March 2015)."The 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum - Uneven and unequal political geographies".Open Learn.The Open University.Retrieved4 August2017.
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- ^Green, David (25 August 2020)."The UK: Manchester City or Accrington Stanley?"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 15 May 2021.Retrieved28 May2021.
- ^Greene, Martyn."Our Contract with the People: Scottish Parliament 2021"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 28 April 2021.Retrieved28 May2021.
- ^"Scottish independence: Nigel Farage to appear at UKIP pro-Union rally".BBC News.BBC. 31 August 2014.Retrieved11 September2014.
- ^"Scottish independence: Orange Lodge registers to campaign for a 'No' vote".BBC News.25 June 2014.Retrieved11 September2014.
- ^"Scotland | Edinburgh and East | Orange warning over Union danger".BBC News.24 March 2007.Retrieved30 April2010.
- ^"Edinburgh Evening News".Retrieved30 April2010.
- ^Brooks, Libby (13 September 2014)."Orange Order anti-independence march a 'show of pro-union strength'".The Guardian.Retrieved18 September2014.
- ^Dickie, Mure (13 September 2014)."Orange Order march through Edinburgh to show loyalty to UK".Financial Times.Retrieved18 September2014.
- ^abcSpiro, Zachary."'Day of Unity' grassroots rallies across the UK ".Daily Telegraph.Telegraph Media Group.Retrieved22 September2014.