Venizelism

Venizelism(Greek:Βενιζελισμός) was one of the major political movements inGreecebeginning from the 1910s. The movement first formed underEleftherios Venizelosin the 1910s and saw a resurgence of support in the 1960s whenGeorgios Papandreouunited a coalition of old Venizelists and nationalist politicians.

The movement was characterized by the beliefs ofEleftherios Venizelosand ideas of Greekirredentismsupporting theMegali Idea.It had a Francophile stance as the ideas of theFrench revolutionand the idea of One state which should have all the lands which are predominantly inhabited by a certain ethnicity. inWWIthe Venizelists wished to join the Entente, mainly due to the entrance of theOttoman EmpireandBulgariawhich was one of the greatest chances to gain all lands Greeks claim and thus fulfilling theMegali idea.Venizelism is despite popular misconceptions, a movement which does side with monarchy, however it calls for a ruling class in which the urban class can rise the ranks by merit, additionally that the king come from the same country that he is ruling, thus not having loyalties to foreign interests. Venizelism calls for early and more moderate capitalistic economic policies such as open markets but those markets should be approved by the government. The movement had its strongest support in Crete, Thrace, Epirus, the North Aegean islands, and Macedonia.

Main ideas

Named afterEleftherios Venizelos,the key characteristics of Venizelism are:

• Greekirredentism:The support of theMegali Idea.
• Greek nationalism(liberal nationalism)
• Liberal democracy:Venizelists represented upcoming urban classes that were against the old conservative establishment, which also had close ties with the palace.
• Pro-Western:Alliance with theEntenteagainst the Central Powers during WWI, and with the Allies during WWII. Also pro-Western during theCold War,but later diverged with direct confrontation between Greek nationalist forces in Cyprus against British colonial forces.
• Republicanism:Despite Venizelos' moderation regarding the monarchy, most of his supporters were in favour of a Republic, on the French standards.
• Mixed economicpolicies:fromeconomically liberaltosocial democraticpolicies.
• Anti-Bolshevism:Venizelos rejected the bolshevik system and was the main introducer of theIdionymonanticommunist law in 1929. In a speech he had delivered in the Greek parliament he had stated that socialism is democratic andBolshevismauthoritarian.

In the contemporary sense the ideology incorporatesnational liberalism,civic nationalism,economic liberalism,liberal democracy,pro-Europeanism,republicanism,secularism,centrism,radical centrismand generally moves from centre-right to social democracy.

History

Liberal Party

Eleftherios Venizelos

Venizelos' liberal partyruled Greece from 1910 until 1916. That year, determined to enterWorld War Ion the entente side, Venizelosrebelled against the kingand formed aProvisional Government of National Defencein Thessaloniki. Venizelos regained full control of the country in 1917 and ruled until losing the 1920 elections. The strongest support for Venizelism came in the "New Greece" gained after theBalkan Warsof 1912–1913 consisting of Crete, Thrace, Epirus, the North Aegean islands, and Macedonia.By contrast, people in "Old Greece" tended to be more much royalist. The fact that in 1916 KingConstantine Ihad allowed the Bulgarians to occupy parts of Macedonia and had been willing to contemplate giving up all of recently gained "New Greece" in the north to the Bulgarians to weaken the Venizelist movement cemented the identification of people in northern Greece with Venizelism.Greek refugees from Turkeyalso tended to be strongly Venizelist,at least until the 1930s and the signing of the Greco-Turkish friendship agreement by Venizelos (1930).

Voters started to favour a balance between Venizelos and Constantine I. This crisis period for Venizelos occurred when Greece experienced a lagging economy, growing political corruption, profiteering by the few, and eight continuous years of mobilization.

After a crisis period (including two short-lived pro-Venizelist military governments afterNikolaos Plastiras1922 revolution) the liberals returned to power from 1928 until 1932. VenizelistsSophoklis VenizelosandGeorgios Papandreouformed the core of theGreek government in exileduring theAxis Occupation of Greece(1941–1944), and held power a number of times in the 1950s.

Centre Union

Georgios Papandreou,leader of the Centre Union, which was formed by Venizelists

Georgios Papandreoucreated theCentre Unionparty in 1961, as a coalition of old Venizelists and progressive politicians. In 1963 the party was elected and held power until 1965, when its right wing broke ranks in the events known as theApostasia.The currentUnion of Centristsclaims to be the ideological continuation of the old party Centre Union.

Centrist Democratic Union

After the1967–1974 Junta,Venizelists formed theCentre Union – New Forcesparty, which then evolved into theUnion of the Democratic Centre(Greek:ΕΔΗΚ). While the Venizelist legacy was still popular, election results were disappointing as the abolition of the monarchy, the dilution of support for Greek nationalism after the seven years of the junta and the 1974Turkish invasion of Cyprus,andKaramanlis' move towards the political centre had blurred the differences between the liberals and their former conservative opponents, while the socialistPASOKparty was gaining support at the left side of the spectrum.

Most members of theCentre Union – New Forcesparty with their leaderGeorgios Mavroswere absorbed by PASOK.

Legacy

Although the image of Venizelos is still very popular in Greece today, Venizelism is no longer a major force in Greek politics. Venizelos' prestige however and his ideology's connotations of republicanism, and progressive reforms means that most mainstream political forces claim his political heritage. There are few explicitly "Venizelist" movements today in Greece. In the 2004 elections for theEuropean Parliament,the leading Venizelist party was theUnion of Centrists,gaining only 0.54% of the Greek popular vote. An attempted revival of the original Liberal Party,under the same name,was founded in the 1980s by Venizelos' grandson,Nikitas Venizelos.The party was dissolved in 2012.

Anti-Venizelism

There were also various politicians of different political orientation during the 1910s (monarchists, conservatives, part of the clergy, but also socialists/communists of the newly foundedSEKE) who were against Venizelos' policies. Some points of disagreement included the Venizelos' extreme pro-Ententestance during the World War I and theNational Schism(which led to the division of the country between a Venizelist and a royalist government), his policy about theMegali ideaand its results (regarding the relations withTurkeyand the Greeks who were still under Ottoman sovereignty) and later theTreaty of Lausanneand thepopulation exchange.

With antivenizelism sided also the religious minorities in Greece (Muslim, Jewish, etc.), being in general of conservative political orientation.Another common point of the anti-Venizelists was a criticism about the country's social and economical transformation/modernization, such as critics for political/economical mismanagement.

See also

• Greek nationalism
• Liberalism in Greece
• Metaxism

Further reading

• Paschalis M. Kitromilides,Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship,Edinburgh University Press 2008, pp. 285–306.

Γιώργος Θ.Μαυρογορδάτος-Χρίστος ΧατζηιωσήφΒενιζελισμός Και Αστικός Εκσυγκρονισμός