VA spacecraft

A drawing of aVA spacecraft:TheVA capsuleis on the lower right, while the braking engines are located on top of the long "nose section".Thelaunch escape system(not shown) would have been attached on top of the nose section.

VA capsule on display at the Collections of Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics.

An isolated drawing of theVA capsule,the crew compartment of the VA spacecraft, with the side hatch opened.

The VA capsule of the TKS spacecraft that flew asKosmos 1443,on display in the National Air and Space Museum, Washington D.C. – this capsule was mislabeled asMerkur spacecraft.

TheVozvraschaemyi Apparat(Russian:Возвращаемый Аппарат,lit. 'Return Vehicle',GRAU index11F74), orVA spacecraft,was a Sovietcrew capsule,intended to serve as a crewedlaunch and reentry vehicle.Initially designed for theLK-1human lunar flyby spacecraft for one of theSoviet crewed lunar programs,then theLK-700redesign, it was later repurposed for theAlmazmilitary space station program.

The VA capsule on display at theSmithsonianNational Air and Space Museumwas labeled asMerkur,following a mistranslation of the original documentation – while incorrect, the name is being used in the West for the VA spacecraft and capsule.

The VA spacecraft was capable of independent flight – up to 31 hours in its last incarnation – it needed however to be combined with additional hardware (containing propulsion and storage) to achieve a longer flight duration.

Different usage scenarios for the VA spacecraft were planned:

• For the lunar flyby spacecraft LK-1 and LK-700, the plans byVladimir Chelomei's design bureauOKB-52were to mate a VA spacecraft together with an Equipment-Rocket System Block (PAB) and Translunar Injection Stage (RB).

• For the Almaz space station program, the plans envisaged two configurations for the crewed VA spacecraft:
  • A VA spacecraft would have launched the initial crew of an Almaz-OPS space station, the VA spacecraft launched together with the station itself; This combination was known as "Almaz APOS".
  • A VA spacecraft would have been launched mated together with aFunctional Cargo Block(FGB) to resupply an Almaz station, in both crewed and uncrewed flights; This combination was known as theTKS spacecraft.

VA was the first spacecraft to be launched into orbit twice, asKosmos 929was recovered and launched again asKosmos 998.Gemini 2was launched into space twice, but both launches were suborbital.

While the VA spacecraft performed successful uncrewed test flights, both with and without a Functional Cargo Block, it never served in its intended role as a lunar vehicle due to cancellation of the soviet crewed lunar program, and it was never launched together with an Almaz space station.

Design

LK-1 – crewed lunar flyby spacecraft

Main articles:LK-1andLK-700

First work on the VA spacecraft began on 13 May 1961 byVladimir Chelomey'sOKB-52design bureau, in response to theUSApollo program. The VA spacecraft consisted of three main parts:

• The VA capsule, which formed the pressurized habitable section for the crew
• The NO front compartment (Russian:Носовой Отсек НО,lit. "nose compartment" ), housing the deorbit block (BSO), additional batteries, communication equipment, the parachute and soft landing engines
• The SASlaunch escape system(Russian:Система Аварийного Спасения САС) – similar to Soyuz and Apollo – mounted on top of the nose section, jettisoned after first stage had burned out

CosmonautAlexei Leonovcalled the Almaz VA return capsule "our Apollo". The shape of the VA capsule was vaguely like that of the Apollo Command Module (CM), however some of the VA's support hardware was housed on top of the capsule in the nose compartment – unlike Apollo with the Apollo Service Module (SM) below the Apollo CM.

While the VA spacecraft was capable of independent flight of about one day,it needed to be mated to additional hardware for a longer flight duration. For a lunar mission, the LK-1 spacecraft would have been formed by mating the VA spacecraft with two components:

• The Equipment-Rocket System Block (PAB). It included – analogous to the Apollo's SM – solar panels and electrical power systems, communications systems like a parabolic antenna and thrusters for midcourse maneuvers.
• The Translunar Injection Stage (RB).

Almaz space station support craft

After the cancellation of the LK-1 crewed lunar spacecraft effort, the VA spacecraft was repurposed by Chelomey as support craft for his military Almaz space station program – again a response to a US program, theUSAF's militaryManned Orbiting Laboratory(MOL) andGemini Beffort.

Almaz APOS

Main article:Almaz

The initial plans called for crew and station to be launched together with oneProton rocketlaunch, just like the US MOL/Gemini combination. For this a VA spacecraft would have been mated on top of an Almaz OPS space station core (11F71) – this was known as Almaz APOS. The crew would have ridden into space in the VA capsule; Once in orbit, the crew would have entered the Almaz station through a hatch in the heat shield – just like MOL/Gemini. The VA capsule would then remain unoccupied until the end of the mission, when it would serve as the reentry vehicle for the crew. The Almaz APOS concept evolved into the Almaz-OPS stations of theSalyut programme,which were however never launched together with their crew, nor together with a VA capsule.

TKS spacecraft

Main articles:TKS (spacecraft)andFunctional Cargo Block

For the flights of the subsequent crews of an Almaz space station, the VA spacecraft would have been mated with aFunctional Cargo Block(FGB, 11F77) instead. Together the VA and the FGB would form the crewedTKS spacecraft(11F72) for crew and resupply flights to Almaz space stations – the VA would serve in its role as launch and reentry vehicle for the crew, while the FGB would serve as a propulsion system, pressurized cargo carrier and contain the docking hardware.

Cutaway drawing of a TKS spacecraft (details are conjectural). The FGB (on the left) features a tunnel (stippled) that connects it to the VA spacecraft on the right. The broad black line outlines the approximate pressurized volume accessible to the crew. The docking unit of the TKS is on the far left.

A few TKS spacecraft flew uncrewed missions, but never to an Almaz-OPS station. The FGB would however continue to find use and form the basis for several space station modules – the FGB concept is as of 2012still in use for theZaryaFGB, albeit in modified form.

Test flights

An illustration of an TKS spacecraft – the VA spacecraft is below and left to the center of the image, while most of the TKS is the FGB.

Although the VA was never launched crewed, never together with an Almaz-OPS station, and never to an Almaz-OPS station, it saw several flights, some in the intended TKS spacecraft configuration.

To accelerate the man-rating of the TKS and VA spacecraft, eight uncrewed VA spacecraft (without FGBs) were launched in pairs, testing two VA spacecraft per test flight. One of these flights was aborted due to the carrier rocket failure, and the VA capsule was successfully carried away from the exploding rocket by thelaunch escape system.

Another four uncrewed VA spacecraft were mated together with an FGB and launched as TKS spacecraft: the solo flight ofKosmos 929,theKosmos 1267flight toSalyut 6and the flights ofKosmos 1443andKosmos 1686toSalyut 7(the VA spacecraft on the TKS flight of Kosmos 1686 was modified as a no-reentry laboratory segment).

The TKS program would, after these test flights, evolve into theFunctional Cargo Blockbased space station modules, and the VA capsules would no longer be of service in the Soviet Union.

VA spacecraft test flights

Kosmos 881 and Kosmos 882

VA 009A/1(#009P) andVA 009/1(#009L): Orbital test of a pair of two VA spacecraftKosmos 881andKosmos 882in 1976-12-15 that started jointly and reentered separately.

Kosmos 929

VA 009A/2test flight on 1977-07-17. The reentry module was refurbished and launched again on 1978-03-30 as Kosmos 998.

Kosmos 937 and Kosmos 938

VA 009A/P(#009P) andVA 009P/2(#009L): Launched on 1977-08-05. Launch vehicle failure forty seconds into the flight on a suborbital test of two VA spacecraft. VA #009L is destroyed in the resulting booster explosion, VA #009P is rescued by the Proton SAS abort system and is recovered safely.

Kosmos 997 and Kosmos 998

VA 009A/P2andVA 009P/2(009A/2): On 1978-03-30 pair of two VA spacecraftKosmos 997andKosmos 998that started jointly and reentered separately

Kosmos 1096 and Kosmos 1097

VA #103andVA #008:On 1979-04-20 the Proton carrier rocket suffered an on pad abort and did not lift off. Capsule VA #103 was lost.

Kosmos 1100 and Kosmos 1101

VA 102A(#102P) andVA 102(#102L): On 1979-05-22 pair of two VA spacecraftKosmos 1100andKosmos 1101that started jointly and reentered separately

TKS missions

Main article:TKS (spacecraft) § Missions

TKS-1 (Kosmos 929)

Kosmos 929was the first flight of a "complete" TKS spacecraft (VA 009A/2spacecraft with FGB) on July 17, 1977.

TKS-2 (Kosmos 1267)

Main article:Kosmos 1267

Kosmos 1267flight of TKS spacecraft (VA 0103/3spacecraft with FGB) toSalyut 6on April 25, 1981.

TKS-3 (Kosmos 1443)

Kosmos 1443was the first "complete" TKS craft (VA 0103/1spacecraft and FGB) that docked to a Salyut station –Salyut 7on March 2, 1983.

TKS-4 (Kosmos 1686)

Main article:Kosmos 1686

Kosmos 1686was on Sept. 27, 1985 the last flight of an TKS spacecraft – its target was theSalyut 7space station. The VA capsule was modified to house remote sensing instruments.

A drawing of the last flown TKS spacecraft, Kosmos 1686, depicted docked to the Salyut 7 space station. The VA capsule is visible on the bottom left. Note that the "nose section" of the VA spacecraft, that would have contained the de-orbit engines for the VA capsule, has been replaced with remote sensing instruments.

Existing hardware

Some VA capsules are on display in museums or in storage.

Known articles include:

• VA 009A/2- (part ofKosmos 929andKosmos 998)Excalibur Almaz
• VA 009P/2(009/2) - (part ofKosmos 881,Kosmos 938andKosmos 997)NPO Mashinostroyeniya
• #009/3- (used for three air drop tests)Excalibur Almaz
• #103/1(#511650103/1) -Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
• #103/2(#630850103/2) -Excalibur Almaz
• VA 0103/1(#103/4) - (part ofKosmos 1443)Smithsonian Museum
• #069002060-International Space University,Strasbourg
• #75615302-Yevpatoria
• #? -NPO Energomash
• #? -Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center
• #? - Vladimir Tchelomey School, Kazakhstan

Specifications

VA spacecraft

The VA spacecraft included the VA capsule (see below) and the "nose section";All data excluding TKS-FGB or Almaz-OPS.

• Mass at launch (including SASlaunch escape system): 7,200 to 7,300 kilograms (15,900 to 16,100 lb)
• Mass in orbit: 4,800 kilograms (10,600 lb)
• Gross mass: 3,800 kilograms (8,400 lb)
• Launch payload: 1,880 kilograms (4,140 lb)
• Return payload: 3 persons and 50 kilograms (110 lb), or 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) uncrewed
• Height at launch (including SAS): 10.3 metres (34 ft)
• Height in orbit: 7.3 metres (24 ft)
• Diameter: 2.79 metres (9 ft 2 in)
• Independent operation: up to 31 hours
• First flight: December 15, 1976, as VA spacecraft ( "twin" solo flights Kosmos 881 and Kosmos 882)
• Last flight: September 27, 1985, as TKS spacecraft (Kosmos 1686)

VA capsule

All data for TKS version, unless otherwise stated.

• Crew size: 1 for LK-1,3 for TKS
• Total internal volume: 8.37 cubic metres (296 cu ft)
• Habitable volume: 4.56 cubic metres (161 cu ft)
• Diameter: 2.79 metres (9 ft 2 in)
• Reusable for 10 flights

TKS spacecraft

A TKS spacecraft consisted of a VA spacecraft mated to a Functional Cargo Block (FGB). The specifications of the TKS spacecraft were as follows:

• Mass at launch: 21,620 kilograms (47,660 lb)
• Mass in orbit: 17,570 kilograms (38,740 lb)
• Payload (total): 12,600 kilograms (27,800 lb) (including consumables and VA spacecraft)
• Payload (dry cargo): about 5,200 kilograms (11,500 lb)
• Payload (fuel): 3,822 kilograms (8,426 lb)
• Height: 17.51 metres (57.4 ft)
• Span: 17.00 metres (55.77 ft)
• Thrust: 7.84 kilonewtons (1,760 lb_f)
• Electric power: 2.40 kilowatts (3.22 hp) on average

Excalibur Almaz

Main article:Excalibur Almaz

The company Excalibur Almaz acquired four VA return capsule hulls and twoAlmazspace station hulls. The company plans to outfit and launch both the VA capsules and the Almaz station hulls; One VA capsule is planned to be used in support ofspace tourismwhile the other three VA capsules are reserved for scientific and commercial payloads. The needed development of propulsion systems for the VA capsule was reportedly delegated to an unnamed European organization as early as 2009.

See also

• Almaz
• TKS Spacecraft

External links

• Encyclopedia Astronautica:
  • LK-1,with an image of an assembled translunar spacecraft
  • Almaz APOS
  • TKS
• RussianSpaceWeb.com:
  • Almaz
  • TKS
• Sven Grahn:The Almaz Space Station Program
• Smithsonian – National Air and Space Museum:Merkur Capsule – Image Detail,showing an VA capsule and its interior
• Novosti Kosmonavtiki:Другой корабль (Online at archive.org, in Russian)The other spacecraft; The 25th anniversary of the first TKS flight.