United Party (South Africa)

Not to be confused with theUnited Party of South Africa,a minor 21st-century political party.

United Party Verenigde Party(Afrikaans)
Abbreviation	UP
Leader	J.B.M. Hertzog J.C. Smuts J.G.N. Strauss De Villiers Graaff
Founded	1934
Dissolved	1977
Preceded by	National Party South African Party
Merged into	New Republic Party
Ideology	Classical Liberalism Conservatism Pro-Commonwealth Constitutional monarchism Coloured people's rights
Political position	Centre-right
Politics of South Africa Political parties Elections

Jan Smuts,the last United Party Prime Minister (1919–1924, 1939–1948)

TheUnited Partywas a political party in South Africa. It was the country's ruling political party between 1934 and 1948.

Formation

The United Party was formed by a merger of most of Prime MinisterBarry Hertzog'sNational Partywith the rivalSouth African PartyofJan Smuts,plus the remnants of theUnionist Party.Its full name was theUnited National South African Party,but it was generally called the "United Party". The party drew support from several different parts of South African society, including English-speakers, Afrikaners andColoureds.

Hertzog led the party until 1939. In that year, Hertzog refused to commit South Africa toBritain'swar effort againstNazi Germany.Many Afrikaners who had fought in theSecond Boer Warwere still alive, andBritish war crimesduring that conflict were still fresh in their memory. Hertzog felt that siding with the former enemy would be unacceptable to Afrikaners. Furthermore, he claimed he did not see much benefit for South Africa in taking part in a war that he saw as an essentially European affair. However, in October 1941, Hertzog openly praised Nazism.

The majority of the United Party caucus were of a different mind, however, and Hertzog resigned. Jan Smuts succeeded him and led the party and the country throughoutWorld War IIand the immediate post-war years.

Decline

Smuts and the United Party lost the 1948 election to the National Party. It never held power again.J. G. N. Strausssucceeded Smuts in 1950, and was in turn replaced by Sirde Villiers Graaffin 1956 until 1977. Attrition characterised his leadership years, as the party slowly declined because of electoralgerrymandering,changes to South Africa's voting laws, including the removal of the 'Coloureds' – South Africans of mixed ancestry, who had been staunch United Party supporters – from the electoral rolls, and defections to other parties such as theProgressive Party,which was formed in 1959 by liberal former UP members that sought a stronger opposition to apartheid. Despite this, the party remained relatively stable until the 1970s.

Harry SchwarzLeader of the anti-apartheid "Young Turks"

Schwarz breakaway

There was much division in the party, between liberals andconservatives.Divisions came to a head in 1972 whenHarry Schwarz,leader of the liberal "Young Turks" within the party, wrestled the leadership of the party in the Transvaal from Marais Steyn. His victory was a visible sign of strength from the liberals within the party. On 4 January 1974, he met withMangosuthu Butheleziand signed a five-point plan for racial peace in South Africa, which came to be known as theMahlabatini Declarationof Faith. It was the first occasion in apartheid South Africa's history where the principles of peaceful transition and equality had been enshrined in a document which had been jointly signed by acknowledged black and white political leaders in South Africa. The declaration, however provoked an angry response from the conservative "Old Guard" in the party, including the party's leader.

In 1975 Harry Schwarz and three other Members ofParliament(MPs) were expelled from the United Party. Further resignations followed, which included two senators, ten members of the Transvaal Provincial Council, 14 out of the 36 Johannesburg City Councillors and four Randburg City Councillors. This made it the official opposition in the Transvaal Provincial Council. They formed theReform Partywhich elected Schwarz as leader. Schwarz's breakaway led to the demise of the United Party and realigned opposition politics in South Africa. The Reform Party soon merged with the Progressive Party to form theProgressive Reform Party(PRP).

In 1977, after merging with theDemocratic Party,which had been formed by moderate NP dissidents, the United Party was renamed theNew Republic Party.A significant number of its parliamentarians refused to remain with the renamed party. Some joined the anti-apartheid PRP (now called theProgressive Federal Party). Six MPs were expelled from the United Party for refusing to accept the plan to form the NRP and formed theSouth African Partywhich joined the ruling National Party three years later.Elections in late 1977left the New Republic Party gutted, with only 10 parliamentary seats, down from the 41 held by the United Party.

Sir De Villiers Graaff,leader of the United Party, 1960

Political position and legacy

The UP's position on race relations in South Africa was a complex one; while the UP was more liberal in character than the National Party, it never clearly articulated its views on the best approach to them. Smuts himself alluded to the fact that at some unspecified point in the future, black South Africans might be asked to share power with the white minority, provided black politicians demonstrated their commitment to 'civilised' norms of political and personal conduct. Generally, though, the UP seemed to have little difficulty in tacitly supportingapartheid.One of the reasons the UP fared so disastrously in the1948 electionwas its lack of commitment to a clear policy on race relations. This stood in contrast to the National Party, which was firmly and unequivocally behind the notion of preservingwhite supremacyat all costs.

The UP was against apartheid as a system, but also favoured the continuation ofwhite minority rule,akin to the political arrangements inRhodesiaat the time. During the late 1960s, the party tried to gain support by its resistance to the National Party's politics on giving land to thebantustans,insisting on a single citizenship for all South Africans. By the 1970s, the UP advocated federalism and a gradual retreat from official segregation and discrimination.

The party supported links with theCommonwealth of Nations,and unsuccessfully campaigned against the establishment of a republic in the whites-onlyreferendumheld on 5 October 1960.

By the late 1970s, the breakaway and successor groups of the United Party – the Progressive Federal Party, New Republic Party and South African Party – were more or less committed to a multiracial federation as a solution to the racial question. The ruling National Party's reform program underPW Bothainitially attracted some liberal support while provoking divisions within its ranks. By 1987, the NRP was in decline and its base absorbed by parties formed by NP dissidents; these merged with the PFP in 1989 to form theDemocratic Partywhich is now theDemocratic Alliance,thus reuniting the currents that originated in the United Party.

Electoral history

Presidential elections

Election	Party candidate	Votes	%	Result
State President elected by a joint sitting of both houses of Parliament
1961	SupportedHenry Fagan(NU)	71	33.81%	LostN
1967	Pieter Voltelyn Graham van der Byl	52	24.19%	LostN

House of Assembly elections

Election	Party leader	Votes	%	Seats	+/–	Position	Result
1938	J. B. M. Hertzog	446,032	53.81%	111 / 150	25	1st	Majority government
1943	Jan Smuts	435,297	49.68%	89 / 150	22	1st	Majority government
1948		524,230	49.16%	65 / 150	24	2nd	Opposition
1953	J. G. N. Strauss	576,474	47.65%	57 / 156	8	2nd	Opposition
1958	De Villiers Graaff	503,648	43.57%	53 / 156	4	2nd	Opposition
1961		288,217	35.88%	49 / 156	4	2nd	Opposition
1966		486,629	37.37%	39 / 166	10	2nd	Opposition
1970		561,647	37.23%	47 / 166	8	2nd	Opposition
1974		363,459	32.70%	41 / 171	6	2nd	Opposition

Senate elections

Election	Party leader	%	Seats	+/–	Position	Result
1939	J. B. M. Hertzog	45.45%	20 / 44	20	1st	Minority
1948	Jan Smuts	34.09%	15 / 44	5	1st	Opposition
1955	J. G. N. Strauss	8.99%	8 / 89	7	2nd	Opposition
1960	De Villiers Graaff	27.78%	15 / 54	7	2nd	Opposition
1965		24.53%	13 / 53	2	2nd	Opposition
1970		24.07%	13 / 54		2nd	Opposition
1974		22.22%	12 / 54	1	2nd	Opposition

See also

• List of political parties in South Africa

External links

• "Revisiting Urban African Policy and the Reforms of the Smuts Government, 1939–48", by Gary Baines