V sign
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Churchill_V_sign_HU_55521.jpg/220px-Churchill_V_sign_HU_55521.jpg)
✌ | |
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V sign | |
InUnicode | U+270C✌VICTORY HAND |
Different from | |
Different from | U+1F594🖔REVERSED VICTORY HAND |
Related | |
See also | U+262E☮PEACE SYMBOL U+01F54A🕊DOVE OF PEACE |
TheV signis a handgesturein which theindexandmiddle fingersare raised and parted to make a V shape while the other fingers are clenched. It has various meanings, depending on the circumstances and how it is presented.
When displayed with the palm inward toward the signer, it can be an offensive gesture in someCommonwealth nations(similar toshowing the middle finger), dating back to at least 1900. When given with the palm outward, it is to be read as avictory sign( "V for Victory" ); this usage was introduced in January 1941 as part of a campaign by theAllies of World War II,[1]and made more widely known byWinston Churchill.During theVietnam War,in the 1960s, the "V sign" with palm outward was widely adopted by thecountercultureas asymbol of peaceand still today in the United States and worldwide as the "peace sign".
Usage
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/NIXONcampaigns.jpg/220px-NIXONcampaigns.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Steve_McQueen.jpg/220px-Steve_McQueen.jpg)
The meaning of the V sign is partially dependent on the manner in which the hand is positioned.
Where the palm of the hand is facing inward toward the signer (i.e. the back of the hand faces the observer), this is seen as insulting gesture in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom.[2][3]
With the palm outward toward the observer, it can mean "victory", in a setting of wartime or competition. This was first popularised in January 1941 byVictor de Laveleye,a Belgian politician in exile, who suggested it as a symbol of unity in a radio speech and the subsequent "V for Victory" campaign by the BBC.[4]It is sometimes made using both hands with upraised arms asUnited States PresidentDwight Eisenhowerand, in imitation of him,Richard Nixon,used to do. This sign came to mean "peace" or "friend", used around the world by peace and counter-culture groups; popularized in the Americanpeace movementof the 1960s. The commonality with the symbol's use from the 1940s was its meaning the "end of war".[5]
InAmerican Sign Language,the number 2 is signalled with two fingers raised and the palm towards the signer, the letter V with the palm away,[6]and the ordinalsecondwith the sign palm forward before being turned (yawing) until the palm faces backward.[7]Generalfinger-countingsystems use either facing for the number 2.
The V shape is also used in a number of signs in manysign languages,including (in American Sign Language) "to look" (with the palm down) or "to see" (palm up). When the pointer and middle fingers are pointed at the signer's eyes then turned and the pointer finger is pointed at someone it means "I am watching you."[8]
V-signs in motion are used inair quotes,flexing the fingers, palm out, of one or both hands.[9]
As an insult
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Winston_Churchill%2C_cigar_in_mouth%2C_gives_his_famous_%27V%27_for_victory_sign_during_a_visit_to_Bradford%2C_4_December_1942._H25966.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill%2C_cigar_in_mouth%2C_gives_his_famous_%27V%27_for_victory_sign_during_a_visit_to_Bradford%2C_4_December_1942._H25966.jpg)
The insulting version of the gesture (with the palm inwardU+1F594🖔REVERSED VICTORY HAND)[10]is often compared to the offensive gesture known as "the finger".The" two-fingered salute "(also"the forks"in Australia[11]) is commonly performed by flicking the V upwards from wrist or elbow. The V sign, when the palm is facing toward the person giving the sign, has long been an insulting gesture in theUnited Kingdom,and later in Ireland, Australia, New Zealand andSouth Africa.[2]It is frequently used to signify defiance (especially to authority), contempt, or derision.[12]It was known in Canada with the meaning "Up yours!"as late as to thegeneration which fought in World War II,perhaps because of their familiarity with theVictory signthroughout the war years. However, subsequent generations seldom use it, and its meaning in this sense is becoming increasingly unknown in Canada.[13][14]
As an example of the V sign (palm inward) as an insult, on 1 November 1990,The Sun,a Britishtabloid,ran an article on its front page with the headline "Up Yours,Delors"next to a hand making a V sign protruding from aUnion Jackcuff.[15][16]The article attracted complaints about allegedFrancophobia,which thePress Councilrejected after the newspaper stated that the paper reserved the right to use vulgar abuse in the interests of Britain.[17]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Robbie_paparazzi_V_sign.jpg/220px-Robbie_paparazzi_V_sign.jpg)
On 3 April 2009, Scottish association football playersBarry FergusonandAllan McGregorwere banned from theScotland national squadfor showing the V sign while sitting on the bench during the game against Iceland. Both players had been drinking alcohol in their hotel bar after a defeat to The Netherlands until around 11 am the next morning, meaning that both of the players breached the SFA discipline code before the incident as well, but the attitude shown by the V sign was considered to be so rude that theSFAdecided to exclude those players from the national team.[18]Their club sideRangersfined both Ferguson and McGregor, and removed the club captaincy from Ferguson, as a result of the controversy.[19]McGregor's ban was lifted by Scotland managerCraig Leveinin 2010 and he returned to the Scottish national squad.[20]
Steve McQueengives the sign in the closing scene of the 1971 motorsport film,Le Mans.A still picture of the gesture was recorded by photographer Nigel Snowdon and has become an icon of both McQueen and the film itself.[21][22]
For a time in the UK, "a Harvey (Smith)" became a way of describing the insulting version of the V sign, much as "the word of Cambronne"is used in France, or" theTrudeausalute "is used to describe theone-fingered salutein Canada. This happened because, in 1971, show-jumperHarvey Smithwas disqualified for making a televised V sign to the judges after winning the British Show Jumping Derby atHickstead.His win was reinstated two days later.[23]Harvey Smith pleaded that he was using a Victory sign, a defence also used by other figures in the public eye.[24]
Sometimes overseas visitors to the countries mentioned above use the "two-fingered salute" without knowing it is offensive to the natives, for example when ordering two beers in a noisy pub, or in the case of the United States presidentGeorge H. W. Bush,who, while touring Australia in 1992, attempted to give a "peace sign" to a group of farmers inCanberra—who were protesting about U.S. farm subsidies—and instead gave the insulting V sign.[25]
Origins
[edit]A commonly repeated legend claims that the two-fingered salute or V sign derives from a gesture made bylongbowmenfighting in the English army at theBattle of Agincourt(1415) during theHundred Years' War,but no written historicalprimary sourcessupport this contention.[26]This origin legend states that English archers believed that those who were captured by the French had theirindexandmiddle fingerscut off so that they could no longer operate their longbows, and that the V sign was used by uncaptured and victorious archers in a display of defiance against the French. In conflict with this origin myth, the chroniclerJean de Wavrin,contemporary of the battle, reported that Henry V mentioned in a pre-battle speech that the French were said to be threatening to cut offthreefingers (not two) from captured bowmen.[27][28]Neither Wavrin nor any contemporary author reported the threat was ever carried out after that nor other battles, nor did they report anything concerning a gesture of defiance.[27]
The first unambiguous evidence of the use of the insulting V sign in the United Kingdom dates to 1901, when a worker outside Parkgate Ironworks inRotherhamused the gesture (captured on the film) to indicate that he did not like being filmed.[29][30]
Peter Opieinterviewed children in the 1950s and observed inThe Lore and Language of Schoolchildren(1959) that the much-older thumbing of the nose (cocking a snook) had been replaced by the V sign as the most common insulting gesture used in the playground.[29]
Between 1975 and 1977, a group of anthropologists includingDesmond Morrisstudied the history and spread of European gestures and found the rude version of the V-sign to be basically unknown outside the British Isles. In hisGestures: Their Origins and Distribution,published in 1979, Morris discussed various possible origins of this sign but came to no definite conclusion:
Because of the strong taboo associated with the gesture (its public use has often been heavily penalised). As a result, there is a tendency to shy away from discussing it in detail. It is "known to be dirty" and is passed on from generation to generation by people who simply accept it as a recognised obscenity without bothering to analyse it... Several of the rival claims are equally appealing. The truth is that we will probably never know...[29]
Victory sign
[edit]Second World War: V for Victory campaign
[edit]On 18 May 1939, the French daily,Le Monde Quotidienhad a headline of, 'V pour victoire'. On 14 January 1941,Victor de Laveleye,former Belgian Minister of Justice and director of theBelgian French-language broadcastson theBBC(1940–44), suggested in a broadcast that Belgians use a V forvictoire(French: "victory" ) andvrijheid(Dutch: "freedom" ) as a rallying emblem during theSecond World War.
In the BBC broadcast, de Laveleye said that "the occupier, by seeing this sign, always the same, infinitely repeated, [would] understand that he is surrounded, encircled by an immense crowd of citizens eagerly awaiting his first moment of weakness, watching for his first failure." Within weeks chalked up Vs began appearing on walls throughout Belgium, the Netherlands and Northern France.[31]Buoyed by this success, the BBC started the "V for Victory" campaign, for which they put in charge the assistant news editorDouglas Ritchieposing as "Colonel Britton". Ritchie suggested an audible V using itsMorse coderhythm (three dots and a dash). As the rousing opening bars ofBeethoven's Fifth Symphonyhad the same rhythm, the BBC used this as its call-sign in its foreign language programmes to occupied Europe for the rest of the war. The more musically educated also understood that it was the Fate motif "knocking on the door"ofNazi Germany. ( ).[31][32]The BBC also encouraged the use of the V gesture introduced by de Laveleye.[33]
By July 1941, the emblematic use of the letter V had spread through occupied Europe. On 19 July, Prime MinisterWinston Churchillreferred approvingly to the V for Victory campaign in a speech,[34]from which point he started using the V hand sign. Early on he sometimes gestured palm in (sometimes with a cigar between the fingers).[35]Later in the war, he used palm out.[36]After aides explained to the aristocratic Churchill what the palm in gesture meant to other classes, he made sure to use the appropriate sign.[24][37]Yet thedouble-entendreof the gesture might have contributed to its popularity, "for a simple twist of hand would have presented the dorsal side in a mocking snub to the common enemy".[38]Other allied leaders used the sign as well.
The Germans could not remove all the signs, so they adopted the V Sign as a German symbol, sometimes adding laurel leaves under it, painting their own V's on walls, vehicles and adding a massive V on theEiffel Tower.
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Resistance graffiti on a Norwegian road, depicting the V-sign, "V" in Morse Code, and theroyal cipher of King Haakon VII
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1941 postcard from theIndependent State of Croatia,as part of the Axis attempt to appropriate the "V" for themselves
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The V-sign (and its Morse code equivalent) incorporated on an American propaganda poster for theWar Production Board,1942 or 1943
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A German V-sign and slogan on thePalais Bourbonin occupiedParis.The banner beneath the "V" reads "Germany is Victorious on All Fronts".
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During the German occupation ofJersey,a stonemason repairing the paving of the Royal Square incorporated aV for victoryunder the noses of the occupiers. This was later amended to refer to the Red Cross shipVega.The addition of the date 1945 and a more recent frame has transformed it into a monument.
In 1942,Aleister Crowley,a British occultist, claimed to have invented the usage of a V-sign in February 1941 as a magical foil to theNazis' use of the swastika.He maintained that he passed this to friends at theBBC,and to the BritishNaval Intelligence Divisionthrough his connections inMI5,eventually gaining the approval of Winston Churchill. Crowley noted that his 1913 publicationMagick (Book 4)featured a V-sign and a swastika on the same plate.[39]
Vietnam War, victory, and peace
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Turning_the_Regs_Around_Cover_Page.png/170px-Turning_the_Regs_Around_Cover_Page.png)
Protesters against theVietnam War(and subsequent anti-war protests) andcountercultureactivists in the 1960s adopted the gesture as a sign of peace. Because the hippies of the day often flashed this sign (palm out) while saying "Peace", it became popularly known (through association) as "the peace sign".[40]
As a photography pose
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/V-sign_detail%2C_Katherine_Stinson_in_Tokyo_LCCN2014703919_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-V-sign_detail%2C_Katherine_Stinson_in_Tokyo_LCCN2014703919_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg)
Japan
[edit]The V sign, primarily palm-outward, is very commonly made byJapanese people,especially younger people, when posing for informal photographs, and is known aspīsu sain(ピースサイン,peace sign),or more commonly simplypīsu(ピース,peace).As the name reflects, this dates to the Vietnam War era and anti-war activists, though the precise origin is disputed. The V sign was known in Japan from the post-World War IIAllied occupation of Japan,but did not acquire the use in photographs until later.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Amusement_Girls_2.jpg/220px-Amusement_Girls_2.jpg)
In Japan, it is generally believed to have been influenced byBeheiren's anti-Vietnam War activists in the late 1960s and aKonicacamera advertisement in 1971.[41][42]A more colorful account of this practice claims it was influenced by the American figure skaterJanet Lynnduring the1972 Winter OlympicsinSapporo,Hokkaidō.She fell during a free-skate period, but continued to smile even as she sat on the ice. Though she placed third in the competition, her cheerful diligence and persistence resonated with many Japanese viewers. Lynn became an overnightforeign celebrity in Japan.A peace activist, Lynn frequently flashed the V sign when she was covered inJapanese media,and she is credited by some Japanese for having popularized its use since the 1970s in amateur photographs.[40]
Elsewhere
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/5th_Day_-_3V.jpg/220px-5th_Day_-_3V.jpg)
In the United States, the usage of the V sign as a photography gesture is known but not widely used.[citation needed]
The original poster for the 2003 filmWhat a Girl Wantsshowed starAmanda Bynesgiving a V sign as an American girl visitingLondon.In the US, the poster was altered to instead show Bynes with both arms down, to avoid giving the perception that the film was criticizing the then-recently commencedIraq War.[43]
Risks
[edit]In addition to the risks due to different interpretations of the V-sign in different cultures, it has been suggested that fairly close photographs of palm-out V-signs may be a security risk, as people's fingerprints can be clearly identified, allowing misuse. At a distance of 1.5m or less, 100% of a fingerprint can be captured, and 50% at up to 3m. Criminals could copy the fingerprint to use with door-access and payment systems. It is also possible for law enforcement to identify people this way; Carl Stewart was arrested in 2021 after policeidentified his fingerprints in an image he shared on EncroChat.Sufficiently detailed fingerprint information could only be harvested in "very demanding" conditions; to check that a V-sign photograph is not a security risk, it could be examined at high zoom.[44][45]
Specific uses
[edit]- In Argentina, the V sign, besides "victory", is linked to the political movement ofPeronism,associated with the return ofJuan Domingo Perónto Argentina from exile in 1973.[44]
- In South Africa, after the Nationalist Party won the 1948 election with fewer voters than the opposition, Vs appeared as graffiti representing the word "Volkswil" (will of the people) and thereby questioning the results.[citation needed]
- InTamil Nadu,a state ofIndia,it refers to the political PartyAIADMK.[citation needed]
- The Kendall Motor Oil brand logo has been using the V sign since 1928 to signify becoming the first Pennsylvania refiner to offer a highly refined product good for 2,000 miles.[46][non-primary source needed]
- University of Southern California,University of Virginia,The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley,andVillanova Universitystudents, alumni, and fans "throw their Vs up" by tradition and as a sign of pride in their university and its athletic teams. The V sign in this form frequently accompanies the motto "Fight On!"at USC.[47]
- The V sign, especially when printed in green, is a sign of theIranian Green Movement.[citation needed]
- Following the first elections in Iraq after the U.S. invasion, a photo of a woman showing the V sign with one of her fingers dipped in purple ink became very well-known and was widely circulated.[citation needed]The ink is used to identify individuals who have already voted.
- In thePhilippines,the symbol was associated with theMarcos familywhenFerdinand Marcos Sr.used the gesture during his four presidential campaigns. His son and namesake,PresidentBongbong Marcos,hiselectoral alliance,and his supporters used the "V sign" gesture asthe official identityof theirpolitical campaignduring the2022 presidential elections.
- InPoland,during theSolidarity movement,protesters showed the V sign meaning they would defeat Communism.[48]After partially free elections, whenTadeusz Mazowieckiwas chosen as prime minister (24 August 1989), he went to the MPs with the V sign, which was transmitted on TV.[49]It is sometimes shown during debates about the fall of Communism.
- In Romania, the sign represents victory and has been used as an extension of theRoman saluteto announce that victory has been achieved. It was used heavily during the Romanian revolution after the ousting ofNicolae Ceaușescu.Mircea Dinescuappeared in the first transmission ofRomanian Televisionafter the revolutionaries occupied it, shouting "We won!" and flashing the victory sign.[citation needed]
- During theYugoslav Wars,Croatian and Bosnian troops and paramilitary militia used the sign as a greeting or an informal salute. U.S. and NATO peacekeepers stationed in Bosnia were forbidden from using the V-sign (victory symbol) to avoid upsetting or offending Serbs they might encounter.[50]
- In Vietnam, the V sign means "hello" since theVietnameseword for the number "2" (hai) sounds like the English pronunciation of the greeting "hi".[citation needed]
- Ringo Starrof theBeatlesuses the V sign extensively while using the phrase "Peace and Love" as a sort ofcatchphrase.[51]
- A vulgar gesture signifyingcunnilingusis to put the V sign with the fingers on either side of themouth(usually with theknucklesfacing the observer) and to stick thetongueout. Most of the time the tongue is wriggled around.[citation needed]
- A partially obscured V sign can be added to someone else's head to produce devil's horns or "bunny ears" for an amusing photo. In September 2013,Manu Tuilagiapologised to Prime MinisterDavid Cameronafter making a "bunny ears" sign behind his head in a photo taken during a visit by theBritish and Irish Lionssquad to Downing Street.[52]
- In Indonesia, candidate of the2014 Indonesian presidential electionJoko Widodo used the sign for a political campaign. The V sign in Indonesia is called "Salam Dua Jari".[53]
- In Belgium, theNew Flemish Alliance(N-VA) political party uses it as a rallying gesture. During the taking the oath of the actual Belgian federal government, three N-VA ministers used the V sign instead of the formal three-fingers sign.[54]
- InTurkey,using the Victory sign can lead to a prosecution and conviction if it is shown, because in Turkey the sign is associated with thePKKif used byKurds.[55][56][57]
- On the six-month anniversary of the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,a sculpture giving an inward-facing V-sign, which the BBC described as "the 'up yours' sign", was displayed in front of the Russian embassy inPrague.[58]
- The V sign was used by many protestors during the1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
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Lech WałęsaandGeorge H. W. Bush,July 1989
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SingerRihannausing the V sign, 2011
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An investigator flashes V-for-victory signs upon the 2006 arrival of material gathered bytheStardustspacecraftat theJohnson Space Centerin Texas.
See also
[edit]- The finger– another insulting hand gesture where only the middle finger is raised
References
[edit]Notes
- ^Cosgrove, Ben (4 July 2014)."V for Victory: Celebrating a Gesture of Solidarity and Defiance".Time (magazine).
- ^abV sign as an insult:
- UK: Staff.[1]Workforce of Parkgate Iron and Steel Co., Rotherham (1901)BFI1901
- UK: Staff.No ban for speeding V-sign bikerBBC14 March 2008
- UK: Staff.Two fingers PrescottBBC,22 May 2001
- IE: Staff.Shambolic Irish give two fingers to the pastIrish Independent
- AU:Keim, Tony (18 November 2008)."Long tradition of flipping the bird".Courier Mail.Archived fromthe originalon 10 September 2012.Retrieved14 April2011.
- AU:Karl S. Kruszelnicki.Arrow Up Yours & Plague 1www.abc.net.au.Accessed 23 April 2008
- NZ: Glyn HarperJust the AnswerArchived19 February 2018 at theWayback MachineAlumni Magazine [Massey University] November 2002.
- ZA:Greenaway, Mike (2 July 2022)."The day that Wales' JPR Williams was almost lynched in Durban".IOL.Retrieved2 July2022.
- ^Victor, Terry; Dalzell, Tom (December 2007).The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English.Taylor & Francis. p. 683.ISBN9780203962114.
- ^"20th July 1941: 'V for Victory' widespread across Europe".ww2today.com.
- ^Zelinsky, Nathaniel (18 March 2011)."From Churchill to Libya: How the V symbol went viral".Washington Post.Retrieved14 December2015.
- ^Staff.American Manual Alphabet ChartArchived3 May 2009 at theWayback Machine Center for Disability Information & Referral (CeDIR), Indiana Institute on Disability and Community at Indiana University
- ^""numbers" ASL American Sign Language ".lifeprint.com.
- ^""see" American Sign Language (ASL) ".lifeprint.com.
- ^Gary Martin (11 December 2023)."Air quotes".phrases.org.uk.
- ^"The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0, range 2700–27BF"(PDF).unicode.org.
- ^Tony Keim"Long tradition of flipping the bird"Archived10 September 2012 at theWayback Machine,Courier Mail,18 November 2008, accessed 14 April 2011.
- ^Defiance, contempt or derision:
- Staff,V-sign,encyclopedia.comcites The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English 2008 "Brit. a similar sign made with the first two fingers pointing up and the back of the hand facing outward, used as a gesture of abuse or contempt." Accessed 9 May 2008.
- Staff.Hooligan grandson of legend,Daily Mirror,20 December 2007
- Staff.V-sign led to assault on school bus teensThe Press (York),1 March 2008
- ^"Thorn Tree – Meaning of gestures in the USA and Canada".
- ^"Thorn Tree – Meaning of gestures in the USA and Canada".
- ^Williams, Philip (1 November 1990)."Tabloid Sun opens campaign against European union".UPI.Retrieved26 October2021.
- ^Ponsford, Dominic (4 April 2017)."Sun reprises 1990 classic front with 'UP YOURS SENORS' message to Spain over Gibraltar".Press Gazette.Retrieved26 October2021.
- ^Wheeler, Brian (24 June 2005)."From two jags to two finger".BBC News.Retrieved26 October2021.
- ^Barry Ferguson and Allan McGregor banned for life by Scotland,The Guardian, Friday 3 April 2009
- ^"Scots end Gers pair's cap career".BBC News.3 April 2009.Retrieved23 September2023.
- ^"Sweden 3–0 Scotland".BBC. 11 August 2010.Retrieved16 May2011.
- ^Young, Eoin (5 September 2014)."From the archives - Eoin Young's first and last Autocar columns".Autocar.
- ^Garratt, Sheryl (7 November 2015)."In the driving seat with Steve McQueen".The Telegraph.
- ^StaffOn this Day 15 August 1971: 'V-sign' costs rider victory"BBC The infamous gesture won him an entry in the Chambers dictionary which defined 'a Harvey Smith' as 'a V-sign with the palm inwards, signifying derision and contempt'". Accessed 23 April 2008
- ^abStaff.The V sign,www.icons.org.uk.Accessed 23 April 2008
- ^Webster Griffin TarpleyandAnton Chaitkin(2004). George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography, Progressive Press paperback edition (2004), p. 651(web link toChapter XXV – Thyroid Storm). Tarpley & Chaitkin cite theWashington Post,3 January 1992.
- ^David Wilton,Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends,Oxford University Press, 2008,ISBN978-0-19-537557-2.
- ^ab"Two fingers up to English history…".The BS Historian.2 July 2007.Retrieved21 May2017.
- ^Wavrin, Jean de.A collection of the chronicles and ancient histories of Great Britain, now called England. 2. From A.D. 1399 to A.D. 1422 / by John de Wavrin, lord of Forestel; transl. by William Hardy,... and Edward L. C. P. Hardy,...London: Longman. p. 203.
- ^abcStaff.The V sign,www.icons.org.uk web.archive.org
- ^Archived atGhostarchiveand theWayback Machine:"Parkgate Iron and Steel Co., Rotherham (1901)".YouTube.British Film Institute. 10 July 2008.Retrieved13 November2016.
- ^abThe V-campaign,Virtual Radiomuseum
- ^Sterling, Christopher H. (December 2003).Encyclopedia of Radio.Taylor & Francis. p. 359.ISBN9780203484289.
- ^"The V sign at BBC's H2G2 website".Bbc.co.uk. 1 November 1990.Retrieved31 October2011.
- ^"Newswatch 1940s".news.bbc.co.uk.Retrieved27 May2010.
- ^"Churchill outside Downing Street".Number-10.gov.uk. Archived fromthe originalon 2 December 2007.Retrieved31 October2011.
- ^"Churchill's famous victory sign".Number-10.gov.uk. Archived fromthe originalon 13 June 2007.Retrieved31 October2011.
- ^Staff."The V Sign".The British Postal Museum & Archive (BPMA).Archived fromthe originalon 6 April 2012.Retrieved5 December2011.
- ^James Jerman, Anthony Weir,Images of Lust: Sexual Carvings on Medieval ChurchesLondon: Routledge, 2013, page 145.
- ^Kaczynski, Richard.Perdurabo: The Life of Aleister Crowley.North Atlantic Books, 2010, p. 511.
- ^abStaff.The Japanese Version (the Sign of Peace)ICONS. A portrait of England.Accessed 1 June 2008
- ^"Tạp chí に tái ったわたし.".Nhật khan “きのこ” skipのブログ.
- ^1971's buzzwords[permanent dead link]
- ^Ascher-Walsh, Rebecca (11 April 2003)."Sign of the Times".Entertainment Weekly.Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2014.Retrieved27 February2014.
- ^ab"Por qué el símbolo más famoso del peronismo podría dejar de utilizarse"[Why the most famous Peronist symbol may stop being used].El Tribuno(in Spanish). 20 September 2019.
- ^Yan, Alice (17 September 2019)."China's scissor-hand selfie-takers warned of cybersecurity threat".South China Morning Post.
- ^"135 Years of Delivering the Good Stuff" (History) – Kendall Motor Oil.Retrieved 2 August 2020
- ^"USC" Fight On "Gesture".USC Digital Folklore Archives.21 March 2012.Retrieved3 April2021.
- ^Francisco, Ronald (2010).Collective Action Theory and Empirical Evidence(1 ed.). Springer. pp.46.ISBN978-1-4419-1475-0.
Subtle gestures, noise, and artwork are additional symbolic signs that dissidents use in coercive countries. Poland's Solidarity's signal was two fingers held up in the form of the letter V. This gesture diffused widely in Eastern Europe and now it is used in Palestine as a symbol of unity and nationalism.
- ^"End to 45 years of Red rule".New Straits Times.13 September 1989.Retrieved29 January2012.
Tadeusz Mazowlecki, who nearly fainted during his opening speech, flashed a V-for-victory sign as deputies voted his Cabinet into office by 402–0 with 13 abstentions.
- ^"A Soldier's Guide: Bosnia-Herzegovina".Dtic.mil. Archived fromthe originalon 25 February 2012.Retrieved31 October2011.
- ^"Peace and Love: Sir Ringo Starr to sell statues of 'iconic symbol'".22 November 2022.Retrieved8 June2024.
- ^Mairs, Gavin (17 September 2013)."Manu Tuilagi forced to apologise for playing prank on Prime Minister David Cameron in No 10 visit".Daily Telegraph.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2022.Retrieved17 September2013.
- ^"Slank: Salam 2 Jari, Konser Kemanusiaan Terbesar".Tempo.7 July 2014.Retrieved24 April2019.
- ^"Prestation de serment: trois N-VA font le 'V', signe de la victoire et de ralliement de leur parti (vidéo)".RTL Newmedia. 11 October 2014.
- ^SCF (1 March 2017)."Lawsuit against Leyla Zana demands prison sentence up to 21 years".Stockholm Center for Freedom.Retrieved5 January2019.
- ^"Turkey Condemned by ECtHR for Sentencing Işıkırık to Prison Over Victory Sign".Bianet.
- ^Tas, Latif (22 April 2016).Legal Pluralism in Action: Dispute Resolution and the Kurdish Peace Committee.Routledge. p. 60.ISBN9781317106159.
- ^"Outsized hand gives 'up yours' to Russian embassy in Prague".BBC News.24 August 2022.Retrieved24 August2022.
Bibliography
- Armstrong, Nancy; Wagner, Melissa (2003)."The 'V'".Field Guide to Gestures: How to Identify and Interpret Virtually Every Gesture Known to Man.Philadelphia: Quirk Books. pp.227–30.ISBN978-1-931686-20-4.
- Lefevre, Romana (2011)."V".Rude Hand Gestures of the World: A Guide to Offending Without Words.San Francisco: Chronicle Books. pp. 122–3.ISBN978-0-8118-7807-4.
- Morris, Desmondwith Collett, Peter;Marsh, Peter;andO'Shaughnessy, Marie(1979)Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution.London: Jonathan Cape.ISBN0-224-01570-2;NY: Stein and Day,ISBN0-8128-2607-8
Further reading
[edit]- Burnett, Stephanie (4 August 2014)."Have You Ever Wondered Why East Asians Spontaneously Make V-Signs in Photos?".Time.Retrieved28 July2023.
- Solani, Dhvani (31 March 2021)."Why Does Basically Everyone Do This V-Finger Peace Thing in Photos?".Vice.Retrieved28 July2023.
External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Photos of the V sign:
- The V sign in the news: