Unitary parliamentary republic
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Basic forms ofgovernment |
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Aunitaryparliamentary republicis aunitary statewith arepublicanform ofgovernmentin which thepolitical poweris vested in and entrusted to theparliamentwithconfidence[clarification needed]by itselectorate.[further explanation needed]
List of unitary parliamentary republics[edit]
Country | Formerly | Parliamentary republic adopted | Head of state elected by | Cameral structure |
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One-party state[1] | 1991 | Parliament, by majority[1] | Unicameral |
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Semi-presidential republic | 2018 | Parliament,by majority | Unicameral |
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Presidential republic | 1991[note 1] | Parliament | Unicameral |
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Constitutional monarchy | 2021 | Parliament, by two-thirds majority if there is no joint nomination | Bicameral |
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British protectorate (Bechuanaland Protectorate) | 1966 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
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One-party state | 1989 | Direct election,by second-round system | Unicameral |
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Semi-presidential republic | 2000 | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral |
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One-party state (part ofCzechoslovakia) | 1989 | Direct election, by second-round system (since 2013; previously parliament, by majority) |
Bicameral |
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Associated stateof the United Kingdom | 1978 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
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Occupied by theSoviet Union(one party state) | 1918[note 2] | Parliament, by two-thirds majority | Unicameral |
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Military dictatorship | 2014 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
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Semi-presidential republic | 2000[note 3] | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral |
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Representative Democracy Governed as a Unitary Parliamentary Republic. | 1921 | Direct election, led by a group of people called “parliaments” | Bicameral |
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Military dictatorship;Constitutional monarchy | 1975 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
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One-party state | 1990 | Parliament, by absolute majority | Unicameral |
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Formerly part of Denmark; Constitutional monarchy | 1944 | Direct election, by first-past-the-post | Unicameral |
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Coalition | 1949[note 4] | Direct election, by instant-runoff vote | Bicameral |
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British Protectorate | 1948 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
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Constitutional monarchy | 1946 | Parliament, by absolute majority | Bicameral |
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Protectorate | 1979 | Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote | Unicameral |
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One-party state (part ofSoviet Union) | 1991[note 5] | Parliament | Unicameral |
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Protectorate (French mandate of Lebanon) | 1941 | Parliament | Unicameral |
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One-party state (part ofYugoslavia) | 1991 | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral |
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Constitutional monarchy | 1974 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
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UN Trust Territory (part ofTrust Territory of the Pacific Islands) |
1979 | Parliament | Bicameral |
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Constitutional monarchy | 1992 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
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Semi-presidential republic | 2001 | Parliament, by three-fifths majority | Unicameral |
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One-party state (Part ofYugoslavia,and afterSerbia and Montenegro) |
1992 | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral |
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Australian Trust Territory | 1968 | Parliament | Unicameral |
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Military dictatorship | 1989 | Direct election, by second-round system | Bicameral |
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Autocracy(part of the Roman Empire) | 301 | Parliament | Unicameral |
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One-party state (part ofYugoslavia) | 1991 | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral |
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Constitutional monarchy (part ofMalaysia) | 1965 | Direct election (since 1993) | Unicameral |
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One-party state (part ofCzechoslovakia) | 1989 | Direct election, by second-round system (since 1999; previously by parliament) |
Unicameral |
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One-party state (part of Yugoslavia) | 1991 | Direct election, by second-round system | Bicameral |
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Constitutional monarchy | 1961 | Parliament, by majority | Bicameral |
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Military dictatorship | 1987 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
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One-party military dictatorship | 1946[note 6] | Electoral college,directly elected by the electorate | Tricameral |
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Constitutional monarchy | 1976 | Parliament | Bicameral |
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British–Frenchcondominium(New Hebrides) | 1980 | Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority | Unicameral |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^Was previously a parliamentary republic between 1971 and 1975.
- ^Estonia was previously a parliamentary republic from 1918 until 1938, when a new constitution with a more presidential system was adopted; the country was occupied and annexed by theSoviet Unionin 1940-41 (and again in 1944-91).
- ^Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University. In his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008ISBN9780719078538), he quotesNousiainen, Jaakko (June 2001). "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland".Scandinavian Political Studies.24(2): 95–109.doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00048.as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the president has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and does not have the power to dissolve the parliament under his or her own desire. Finland is actually represented by its prime minister, and not by its president, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitution reduced the powers of the president even further.
- ^Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949.
- ^Latvia was previously a parliamentary republic between 1921 and 1934 when the then prime minister Kārlis Ulmanis took power in acoup d'état.In June 1940 Latvia was occupied and annexed by theSoviet Union.
- ^TheAdditional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of Chinawas passed on May 1, 1991 effectively transforming into a semi-presidential system. The Republic of China government was defeated in theChinese Civil Warin 1949-50 to theChinese Communist Partyretreating to the island of Taiwan, which became a de facto one-party state from 1949 to 1987.