VASP
 | This articlemay requirecopy editingfor grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling.(December 2023) |
 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Founded | 4 November 1933 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commenced operations | 12 November 1933 | ||||||
| Ceased operations | 27 January 2005 | ||||||
| Hubs | |||||||
| Subsidiaries | VASPEX (São Paulo Airways Express) | ||||||
| Parent company | Viação Aérea São Paulo | ||||||
| Headquarters | São Paulo–Congonhas Airport,São Paulo,São Paulo, Brazil | ||||||
| Key people | Wagner Canhedo | ||||||
| Website | vasp.com.br | ||||||
Viação Aérea São Paulo S/A(São Paulo Airways), better known asVASP,was an airline with its head office in the VASP Building on the grounds ofSão Paulo–Congonhas AirportinSão Paulo,Brazil.[1]It had main bases at São Paulo's two major airports,São Paulo–Congonhas Airport(CGH) andSão Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport(GRU).
History
[edit]
The airline was established on 4 November 1933 by the state government ofSão Pauloand started operations on 12 November 1933.[2]VASP was the first airline to serve the interior of the state of São Paulo (São Paulo-São Carlos-São José do Rio PretoandSão Paulo-Ribeirão Preto-Uberaba), with twoMonospar ST-4.At the start of the 1930s, it was the only carrier to operate with land planes in their service area. At the time this was a real exploit due to the lack of adequate non-coastal airports. Many landing strips were improvised in flat pastures. This insistence on using only land planes led to the building in 1936 of one of the country's most important airports,Congonhas,located in the city of São Paulo, far from the coast. During its early years, Congonhas Airport was popularly known asCampo da VASP( "VASP's airfield" ).[3]
In 1939, VASP boughtAerolloyd Iguassu,which included also a license to operate flights to the states ofParanáandSanta Catarina.In 1962, VASP became a national airline when it acquiredLóide Aéreo Nacional,and with it its license to operate nationwide.
On 6 July 1959, VASP,Cruzeiro do SulandVariginitiated theair shuttle servicesbetweenRio de Janeiro-Santos Dumontand São Paulo-Congonhas airports, the first of its kind in the world. The three companies coordinated their schedules, operations, and shared revenue. The service was a direct response to the competition imposed byReal Transportes Aéreos.The idea, baptized as Air Bridge (Ponte Aéreain Portuguese), was inspired by theBerlin Airlift.It was so successful that it was abandoned only in 1999.[4]Flights operated on an hourly basis initially byConvair 240(Varig),Convair 340(Cruzeiro) andSaab 90 Scandia(VASP). In a matter of a few months, the shuttle service led by Varig won the battle against Real, which was anyway bought by Varig in 1961.Sadia Transportes Aéreosjoined the service in 1968. Between 1975 and 1992, it was operated exclusively by Varig'sLockheed L-188 Electra,which for sometime and for the sake of neutrality did not have the name Varig on the fuselage.
Although it had been remarkably well-run for most of its life as a state-owned company, by the 1980s VASP was being plagued by inefficiency, losses covered by state capital injections, and a bloated payroll for political reasons. Under the Brazilian government'sneoliberalpolicies newly introduced at the time, VASP was privatized in 1990. A majority stake was bought by the VOE/Canhedo Group, a company formed by the Canhedo Group of Brasília and VASP employees.
Under the command of its new owner and president, Wagner Canhedo, VASP quickly expanded operations in the country, and created international routes. Until VASP's entry into the international market, Varig had, for all intents and purposes, been Brazil's sole international airline since 1965. However, after many years of mismanagement, financial losses, soaring debt and bad credit, in 2002 it cancelled all of its international operations to concentrate in the domestic market. By that time, VASP had plummeted from the second to the fourth position in the Brazilian airline market, flying an aging fleet ofBoeing 737s(most of them of the obsolete −200 series) andAirbus A300s.
The company faced its worst crisis in 2004 as new airlines such rise in the country, which led to the suspension of service to many Brazilian cities and the cancellation of flights. As a result, the airline had its domestic market share reduced to 10%. On 27 January 2005, Brazil's then civil aviation regulator, DAC, grounded the airline from operating scheduled services pending a financial investigation. VASP was allowed to operate charter services until April 2005, giving it a chance to prove its financial stability in order to retain its air operator certificate.
By December 2007, the once-proud company had stopped flying altogether, and was reduced to providing maintenance services to other airlines. Even during the worst of VASP's troubles, its maintenance expertise and personnel had always been held in high regard. It had been operating under the new Brazilian bankruptcy law since July 2006, and had its recovery plan approved on 27 August 2006. However, in 2008 it declared bankruptcy.
As of October 2020, nine of the company's planes (sevenBoeing 737-200sand twoAirbus A300s) are still grounded atCongonhas-São Paulo Airportsince 2005 and by now badly weathered and dilapidated, began to be dismantled and sold for scrap at auction. Each plane in its current condition was estimated to be worth only 30,000 to 50,000real(approximately $20,000 to 33,000 US dollars), considerably less than even its monthly parking and storage fees. The company's fleet of 27 planes had been also grounded in similar circumstances since 2005 at various Brazilian airports.
Services
[edit]Services at time of closure
[edit]
VASP operated services to the following domestic scheduled destinations (as of January 2005):Aracaju,Belém,Brasília,Curitiba,Fortaleza,Foz do Iguaçu,Maceió,Manaus,Natal,Recife,Rio de Janeiro–Galeão,Rio de Janeiro–Santos Dumont,Salvador,São Luís,São Paulo–Congonhas,São Paulo–Guarulhos,TeresinaandPorto Alegre.
Services ended before closure
[edit]VASP once had a much more extensive network, which covered virtually every major Brazilian city with an airport and in the 1990s included such international destinations as:Buenos Aires–Ezeiza,Quito,Miami,New York–JFK,Los Angeles,San Francisco,Toronto–Pearson,Seoul–Gimpo,Casablanca,Barcelona,Lisbon,Brussels,Osaka–Kansai,Athens,FrankfurtandZürich.
Fleet
[edit]
Fleet history
[edit]Over the years, the fleet of VASP consisted of the following aircraft:[5][6]
| Aircraft | Total | Introduced | Retired | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Airbus A300B2 | 3 | 1982 | 2005 | |
| Airbus A310-300 | 1 | 1997 | 1997 | Leased fromEcuatoriana de Aviación |
| BAC One-Eleven Series 400 | 2 | 1967 | 1974 | |
| Boeing 707-320C | 3 | 1992 | 1995 | |
| Boeing 727-100C | 2 | 1979 | 1981 | |
| Boeing 727-200 | 13 | 1977 | 2005 | |
| Boeing 737-200 | 41 | 1969 | 2005 | |
| Boeing 737-300 | 26 | 1986 | 2005 | |
| Boeing 737-400 | 3 | 1991 | 1992 | |
| Curtiss C-46 Commando | 14 | 1962 | 1973 | |
| de Havilland Dragon | 1 | 1934 | 1941 | |
| de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver | 1 | 1951 | Unknown | |
| Douglas C-47 Skytrain | 9 | 1946 | 1981 | |
| Douglas C-54 Skymaster | 8 | 1962 | 1970 | |
| Douglas DC-3 | 3 | 1951 | 1962 | |
| Douglas DC-6A | 4 | 1962 | 1977 | |
| Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante | 10 | 1973 | 1992 | |
| GAL ST4 Monospar | 2 | 1933 | 1944 | |
| Junkers Ju 52 | 7 | 1937 | 1957 | |
| Learjet 35A | 1 | 1991 | 1996 | |
| McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 | 6 | 1991 | 1996 | |
| McDonnell Douglas MD-11 | 9 | 1992 | 2001 | |
| McDonnell Douglas MD-11ER | 1 | 1998 | 1998 | Leased fromWorld Airways |
| NAMC YS-11A | 8 | 1968 | 1977 | |
| Saab 90 Scandia | 18 | 1950 | 1969 | |
| Vickers Viscount 700 | 10 | 1962 | 1975 | |
| Vickers Viscount 800 | 6 | 1958 | 1975 |
Fleet in 1970
[edit]| Aircraft | Total | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| BAC One-Eleven400 | 22 | |
| Boeing 737 | 50 | |
| Douglas DC-3 | 30 | |
| Douglas DC-6A | 4 | |
| Vickers Viscount700 | 32 | |
| Vickers Viscount800 | 24 | |
| NAMC YS-11 | 7 | |
| Total | 124 |
VASPEX
[edit]
VASPEX was the company's subsidiary for immediate dispatch of correspondence, documents and objects. It filed for bankruptcy, but ended up going bankrupt with VASP on September 4, 2008. It operated the Boeing 727 and 737-200 for almost all of Brazil. It was created to operate together with VASP delivering orders of the type.[8][9]
VASPEX fleet
[edit]| Aircraft | Total | Introduced | Retired | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boeing 727-200F | 12 | 1996 | 2005 | |
| Boeing 737-200F | 8 | 1993 | 2005 | |
| Douglas DC-8-63F | 1 | 1993 | 1993 | Leased fromArrow Air |
| Douglas DC-8-71F | 3 | 1991 | 1993 | |
| McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30CF | 1 | 1997 | 1998 | Leased fromWorld Airways |
Curiousities
[edit]The 3rd ex-VASP B737, the first operator of the legendary Boeing model in Brazil, is today at Auto Shopping Só Marcas, in the city of Contagem, almost on the border with Belo Horizonte. With the old license plate PP-SMC, this B737-200 was manufactured in 1969 and flew exclusively on the former VASP, until the company closed, staying at Congonhas Airport for several years, until it was auctioned and bought by the owner of the shopping center and other enterprises. This plane has been the scene of several events and was even used during a political propaganda by the Workers' Party - PT in 2022. It was also in evidence because of a girl who filled it with World Cup stickers. Despite the political and football art, and now graffiti, the plane itself was not painted, but gained a cover around it, which receives the art related to the events that take place on the top floor of the used car shopping centre. The last so-called artistic intervention was by Red Room, a production company that is taking German DJ Emanuel Satie, who plays Melodic House & Techno, to the capital of Minas Gerais, as well as Brazilian DJ Jessica Brankka, who recently broke through with the track Too Many Roads. The B737 is the backdrop for a sunset event starting at 6 pm on Saturday, March 18, 2023. The idea is for the jet to make a composition with the DJs who will play until 6 am.[10][11][12]
Accidents and incidents
[edit]Accidents
[edit]- 8 November 1940: aJunkers Ju 52/3mg3eregistration PP-SPF taking-off fromRio de Janeiro-Santos DumonttoSão Paulo-Congonhascollided on mid-air with thede Havilland Dragonflyregistration LV-KAB belonging to theAnglo Mexican Petroleum Company (Shell-Mex),which was preparing for a water-land in front ofFluminense Yacht Club,today Rio de Janeiro Yacht Club inBotafogo.Both aircraft crashed killing all 14 passengers and 4 crew on the VASP aircraft and the pilot of the Shell-Mex aircraft.[13][14]
- 27 August 1943: aJunkers Ju 52/3mg3eregistration PP-SPD flying fromSão Paulo-CongonhastoRio de Janeiro-Santos Dumontstruck a building of theNaval Academylocated close to the airport shortly after the second attempt to land at Rio under fog. The aircraft broke in two and one part fell in the water. Of the 21 passengers and crew, three survived.[15][16]
- 13 December 1950: aDouglas C-47Aregistration PP-SPT while on initial climb fromLondrinalost engine power, crashed and caught fire. There were 3 ground fatalities.[17]
- 18 May 1951: aDouglas C-47Bregistration PP-SPL en route fromSanta Cruz do Rio PardotoPresidente Prudentehit high ground while flying in bad weather. All 6 passengers and crew died.[18]
- 8 September 1951: aDouglas C-47Bregistration PP-SPQ struck a house after take-off fromSão Paulo-Congonhasand crashed. Thirteen passengers and crew and three persons on the ground died.[19]
- 13 May 1952: aDouglas C-47Bregistration PP-SPM operating a flight fromSão Paulo-CongonhastoBaurulost control when carrying out an emergency landing following an engine failure. Two crew members and 3 passengers died.[20]
- 30 December 1958: aSaab Scandia 90Aregistration PP-SQE flying fromRio de Janeiro-Santos DumonttoSão Paulo-Congonhasduring climb after take-off had a failure on engine no. 1. The pilot initiated procedures to return to the airport but during the second turn the aircraft stalled and crashed intoGuanabara Bay.Of the 34 passengers and crew aboard, 20 died.[21][22]
- 23 September 1959: aSaab Scandia 90Aregistration PP-SQV en route fromSão Paulo-CongonhastoRio de Janeiro-Santos Dumontduring climb after take-off did not gain enough height and crashed1+1⁄2minutes out of São Paulo, killing all 20 passengers and crew.[23][24]
- 22 December 1959: aVickers Viscount 800registration PP-SRG while on approach to land atRio de Janeiro-Galeãowas involved in a mid-air collision with theBrazilian Air ForceFokker S-11 (T-21)serial number FAB0742 in the vicinity ofManguinhos Airport.All 32 people on board the Viscount were killed, as were a further ten on the ground. The T-21 pilot parachuted to safety. This accident eventually led to the closure of Manguinhos Airport[25][26][27]
- 26 November 1962: aSaab Scandia 90Aregistration PP-SRA en route fromSão Paulo-CongonhastoRio de Janeiro-Santos Dumontcollided in the air over the Municipality of Paraibuna, State of São Paulo with a privateCessna 310registration PT-BRQ en route fromRio de Janeiro-Santos DumonttoSão Paulo-Campo de Marte.Both were flying on the sameairwayAB-6 in opposite directions and failed to have visual contact. The aircraft crashed, killing all 23 passengers and crew of the Saab and four occupants of the Cessna.[28][29]
- 4 September 1964: aVickers Viscount 701Cregistration PP-SRR operating flight 141 fromVitóriatoRio de Janeiro-Santos Dumontcollided with a mountain over the location ofNova Friburgowhile flying away from the intended track. All 39 passengers and crew died.[30][31]
- 3 March 1965: aVickers Viscountregistration PP-SRQ was damaged beyond economic repair atRio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airportwhen the aircraft departed the runway during a simulated engine failure on take-off.[32]
- 31 October 1966: aVickers Viscountregistration PP-SRM was damaged beyond economic repair when it overran the runway atRio de Janeiro Santos Dumont Airport[33]
- 15 September 1968: aVickers Viscountregistration PP-SRE crashed atSão Paulowhile on a crew training flight. One of the two crew was killed.[34]
- 11 January 1969: aDouglas C-47APP-SPR was damaged beyond economic repair atLoanda, Paraná.[35]
- 14 September 1969: aDouglas C-47Bregistration PP-SPP operating flight 555 took off fromLondrinatoSão Paulo-Congonhasbut due to a feathered propeller, had to return to the origin. While on approach for landing, the aircraft made a sharp left turn and crashed. All 20 passengers and crew died.[36][37]
- 12 April 1972: aNAMC YS-11Aregistration PP-SMI flying fromSão Paulo-CongonhastoRio de Janeiro-Santos Dumontflew into the side of a mountain while on descent 50 km north of Rio de Janeiro due to pilot mistake. All 25 passengers and crew died.[38][39]
- 29 January 1973: aDouglas C-47PP-SQA crashed on landing atRondonópolis Airport.[40]
- 15 May 1973: aVickers ViscountPP-SRD was damaged beyond economic repair when it departed the runway on landing atSalvador Airportand the undercarriage collapsed.[41]
- 23 October 1973: aNAMC YS-11Aregistration PP-SMJ flying fromRio de Janeiro-Santos DumonttoBelo Horizonte-Pampulhaduring an aborted take-off overrun the runway and slid intoGuanabara Bay.Of the 65 passengers and crew, 8 passengers died.[42][43]
- 27 February 1975: anEmbraer EMB 110 Bandeiranteregistration PP-SBE operating a flight 640 fromSão Paulo-CongonhastoBauruandAraçatubacrashed after take-off from Congonhas. All 2 crew members and 13 passengers died.[44][45]
- 25 May 1982: aBoeing 737-200registration PP-SMY on landing procedures atBrasíliaduring rain, made a hard landing with nose gear first. The gear collapsed and the aircraft skidded off the runway breaking in two. Two passengers out of 118 occupants died.[46]
- 8 June 1982: aBoeing 727-200registration PP-SRK operatingflight 168fromRio de Janeiro-GaleãotoFortalezacollided with a mountain while on approach to Fortaleza. The captain descended below a minimum descent altitude. All 137 passengers and crew died.[47][48]
- 28 January 1986:VASP Flight 210flying fromSão Paulo-GuarulhostoBelo Horizonteunknowingly tried to take-off from Guarulhos under foggy conditions from a taxiway. The take-off was aborted, but the aircraft overran, collided with a dyke and broke in two. One passenger died.[49]
- 22 June 1992: a cargoBoeing 737-200Cregistration PP-SND en route fromRio BrancotoCruzeiro do Sulcrashed in the jungle while on arrival procedures to Cruzeiro do Sul. The crew of 2 and 1 occupant died.[50]
Incidents
[edit]- 25 April 1970: aBoeing 737-2A1en route fromBrasíliatoManaus-Ponta Peladawas hijacked by a person who demanded to be flown toCuba.The hijack lasted a day.[51]
- 14 May 1970: aBoeing 737-2A1en route fromBrasíliatoManaus-Ponta Peladawas hijacked by a person who demanded to be flown toCuba.The hijack lasted a day.[52]
- 22 February 1975: aBoeing 737-2A1registration PP-SMU en route fromGoiâniatoBrasíliawas hijacked by 1 person who demanded ransom. The hijacker was taken down.[53]
- 29 September 1988: aBoeing 737-300registration PP-SNT operatingflight 375en route fromPorto VelhotoRio de JaneiroviaBrasília,GoiâniaandBelo Horizonte-Confinswas hijacked by 1 person on the final leg of the flight. The hijacker wanted to force a crash on thePalácio do Planalto,the official presidential workplace inBrasília.The pilot convinced the hijacker to divert to Goiânia where an emergency landing was made. The hijack ended with 1 victim.[54][55]
- 18 August 2000: aBoeing 737-2A1registration PP-SMG en route fromFoz do IguaçutoCuritiba-Afonso Penaand on toRio de Janeiro-Galeão,Brasília,andSão Luís,was hijacked by 5 persons with the purpose of robbing BRL 5 million (approximately US$2.75 million) that the aircraft was transporting. The pilot was forced to land atPorecatuwhere the hijackers fled with the money. There were no victims.[56][57]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"World Airline Directory."Flight International.30 March 1985."130".Retrieved 17 June 2009. "Edificio VASP, Aeroporto de Congonhas, CEP-04368, Sao Paulo, Brazil"
- ^Instituto Histórico-Cultural da Aeronáutica (2014).História Geral da Aeronáutica Brasileira: de janeiro de 1956 a dezembro de 1966 da posse do Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira até as vésperas da Reforma Administrativa(in Portuguese). Vol. 5. Rio de Janeiro: INCAER. p. 474.
- ^Saconi, Rose (2 April 2013)."Como era São Paulo sem o aeroporto de Congonhas"(in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo (acervo).Retrieved8 July2013.
- ^Beting, Gianfranco; Beting, Joelmir (2009).Varig: Eterna Pioneira(in Portuguese). Porto Alegre and São Paulo: EDIPUCRS and Beting Books. pp. 83–84.ISBN978-85-7430-901-9.
- ^"Fleet."(28 January 1999)VASP.Retrieved 6 September 2008.
- ^"VASP fleet".aerobernie.bplaced.net.Retrieved20 February2021.
- ^Flight International 26 March 1970
- ^"Vasp brand auction fails".Valor Econômico(in Portuguese). 29 July 2014.
- ^"Vasp brand auction fails"(in Portuguese). TMA Brasil. 23 January 2015. Archived fromthe originalon 23 January 2015.Retrieved30 December2016.
- ^"Boeing 737 da VASP é grafitado de vermelho e vira palco de música eletrônica em Minas".aeroin.10 March 2023.Retrieved10 March2023.
- ^"Garota mineira enche toda a lateral de um Boeing 737 com 175 mil figurinhas da Copa do Mundo".aeroin.26 November 2022.Retrieved10 March2023.
- ^"eria um empresário homenageado Lula com um Boeing 737 personalizado?".aeroin.12 May 2022.Retrieved10 March2023.
- ^"Accident description PP-SPF".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved16 July2013.
- ^Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Vizinhança perigosa".O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 33–36.ISBN978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^"Accident description PP-SPD".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved17 August2011.
- ^Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Colisão com a Escola Naval".O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 54–60.ISBN978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^"Accident description PP-SPT".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved28 July2011.
- ^"Accident description PP-SPL".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved18 May2011.
- ^"Accident description PP-SPQ".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved18 August2011.
- ^"Accident description PP-SPM".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved20 May2011.
- ^"Accident description PP-SQE".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved17 August2011.
- ^Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Ponte aérea das doze horas".O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 171–173.ISBN978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^"Accident description PP-SQV".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved18 August2011.
- ^Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Falha de motor na decolagem".O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 177–181.ISBN978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^"Accident description PP-SRG and FAB0742".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved2 November2011.
- ^Pereira, Aldo (1987).Breve História da Aviação Comercial Brasileira(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Europa. pp. 205–206.
- ^Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Reportagem derradeira".O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 177–181.ISBN978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^"Accident description PP-SRA and PT-BRQ".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved2 June2011.
- ^Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "No céu de Paraibuna".O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 214–216.ISBN978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^"Accident description PP-SRR".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved16 July2011.
- ^Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "A montanha trágica".O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 243–248.ISBN978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^"Accident description".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved11 September2009.
- ^"Accident description".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved11 September2009.
- ^"Accident description".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved11 September2009.
- ^"PP-SPR Accident Description".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved23 January2011.
- ^"Accident description PP-SPP".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved23 July2011.
- ^Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Arremetida monomotor".O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 262–266.ISBN978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^"Accident description PP-SMI".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved18 August2011.
- ^Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "O Samurai desaparecido".O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 274–278.ISBN978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^"PP-SQA Accident description".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved26 August2010.
- ^"Accident description".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved8 October2009.
- ^"Accident description PP-SMJ".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved16 May2011.
- ^Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Dia do aviador".O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 291–293.ISBN978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^"Accident description PP-SBE".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved20 May2011.
- ^Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "O primeiro Bandeirante".O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 294–301.ISBN978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^"Accident description PP-SMY".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved30 May2011.
- ^"Accident description PP-SRK".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved12 August2011.
- ^Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "VASP 168".O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 318–326.ISBN978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^"Accident description PP-SME".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved6 August2011.
- ^"Accident description PP-SND".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved16 June2011.
- ^"Incident description Vasp April 25, 1970".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved30 May2011.
- ^"Incident description Vasp May 14, 1970".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved30 May2011.
- ^"Incident description PP-SMU".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved30 May2011.
- ^"Incident description PP-SNT".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved16 May2011.
- ^"Sangue no vôo 375"(in Portuguese). Abril: Veja. 5 October 1988.Retrieved16 May2011.
- ^"Incident description PP-SMG".Aviation Safety Network.Retrieved7 May2011.
- ^Maschio, José (21 August 2000)."PF liga sequestro de avião da VASP à rebelião em penitenciária em Roraima"(in Portuguese). Folha Online.Retrieved7 May2011.
External links
[edit]
- VASP accidents as per Aviation Safety Network
- Archive of VASP pages(in English)(1998–2000)
- Archive of VASP pages(in Portuguese)
- VASPEX(Archive)(in Portuguese)
