Urho Kekkonen

"Kekkonen" redirects here. For the surname, seeKekkonen (surname).

"UKK" redirects here. For other uses, seeUKK (disambiguation).

Urho Kekkonen
Kekkonen in 1975
8thPresident of Finland
In office 1 March 1956 – 27 January 1982
Prime Minister	See list Karl-August Fagerholm Vieno Sukselainen Rainer von Fieandt Reino Kuuskoski Martti Miettunen Ahti Karjalainen Johannes Virolainen Rafael Paasio Mauno Koivisto Teuvo Aura Kalevi Sorsa Keijo Liinamaa
Preceded by	Juho Kusti Paasikivi
Succeeded by	Mauno Koivisto
Prime Minister of Finland
In office 20 October 1954 – 3 March 1956
President	Juho Kusti Paasikivi
Preceded by	Ralf Törngren
Succeeded by	Karl-August Fagerholm
In office 17 March 1950 – 17 November 1953
President	Juho Kusti Paasikivi
Preceded by	Karl-August Fagerholm
Succeeded by	Sakari Tuomioja
Personal details
Born	(1900-09-03)3 September 1900 Pielavesi,Grand Duchy of Finland,Russian Empire
Died	31 August 1986(1986-08-31)(aged 85) Helsinki,Finland
Resting place	Hietaniemi Cemetery
Political party	Agrarian League (1933–1965) Centre Party (1965–1982)
Spouse	Sylvi Kekkonen ​ ​ (m.1926; died 1974)​
Children	Matti,Taneli
Residence	Tamminiemi
Alma mater	University of Helsinki
Occupation	Lawyer police officer journalist politician
Signature
Nickname(s)	UKK, Urkki

Urho Kaleva Kekkonen(3 September 1900 – 31 August 1986), often referred to by his initialsUKK,was a Finnish politician who served as the eighth and longest-servingpresident of Finlandfrom 1956 to 1982. He also served asprime minister(1950–1953, 1954–1956), and held various other cabinet positions.He was the third and most recent president from theAgrarian League/Centre Party.Head of state for nearly 26 years, he dominatedFinnish politicsfor 31 years overall. Holding a large amount of power, he won his later elections with little opposition and has often been classified as anautocrat.

As president, Kekkonen continued the "active neutrality" policy of his predecessor PresidentJuho Kusti Paasikivithat came to be known as thePaasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine,under which ostensibly Finland was to retain its independence while maintaining good relations and extensive trade with members of bothNATOand theWarsaw Pact.Critical commentators referred to this policy of appeasement pejoratively asFinlandization.He hosted theConference on Security and Co-operation in Europein Helsinki in 1975 and was considered a potential candidate for theNobel Peace Prizethat year. He is credited by Finnish historians for his foreign and trade policies, which allowed Finland'smarket economyto keep pace with Western Europe even with theSoviet Unionas a neighbor, and for Finland to gradually take part in theEuropean integrationprocess.On the other hand, his perceived hunger for power, his divide-and-rule attitude in domestic politics and the lack of genuine political opposition, especially during the latter part of his presidency, significantly weakened Finnish democracy during his presidency.After Kekkonen's presidency, the reform of theConstitution of Finlandwas initiated by his successors to increase the power of theParliamentand the prime minister at the expense of the president.

Kekkonen was a member of theParliament of Finlandfrom 1936 until his rise to the presidency. Either prior, during or between his premierships, he served asminister of justice(1936–37, 1944–46, 1951),minister of the interior(1937–39, 1950–51),speaker of the Finnish Parliament(1948–50) andminister of foreign affairs(1952–53, 1954). In addition to his extensive political career, he was a lawyer by education, a policeman and athlete in his youth, a veteran of theFinnish Civil War,and an enthusiastic writer. DuringWorld War II,his anonymous reports on the war and foreign politics received a large audience in theSuomen Kuvalehtimagazine.Even during his presidency, he wrote humorous, informal columns (causerie) for the same magazine, edited by his long-time friendIlmari Turja,under several pseudonyms.

Biography

Family history

The Kekkonens are an oldSavonianfamily. The ancestors of Urho Kekkonen most likely settled in the Savonia region before the 16th century. Although it is not known where the Kekkonens came to Savonia from, there has been speculation that they are from Karelia as people with the name were known to have lived in certain settlements of theKarelian Isthmusfor centuries. Kekkonen himself thought it possible that the family might instead originate from Western Finland, for example fromTavastia,where there have been place names connected to their surname from as early as the 15th century. His seventh-great-grandfather Tuomas Kekkonen (born ca. 1630) is first mentioned in documents inPieksämäkiin 1673. He was probably from eitherKangasniemiorJoroinen.

Twelve generations of Urho Kekkonen's ancestors were peasants from eastern Finland. The paternal side of Kekkonen's family practisedslash-and-burn agricultureand the maternal side stayed on their own site. Kekkonen's paternal grandfather Eenokki was part of a landless group grown in the 19th century and lived on temporary work and working as afarmworker.

After serving in several houses Eenokki Kekkonen married Anna-Liisa Koskinen. They had four sons, named Taavetti, Johannes, Alpertti and Juho. Juho Kekkonen, the youngest son of the family, who had gone travelling from the family's home in Korvenmökki in the village of Koivujärvi, was the father of Urho Kekkonen. Aatu Pylvänäinen, Urho Kekkonen's maternal grandfather, who worked as a farmer at the Tarkkala farm inKangasniemi,married Amanda Manninen in the summer of 1878 when she was only 16 years old. Their children, three daughters and three sons, were Emilia, Elsa, Siilas, Tyyne, Eetu, and Samuel.

As the son of a poor family, Juho Kekkonen had to go to work in the forest and ended up at a log working ground in Kangasniemi in 1898. Emilia Pylvänäinen herded cattle there, on the shores of the Haahkala lands, where Juho Kekkonen worked with other loggers. The two youngsters got to know each other and they married in 1899. The couple moved toOtava,where Juho Kekkonen got a job at the Koivusaha sawmill ofHalla Oy.He was later appointed the head of forestry work and caretaker of the logging business.

The couple moved toPielavesialong with the working grounds, where Juho Kekkonen bought a smoke hut which he later repaired and expanded into a proper house. He built a chimney in the house shortly before the birth of his first son Urho. Because of the beautifulaldersgrowing behind the house, the house became known asLepikon torppa( "croftof alders "). There was asmoke saunain the yard, where Urho Kekkonen was born on 3 September 1900.The family lived in Lepikon torppa for six years and Urho Kekkonen's sister Siiri was born in 1904. The family moved along with Juho Kekkonen's forestry work toKuopioin 1906 and toLapinlahtiin 1908. The family had to live modestly but did not suffer from poverty. The youngest child of the family,Jussi,was born in 1910.

Early life

Kekkonen was born in a humble, smalllog cabincalledLepikon TorppainPielavesi.

Young lawyer Kekkonen walking nearAteneum,Helsinki, in the early 1930s

The son of Juho Kekkonen and Emilia Pylvänäinen, Urho Kekkonen was born atLepikon Torppa( "the Lepikko Croft" ), a small cabin located inPielavesi,in theSavoregion of Finland, and spent his childhood inKainuu.His family were farmers (though not poortenant farmers,as some of his supporters later claimed). His father was originally a farm-hand and forestry worker who rose to become a forestry manager and stock agent at Halla Ltd. Claims made that Kekkonen's family had lived in a rudimentary farmhouse with no chimney were later proved to be false—a photograph of Kekkonen's childhood home had been retouched to remove the chimney. His school years did not go smoothly. During theFinnish Civil War,Kekkonen fought for theWhite Guard(Kajaanichapter), fighting in the battles of Kuopio,Varkaus,Mouhu,andViipuri,and taking part in mop-up operations, including leading a firing squad inHamina.He later admitted to having killed a man in battle, but wrote in his memoirs that he was randomly selected by his company commander to follow a squad escorting ten prisoners, where the squad turned out to be a firing squad, and then to give the actual order to aim and fire.He had to complete further military service after the war, which he did in a car battalion from 1919 to 1920, finishing as asergeant.

In independent Finland, Kekkonen first worked as a journalist inKajaanithen moved to Helsinki in 1921 to study law. While studying he worked for the security policeEKbetween 1921 and 1927, where he became acquainted with anti-communist policing. During this time he also met his future wife,Sylvi Salome Uino(12 March 1900 – 2 December 1974),a typist at the police station. They had two sons,Matti(1928–2013) andTaneli(1928–1985). Matti Kekkonen served as aCentre Partymember of Parliament from 1958 to 1969, and Taneli Kekkonen worked as an ambassador inBelgrade,Athens,Rome,Malta,WarsawandTel Aviv.

Kekkonen had a reputation as a heavy-handed, violent interrogator during his years in the security police. Conversely, he described himself as taking the role of a humane "good cop"to balance out his older and more abusive colleagues. Some of the communists he interrogated confirmed the latter account, while others accused him of having been particularly violent. Later, as a minister in the 1950s, he is said to have visited and made peace with a communist he had" beaten up "in an interrogation in the 1920s.Explaining the contradiction of these statements, authorTimo J. Tuikkasays Kekkonen's interrogation methods evolved over time: "He learned that the fist is not always the most efficient tool, but that booze,saunaand chatting are much better means of obtaining information. "These revelatory experiences would significantly influence his career and approach to politics later on. Kekkonen eventually had to resign from the EK after criticising his superiors.

In 1927 Kekkonen became a lawyer and worked for the Association of Rural Municipalities until 1932. Kekkonen took aDoctor of Lawsdegree in 1936 at theUniversity of Helsinkiwhere he was active in thePohjois-Pohjalainen Osakunta,astudent nationfor students fromnorthern Ostrobothnia,and editor-in-chief of the student newspaperYlioppilaslehtiin the period 1927–1928. He was also an athlete whose greatest achievement was to become the Finnish high jump champion in 1924 with a jump of 1.85 metres (6 ft 1 in). He was best at the standing jump.

Early political career

Anationalistat heart, Kekkonen's ideological roots lay in the student politics of newly independent Finland and in the radicalism of the right-wing. He joined theAcademic Karelia Society(Akateeminen Karjala-Seura), an organisation favouring Finland's annexation ofEast Karelia,but resigned from it in 1932 along with over 100 other moderate members because of the organisation's support for the 1932 far-rightMäntsälä rebellion.According toJohannes Virolainen,a longtime Agrarian and Centrist politician, some Finnish right-wingers hated and mocked Kekkonen for the decision and cast him as a power-hungry opportunist.Kekkonen chairedSuomalaisuuden Liitto,another nationalist organisation, from 1930 to 1932. He also published articles in its magazine,Suomalainen Suomi(Finnish:Finnish Finland), which was later renamed asKanava.

Kekkonen spent long periods of time in late-Weimar-era Germanybetween 1931and 1933 while working on his dissertation and there witnessed the rise ofAdolf Hitler.This alerted him to far-right radicalism and apparently led him to publishDemokratian itsepuolustus(Self-Defense of Democracy), a political pamphlet warning about the danger, in 1934. In 1933 he joined theAgrarian League(later renamed the Centre Party), became a civil servant at the Ministry of Agriculture and made his first unsuccessful attempt at getting elected to theFinnish Parliament.

Kekkonen successfully stood for parliament a second time in 1936 whereupon he becameJustice Minister,serving from 1936 to 1937. During his term, he enacted the "Tricks of Kekkonen" (Kekkosen konstit), an attempt to ban the right-wing, radicalPatriotic People's Movement(Isänmaallinen Kansanliike,IKL). In the end, this effort was found illegal and halted by theSupreme Court.Kekkonen was also Minister of the Interior from 1937 to 1939.

He was not a member of the cabinets during theWinter Waror theContinuation War.In March 1940, in a meeting of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the Finnish Parliament, he voted against theMoscow peace treaty.During theContinuation War,Kekkonen served as director of theKarelian Evacuees' Welfare Centre from 1940 to 1943 and as the Ministry of Finance's commissioner for coordination from 1943 to 1945, tasked with rationalising public administration. By that time, he had become one of the leading politicians within the so-calledPeace oppositionwhich advocated withdrawing from the war, having concluded that Germany, and consequently Finland, would lose. In 1944, he again becameMinister of Justice,serving until 1946, and had to deal with thewar-responsibility trials.Kekkonen was a Deputy Speaker of the Parliament 1946–1947, and wasSpeakerfrom 1948 to 1950.

In the 1950 Presidential election, Kekkonen was the candidate of theFinnish Agrarian Party.He conducted a vigorous campaign against incumbent PresidentJuho Kusti Paasikivito finish third in the first and only ballot, receiving 62 votes in theelectoral college,while Paasikivi was reelected with 171. After the election, Paasikivi appointed Kekkonen Prime Minister where in all his fivecabinets,he emphasised the need to maintain friendly relations with the Soviet Union. Known for his authoritarian personality,he was ousted in 1953 but returned as Prime Minister from 1954 to 1956. Kekkonen also served asMinister of Foreign Affairsfor periods in 1952–1953 and 1954, concurrent with his prime ministership.

President of Finland

Overview

Urho Kekkonen (left),Sylvi Kekkonen(second right),John F. Kennedy,andJacqueline Kennedyin 1961 inWashington Dulles International Airport

Kekkonen receiving Yugoslav leaderTitoinHelsinki,1964

During Kekkonen's term, the balance of power between theFinnish Governmentand the President tilted heavily towards the President. In principle and formally, parliamentarism was followed with governments nominated by a parliamentary majority. However, Kekkonen-era cabinets were often in bitter internal disagreement and alliances formed broke down easily. New cabinets often tried to reverse their predecessors' policies.Kekkonen used his power extensively to nominate ministers and to compel the legislature's acceptance of new cabinets. Publicly and with impunity, he also used theold boy networkto bypass the government and communicate directly with high officials. Only when Kekkonen's term ended did governments remain stable throughout the entire period between elections.

Nevertheless, during Kekkonen's presidency, a few parties were represented in most governments — mainly the Centrists, Social Democrats, and Swedish People's Party — while the People's Democrats and Communists were often in government from 1966 onwards.

Throughout his time as president, Kekkonen did his best to keep political adversaries in check. The Centre Party's rival National Coalition Party was kept in opposition for 20 years despite good election performances. TheRural Party(which had broken away from the Centre Party) was treated similarly. On a few occasions, parliament was dissolved for no other reason than that its political composition did not please Kekkonen. Despite his career in the Centre Party, his relation to the party was often difficult. There was a so-calledK-linja( "K policy", named after Urho Kekkonen,Ahti KarjalainenandArvo Korsimo), which promoted friendly relations andbilateral tradewith the Soviet Union. Kekkonen consolidated his power within the party by placing supporters of theK-linjain leading roles. Various Centre Party members to whose prominence Kekkonen objected often found themselves sidelined, as Kekkonen negotiated directly with the lower level. Chairman of the Centre Party,Johannes Virolainen,was threatened by Kekkonen with the dissolution of parliament when Kekkonen wanted to nominate SDP's Sorsa instead of Virolainen as Prime Minister.Kekkonen's so-called "Mill Letters" were a continuous stream of directives to high officials, politicians, and journalists. Yet Kekkonen by no means always used coercive measures. Some prominent politicians, most notablyTuure Junnila(NCP) andVeikko Vennamo(Rural Party), were able to brand themselves as "anti-Kekkonen" without automatically suffering his displeasure as a consequence.

First term (1956–62)

Kekkonen's visit to the United States in 1961 and first time in theWhite House.Left: Urho Kekkonen,Sylvi Kekkonen,Jacqueline Kennedy,andJohn F. Kennedy.

Soviet leaderNikita Khrushchevattended Kekkonen's 60th birthday party inPresidential Palace, Helsinki.The party continued until 5 a.m. at theTamminiemiresidence.

In thepresidential election of 1956,Kekkonen defeated the Social DemocratKarl-August Fagerholm151–149 in the electoral college vote. The campaign was notably vicious, with many personal attacks against several candidates, especially Kekkonen. The tabloid gossip newspaperSensaatio-Uutiset( "Sensational News" ) accused Kekkonen of fistfighting, excessive drinking and extramarital affairs. The drinking and womanizing charges were partly true. At times, during evening parties with his friends, Kekkonen got drunk, and he had at least two longtime mistresses.

As president, Kekkonen continued the neutrality policy ofPresident Paasikivi,which came to be known as thePaasikivi–Kekkonen line.From the beginning, he ruled with the assumption that he alone was acceptable to the Soviet Union as Finnish President. Evidence from defectors likeOleg Gordievskyand files from the Soviet archives show that keeping Kekkonen in power was indeed the main objective of the Soviet Union in its relations with Finland.

In August 1958,Karl-August Fagerholm's third cabinet,a coalition government led by theSocial Democratic Party(SDP) and including Kekkonen's partyAgrarian League,was formed. The Communist frontSKDLwas left out. This irritated the Soviet Union because of the inclusion of ministers from SDP's anti-Communist wing, namelyVäinö LeskinenandOlavi Lindblom.They were seen by the Soviet Union as puppets of the anti-Communist SDP chairVäinö Tanner,who had been convicted in thewar-responsibility trials.Kekkonen had warned against this but was ignored by SDP. TheNight Frost Crisis,as coined byNikita Khrushchev,led to Soviet pressure against Finland in economic matters. Kekkonen sided with the Soviet Union, working behind the scenes against the cabinet; Fagerholm's cabinet consequently resigned in December 1958. TheFinnish Foreign Ministryignored United States offers for help as promised by AmbassadorJohn D. Hickersonin November 1958.The crisis was resolved by Kekkonen in January 1959, when he privately travelled to Moscow to negotiate with Khrushchev andAndrei Gromyko.The crisis established Kekkonen as having the extra-constitutional authority to determine which parties may participate in government, effectively restricting the free parliamentary formation of governing coalitions for many years ahead.

President Kekkonen and his wife Sylvi in Mälkiä,Lappeenranta,in 1961

The second time the Soviets helped Kekkonen was in theNote Crisisin 1961. The most widely held view of theNote Crisisis that the Soviet Union acted to ensure Kekkonen's reelection. Whether Kekkonen himself had organized the incident and to what extent remains debated. Several parties competing against Kekkonen had formed an alliance,Honka-liitto,to promoteChancellor of JusticeOlavi Honka,a non-partisan candidate, in the 1962 presidential elections.Kekkonen had planned to foil theHonka-liittoby calling an early parliamentary election and thus forcing his opponents to campaign against each other and together simultaneously. However, in October 1961, the Soviet Union sent adiplomatic noteproposing military "consultations" as provided by theFinno-Soviet Treaty.As a result, Honka dropped his candidacy, leaving Kekkonen with a clear majority (199 of 300 electors) in the 1962 elections. In addition to support from his own party, Kekkonen received the backing of theSwedish People's Partyand theFinnish People's Party,a small classical liberal party. Furthermore, the conservative National Coalition Party quietly supported Kekkonen, although they had no official presidential candidate after Honka's withdrawal.Following the Note Crisis, genuine opposition to Kekkonen disappeared, and he acquired an exceptionally strong—later even autocratic—status as the political leader of Finland.

Kekkonen's policies, especially towards theUSSR,were criticised within his own party byVeikko Vennamo,who broke off his Centre Party affiliation when Kekkonen was elected president in 1956. In 1959, Vennamo founded theFinnish Rural Party,the forerunner of the nationalistTrue Finns.

Second term (1962–68)

Kekkonen hunting with a rifle inZavidovo,Soviet Union,in 1965

Kekkonen with the Prime Minister of SwedenTage Erlanderin a rowing boat inHarpsund,Sweden, in 1967

In the 1960s Kekkonen was responsible for a number of foreign-policy initiatives, including theNordicnuclear-free zoneproposal, a border agreement with Norway, and a 1969 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The purpose of these initiatives was to avoid the enforcement of the military articles in the Finno-Soviet Treaty which called for military co-operation with the Soviet Union. Kekkonen thereby hoped to strengthen Finland's moves toward a policy of neutrality. Following the invasion ofCzechoslovakiain 1968, pressure for neutrality increased. Kekkonen informed the Soviet Union in 1970 that if it was no longer prepared to recognise Finland's neutrality, he would not continue as president, nor would the Finno-Soviet Treaty be extended.

Third term (1968–78)

Kekkonen was re-elected for a third term in 1968. That year, he was supported by five political parties: the Centre Party, theSocial Democrats,theSocial Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders(a short-lived SDP faction), theFinnish People's Democratic League(a communist front), and the Swedish People's Party. He received 201 votes in the electoral college, whereas theNational Coalition party's candidate finished second with 66 votes. Vennamo came third with 33 votes. Although Kekkonen was re-elected with two-thirds of the vote, he was so displeased with his opponents and their behaviour that he publicly refused to stand for the presidency again. Vennamo's bold and constant criticisms of his presidency and policies especially infuriated Kekkonen, who labelled him a "cheat" and "demagogue".

Initially, Kekkonen had intended to retire at the end of this term, and the Centre Party already began to prepare for his succession byAhti Karjalainen.However, Kekkonen began to see Karjalainen as a rival instead, and eventually rejected the idea.

Term extension (1973)

Exceptive law
Parliament of Finland
Long title Act extending the current term of office of the President of the Republic
Citation	Säädöskokoelma 232/1973
Signed by	Prime MinisterKalevi Sorsain the absence of the President of the Republic
Legislative history
Bill citation	HE 247/1972
Third reading	18 January 1973
Voting summary	170 voted for 28 voted against 1 abstained
Related legislation
Constitution of Finland
Status:Expired

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe(OSCE) was held in 1975, Helsinki. President Urho Kekkonen (right).

On 18 January 1973, the Finnish Parliament extended Kekkonen's presidential term by four years with aDerogation law(an ad hoc law made as an exception to the constitution).By this time, Kekkonen had secured the backing of most political parties, but the major right-wingNational Coalition Party,which Kekkonen had opposed, was still skeptical and stood in the way of the required 5/6 majority. Concurrently, Finland was negotiating afree-trade agreementwith theEEC,a deal that was seen as vital by Finnish industry, as the United Kingdom, an important buyer of Finnish exports, had left theEuropean Free Trade Associationto become a member of the EEC. Kekkonen implied that only he personally could satisfy the Soviet Union that the deal would not threaten Soviet interests. The tactic secured National Coalition support for the term extension.

Mk.500 banknote featuring Kekkonen, issued 1975

The elimination of any significant opposition and competition meant he became Finland'sde factopolitical autocrat. His power reached its zenith in 1975 when he dissolved parliament and hosted theConference on Security and Co-operation in Europe(CSCE) in Helsinki with the assistance of a caretaker government.

Fourth term (1978–82)

After nine political parties supported Kekkonen's candidacy in the1978 presidential election,including the Social Democratic, Centre and National Coalition parties, no serious rivals remained. He humiliated his opponents by not appearing in televised presidential debates and went on to win 259 out of the 300 electoral college votes, with his nearest rival,Raino Westerholmof theChristian Union,receiving only 25.

Gerald R. Fordand Urho Kekkonen in the Oval Office in 1976

According to Finnish historians and political journalists, there were at least three reasons why Kekkonen clung on to the Presidency. First, he did not believe that any of his successor candidates would manage Finland's Soviet foreign policy well enough. Second, until at least the summer of 1978, he considered there was room for improvement in Finnish-Soviet relations and that his experience was vital to the process. This is exemplified by the use of his diplomatic skills to reject the Soviet Defence MinisterDmitriy Ustinov's offer to arrange a joinedSoviet-Finnishmilitary exercise.

Third, he believed that by working for as long as possible he would remain healthy and live longer.Kekkonen's most severe critics, such asVeikko Vennamo,claimed that he remained President so long mainly because he and his closest associates were power-hungry.In 1980 Kekkonen was awarded theLenin Peace Prize.

Later life and death

President Urho Kekkonen and Prime MinisterMauno Koivistowatching Finland-Sweden international tournament atHelsinki Olympic Stadium(1980)

Urho Kekkonen's last state visit was toIcelandin 1981.

Funeral cortege of Urho Kekkonen in Helsinki, 1986

From December 1980 onwards, Kekkonen suffered from an undisclosed disease that appeared to affect his brain functions, sometimes leading to delusional thoughts. He had begun to suffer occasional brief memory lapses as early as the autumn of 1972; they became more frequent during the late 1970s. Around the same time, Kekkonen's eyesight deteriorated so much that for his last few years in office, all of his official papers had to be typed in block letters. Kekkonen had also suffered from a failing sense of balance since the mid-1970s and from enlargement of hisprostate glandsince 1974. He was also subject to occasional violent headaches and suffered fromdiabetesfrom the autumn of 1979.Rumors about his declining health had begun to circulate in the mid to late 1970s, but the press attempted to silence these rumors to respect the president's privacy.

According to biographer Juhani Suomi, Kekkonen gave no thought to resigning until his physical condition began to deteriorate in July 1981. The 80-year-old president then began to seriously consider resigning, most likely in early 1982. Prime MinisterMauno Koivistofinally dealt a defeat to Kekkonen in 1981. In April, Koivisto did what no one else had dared to during Kekkonen's presidency by stating that under the constitution, the prime minister and cabinet were responsible to Parliament, not to the President. Kekkonen asked Koivisto to resign, but he refused. This is generally seen as the death knell of the Kekkonen era; Kekkonen, who felt that he had lost a significant amount of his authority, never fully recovered from the shock caused by this event.

Historians and journalists debate the precise meaning of this dispute. According to Seppo Zetterberg, Allan Tiitta, and Pekka Hyvärinen, Kekkonen wanted to force Koivisto to resign to decrease his chances of succeeding him as president. In contrast, Juhani Suomi believed the dispute involved scheming between Koivisto and rival prospective presidential candidates. Kekkonen at times criticised Koivisto for making political decisions too slowly and for his vacillation, especially for speaking too unclearly and philosophically.

Kekkonen became ill in August during a fishing trip toIceland.He went on medical leave on 10 September, before finally resigning due to ill health on 26 October 1981.There is no report available about his illness, as the papers have been moved to an unknown location, but it is commonly believed that he suffered fromvascular dementia,probably due toatherosclerosis.

Kekkonen withdrew from politics during his final years. He died atTamminiemion August 31, 1986, three days before his 86th birthday, and was buried with full honours. His heirs restricted access to his diaries and later an "authorised" biography byJuhani Suomiwas commissioned, the author subsequently defending the interpretation of the history therein and denigrating most other interpretations. Critics have questioned the value of this work; the historianHannu Rautkallioconsidered the biography little else than a "commercial project" designed for selling books rather than aiming for historical accuracy.

Legacy

Statue of Urho Kekkonen inSintra,Portugal, made by
Auli Korhonen,titled
"The King of Finland"

Some of Kekkonen's actions remain controversial in modern Finland, and disputes continue about how to interpret many of his policies and actions. He often used what was termed the "Moscow card" when his authority was threatened, but he was not the only Finnish politician with close relations to Soviet representatives. Kekkonen's authoritarian behavior during his presidential term was one of the main reasons for the reforms of the Finnish Constitution in 1984–2003. Under these, the powers of Parliament and the prime minister were increased at the expense of presidential power. Several of the changes were initiated by Kekkonen's successors.

• Presidential tenure was limited to two consecutive terms.
• The President's role in cabinet formation was restricted.
• The President was to be elected directly, not by anelectoral college.
• The President could no longer dissolve Parliament without the support of the Prime Minister.
• The Prime Minister's role in shaping theforeign relations of Finlandwas enhanced.

Although controversial, his policy of neutrality allowed trade with both the Communist and Western blocs. The bilateral trade policy with the Soviet Union was lucrative for many Finnish businesses. His term saw a period of high sustained economic growth and increasing integration with the West. He negotiated entrance intoEFTAand thus was an early beginner for Finnish participation in European integration, which later culminated in full membership in the EU and the euro. He remained highly popular during his term, even though such a profile approached that of acult of personalitytowards the end of his term. He is still popular among many of his contemporaries, particularly in his own Centre Party.

Cabinets

• Kekkonen I Cabinet
• Kekkonen II Cabinet
• Kekkonen III Cabinet
• Kekkonen IV Cabinet
• Kekkonen V Cabinet

Tributes

Kekkonen on a Finnish stamp, issued in 1980

• TheUrho Kekkonen National Park,Finland's second largest national park, is named after Kekkonen.
• TheUrho Kekkonen museumwas opened inTamminiemiin 1987.
• InHelsinki,the former Kampinkatu (KamppiStreet) was renamed Urho Kekkosen katu in Finnish and Urho Kekkonens gata in Swedish (Urho Kekkonen Street) in 1980.
• InTampere,thePaasikivi–Kekkonen Road(Paasikiven–Kekkosentie) is named after both Kekkonen andJ. K. Paasikivi.
• Such was his impact on the Finnish political scene that Kekkonen appeared on theMk.500banknoteduring his term as president. The series of Finnish Markka banknotes used at this time was the second-to-last design series in the entire history of the currency. It is a rare example of a living non-royal head of state being depicted on currency. This banknote was declared Finland's most beautiful note according to voting organised by the commemorative coins and medal marketer Suomen Moneta on 1 April 2011.
• To date, President Kekkonen is the only Finnish person to have a collector coin issued in his honour during his lifetime.
  • 25 years of presidency (Silver jubilee) of U. K. Kekkonen. The silver collector's coin that pays homage to Kekkonen was issued in 1981 when he had served 25 years as the president. The coin also commemorated Kekkonen's 80th birthday the previous year. Designed by sculptorNina Terno,the symbolic reverse side of the coin depicts a ploughman with a pair of horses pulling a harrow. In 2010, the Mint of Finland is re-released coins minted in 1981 from its vaults.
  • President U. K. Kekkonen 75th Birthday. The silver coin was issued on Kekkonen's birthday on 3 September 1975 to commemorate the president's 75th birthday. Designed by sculptorHeikki Häiväoja,thereverse sidedepicts four tallpine treesthat symbolise the first four terms of President Kekkonen.
• Posti Group(formerlySuomen Postiin Finnish) has issued four President Kekkonen commemorative postage stamps.
  • Name: 60th birthday of President Urho Kekkonen, issued: 3 September 1960, designed byOlavi Vepsäläinen
  • Name: 70th birthday of President Kekkonen, issued: 3 September 1970, designed byEeva Oivo
  • Name: 80th birthday of President Kekkonen, issued: 3 September 1980, designed byEeva Oivo
  • Name: President Kekkonen's mourning stamp, issued: 30 September 1986, designed byEeva Oivo
• A monument to Urho Kekkonen andAlexei Kosyginwas erected inKostomuksha,Russia in 2013.

St. Urho's Pubin Etu-Töölö

• A pub inEtu-Töölö,Helsinkiwas namedSt. Urho's Pubin honour of Kekkonen being a regular patron.

In popular culture

GraffitiinPieksämäkirepresenting Kekkonen, who is still well recognised in Finnish popular culture

• The North American Finnish inventionSaint Urho,created in the 1950s, is likely named after Kekkonen
• The name of the Finnish men's magazine,Urkki,was a reference to Urho Kekkonen.
• The vote count from the 1978 elections was broadcast on the radio, and has been shown numerous times in television documentaries. The monotonous reading out of the votes, in groups of five, is still well-recognised in Finnish popular culture, and broadly quoted and paraphrased; "Kekkonen, Kekkonen, Kekkonen, Kekkonen, Kekkonen."
• Matti Hagelberguses a caricature of Kekkonen as the main character in his comic album with the same name.
• A portrait of Kekkonen is stolen by the protagonist of the 1988Aki KaurismäkifilmAriel.A Kekkonen portrait is also used in his 1987 filmHamlet Goes Business.
• In the 1987 thriller filmFarewell, Mr. President,directed byMatti Kassila,one of the most important characters is the president of Finland (played byTarmo Manni) who has very similar look to Kekkonen, but who is not referred to by name.
• A Finnish movie,Kekkonen tulee!(Kekkonen Is Coming!), set in the late 1970s, is about Kekkonen visiting a small village in Finland and how everyone is excited.
• A Vril Kekkonen is portrayed by Tero Kaukomaa in the movieIron Sky: The Coming Race
• A likeness of Kekkonen in portrait is available as a placeable furniture item in the popular online gameHabbo,which serves as an homage to him by the games' Finnish developersSulake.
• In the 2019 Finnish television seriesShadow Lines(Nyrkki), Kekkonen appears as a character withJ. K. Paasikivi.In the series Kekkonen is played byJanne Reinikainen.

See also

• List of state visits made by President Urho Kekkonen of Finland
• Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine
• Georg C. Ehrnrooth

Honours

Coat of Arms of Urho Kekkonen
Armiger	Urho Kekkonen
Adopted	1956
Motto	"Sitä kuusta kuuleminen"(" Listen to the tree, by the roots of which you live ")

National honours

• Finland:Grand Cross of theOrder of the White Rose
• Finland:Grand Cross of theOrder of the Lion of Finland
• Finland:Grand Cross of theOrder of the Cross of Liberty
• Finland:Grand Cross of theOrder of the Holy Lamb

Foreign honours

This is adynamic listand may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byadding missing itemswithreliable sources.

• Sweden:Knight of theOrder of the Seraphim
• Norway:Grand Cross of theOrder of St. Olav
• Denmark:Knight of theOrder of the Elephant
• Iceland:Grand Cross with Collar of theOrder of the Falcon– His wife: Grand Cross
• Austria:Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
• United Kingdom:Grand Cross of theOrder of the Bath(1969)
• Italy:Knight Grand Cross with Collar of theOrder of Merit of the Italian Republic(1960)
• Spain:Collar of theOrder of Isabella the Catholic(1975)
• Spain:Collar of theOrder of Charles III(1978)
• Mexico:Collar of theOrder of the Aztec Eagle(1963)
• Tunisia:Grand Cross of theOrder of Independence(1965)
• Egypt:Collar of theOrder of the Nile(1967)
• Holy See:Collar of theOrder of Pope Pius IX(1971)
• San Marino:Grand Cross with Collar of theOrder of San Marino(1971)
• Senegal:Grand Cross of theNational Order of the Lion(1973)
• Colombia:Grand Cross of theOrder of Boyaca(1980)

Former socialist states:

• People's Republic of Bulgaria:Order of the Balkan Mountains
• People's Republic of Poland:Order of the White Eagle
• Socialist Republic of Romania:Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic

Former (now-defunct) states:

• Czechoslovakia:Order of the White Lion(1969)
• Soviet Union:Order of Friendship of Peoples
• Soviet Union:Order of Lenin
• Yugoslavia:Great Star of theOrder of the Yugoslav Star(1963)
• Iran:Empire of Iran:Grand Cross with Collar of theOrder of Pahlavi(1970)
• Iran:Empire of Iran:Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire(14 October 1971).

Further reading

• Wilsford, David, ed.Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary(Greenwood, 1995) pp. 223–230.

External links

• Urho Kekkonen Museum, Tamminiemi, Helsinki
• The Archives of President Urho Kekkonen
• Urho Kekkonen National Park
• Urho Kekkonenin The Presidents of Finland