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Vladas Mironas

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Vladas Mironas
14thPrime Minister of Lithuania
In office
24 March 1938 – 28 March 1939
PresidentAntanas Smetona
Preceded byJuozas Tūbelis
Succeeded byJonas Černius
Personal details
Born22 June 1880
Kuodiškiai[lt],Kovno Governorate,Russian Empire
Died17 February 1953 (aged 72)
Vladimir,Soviet Union
Political partyLithuanian Nationalist Union
Alma materVilnius Priest Seminary
Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy

Vladas Mironas(pronunciationⓘ;22 June 1880 – 18 February 1953) was aLithuanianCatholic priest and politician. He was one of the twenty signatories of theAct of Independence of Lithuaniaand served as thePrime Minister of Lithuaniafrom March 1938 to March 1939.

Mironas attendedMitau Gymnasiumwhere his classmate wasAntanas Smetona.They became friends and Mironas spent most of his life supporting Smetona's political ambitions. After graduating from theSaint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy,Mironas was ordained priest in 1904 and joined the Lithuanian cultural life inVilnius.He was a member and co-founder of numerous Lithuanian societies and organizations, including theLithuanian Education Society Rytas.He attended theGreat Vilnius Seimasin 1905. He was a parish priest ofChoroszcz(1907–1910),Valkininkai(1910–1914), andDaugai(from 1914). In 1917, he attendedVilnius Conferenceand was elected to theCouncil of Lithuaniaas its second vice-chairman. On 16 February 1918, he signed theAct of Independence of Lithuania.In late 1918, Mironas joined theParty of National Progresswhich merged into theLithuanian Nationalist Unionand was continuously elected to its leadership. He was elected to theThird Seimasin May 1926.

Thecoup d'état in December 1926brought the Nationalist Union to power and Smetona became thePresident of Lithuania.In 1929, Mironas became the chief chaplain of theLithuanian Armyhelping ensure its loyalty to Smetona. He had substantial influence in the new regime and handled some sensitive tasks, including attempting to mediate the conflict between Smetona andAugustinas Voldemaras.His contemporary diplomatPetras Klimasreferred to Mironas as theéminence grise(grey eminence) of Smetona. Mironas became the successor ofJuozas Tūbelis(Smetona's brother-in-law) as thePrime Minister of Lithuaniaafter thePolish ultimatumin March 1938 and as chairman of theLithuanian Nationalists Unionin January 1939. Mironas considered the duties of Prime Minister to be a "heavy and unbearable burden" and his government did not introduce any significant reforms. He was replaced byJonas Černiusafter theGerman ultimatumand theKlaipėda Regionin March 1939.

Mironas then retired from politics. After theSoviet occupation of Lithuaniain June 1940, Mironas was arrested by theNKVDin September 1940 but was freed fromKaunas Prisonat the start of theGerman invasion of the Soviet Unionin June 1941. He was arrested again by the Soviets in August 1944 and agreed to became an informant. However, he was reluctant cooperate and withheld information. He was arrested in January 1947 and sentenced to seven years in prison. He died at theVladimir Central Prisonin 1953.

Biography[edit]

Early life and education[edit]

Vladas Mironas was born on 22 June 1880 inKuodiškiai[lt]nearČedasaiin present-day northern Lithuania.[1]He had at least four brothers. The eldest brother Antanas inherited family's farm of about 50 hectares (120 acres).[2]

After attending a primary school inPanemunis,Mironas enrolled atMitau Gymnasiumin 1892.[1]At the time, a number of future prominent Lithuanians were students at the gymnasium. They includedAntanas Smetona,Mykolas Sleževičius,Juozas Tūbelis,Vladas Stašinskas,Petras Avižonis,Jurgis Šlapelis[lt].[3]Their teachers included the Lithuanian linguistJonas Jablonskiswho gathered various Lithuanian intellectuals, supported and distributed thebanned Lithuanian publications,organized Lithuanian activities.[4]33 Lithuanian students (including Smetona and Mironas) were expelled from the gymnasium for refusing to pray in Russian.[5]Smetona and two others managed to secure an audience withIvan Delyanov,Minister of National Education,who allowed the Lithuanians to pray in Latin and the expelled students to continue their education.[6]

Mironas did not return to Mitau and transferred toVilnius Priest Seminaryin 1897.[5]There he joined a secret group of Lithuanian clerics organized byJurgis Šaulys.The group shared Lithuanian publications to learn more about Lithuanian language, culture, and history.[7]In 1901, he continued his studies at theSaint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academywhere he earned a candidate degree (he needed another year to get a master's degree in theology). In 1904, Mironas was ordained as a priest and assigned as a chaplain to several schools inVilnius.[8]

Activist in the Russian Empire[edit]

In Vilnius[edit]

Mironas joined the Lithuanian cultural life in Vilnius. In 1905, he published a Lithuanian translation of two Catholic textbooks by Dionizy Bączkowski (printed by theJózef Zawadzki printing shop).[9]The same year, together with other priests, he submitted a petition toBishop of VilniusEduard von der Roppto allow masses and sermons in the Lithuanian language (at the time, only theChurch of Saint Nicholas, Vilnius,conducted services in Lithuanian).[10]

In December 1905, Mironas attended theGreat Seimas of Vilniuswhich discussed Lithuania's political future.[10]He represented theLithuanian Christian Democratic Partyand helped organizing its meetings after the Seimas, but did not officially join the party.[11]Mironas participated in the founding meeting of theConstitutional Catholic Party of Lithuania and Belarusorganized by Bishop von der Ropp. He was elected to its presidium and managed to add the issue of Lithuania's autonomy to its political program, but quickly withdrew from the party as it was dominated by Poles who did not support Lithuanian political ambitions.[12]

Mironas financially supported and otherwise assisted with the publishing of Lithuanian periodicalsVilniaus žiniosas well asViltisandVairas(edited by Smetona).[13]He also assisted with the establishment of various Lithuanian societies, including theSociety of Saint Casimirthat published Lithuanian books,[14]organizational committee of theFirst Lithuanian Art Exhibition,[15]theLithuanian Mutual Aid Society of Vilnius,[16]Society Vilniaus Aušra (predecessor of theLithuanian Education Society Rytas).[17]Further, he was a member of theLithuanian Scientific SocietyandRūta Societywhich organized amateur theater performances.[18]

Vilnius region[edit]

In 1907, bishop von der Ropp was exiled toTbilisi.Lithuanian activists decided to send a delegation toPope Pius Xto request that a Lithuanian would be appointed as the next Bishop of Vilnius.[19]Mironas was selected as a member of the delegation. Perhaps in retaliation for this, he was reassigned from Vilnius toChoroszczby the diocese administratorKazimierz Mikołaj Michalkiewicz[pl].This assigned far from Lithuanian cultural centers interrupted Mironas' public work.[19]In 1910, he was reassigned as parish priest toValkininkai(at the same time, he was thedeanofMerkinė) which allowed him to resume public work.[20]

In October 1911, together withAlfonsas PetrulisandJonas Navickas[lt],Mironas established a publishing company that published magazineAušraevery two weeks (142 issues published before it was discontinued in 1915). The magazine was intended for Lithuanians living in Vilnius area.[20]In 1912, he established a local chapter of theLithuanian Catholic Temperance Society[lt].[21]In January 1913, Mironas was elected to the board of then newly establishedLithuanian Education Society Rytaswhich established Lithuanian primary schools.[22]Mironas personally assisted with the establishments of 28 such schools.[23]In February 1913, he was elected honorary member of theSociety of Saint Zitaof Lithuanian female servants.[24]

At the end of 1914, Mironas was reassigned to theDaugaiparish.[23]There, he established a chapter of theLithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers.Using his status with the Roman Catholic Church, he was able to travel more freely and procure supplies for the war refugees.[25]He also continued to work on establishing Lithuanian primary schools (about 90 schools were established by a committee he chaired).[25]As war progressed, he was drawn into political discussions. In July 1917, he was one of 19 signatories of a memorandum to the German chancellorTheobald von Bethmann Hollwegin which Lithuanians defended against the Polish territorial ambitions.[26]

Council of Lithuania[edit]

Mironas in 1921

As German military advances stalled, German leadership rethought their strategy for occupied Lithuania. The policy of open annexation was replaced by a more subtle strategy of creating a network of formally independent states under German influence (the so-calledMitteleuropa).[27]To that end, Germans asked Lithuanians to establish an advisory council (Vertrauensrat).[28]Mironas became a member of the 22-member organizing committee which organized theVilnius Conferencewhich in turn elected the 20-memberCouncil of Lithuaniain September 1917.[29]Mironas was elected second vice-chairman the council (Smetona was its chairman).[30]

Mironas attended most of the sessions of the council.[30]He also chaired ten meetings in January 1918 when council members held heated political debates regarding theAct of 11 December 1917which called for "a firm and permanent alliance" with Germany.[31]Smetona and Mironas supported the act and argued with four leftists members who resigned in protest.[32]After heated debates, Smetona stepped down as chairman and Mironas stepped down as vice-chairman of the council on 15 February[30]and theAct of Independence of Lithuaniawas adopted on 16 February 1918.[32]While Smetona returned as chairman of the council, Mironas refused leadership positions and remained just a member.[33]

During 1918, the Council of Lithuania became involved in selecting the newBishop of Vilnius.Reportedly, Mironas was considered as a candidate, but he refused. Eventually,Jurgis Matulaitis-Matulevičiuswas selected as a compromise between conflicting Polish and Lithuanian ambitions.[34]Mironas supported the idea ofmonarchy in Lithuaniaand voted for invitingWilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach,to become the King of Lithuania.[35]

Independent Lithuania[edit]

Outside the government[edit]

As Lithuanian worked to establish the independence, Mironas continued to serve as a priest inDaugai.During thePolish–Lithuanian War,he was briefly arrested in August and December 1919.[36]In March–June 1920, Mironas andJonas Vileišistoured various communities ofLithuanian Americanscollecting donations.[37]During theMay 1923 electionsto theSecond Seimas,Mironas served as a chairman of the local electoral committee in Daugai. During theSeptember 1923 census,he chaired census committees in Daugai,Varėna,Alovė[lt].[38]

In late 1918, Mironas joined theParty of National Progresswhich merged into theLithuanian Nationalist Unionand was continuously elected to its leadership. He devoted efforts to its managing its finances, administration, and publications.[39]Mironas ran as a candidate to theFirst Seimasin October 1922, but the party fared poorly and no members of the Nationalist Union were elected.[38]Together withAntanas SmetonaandAugustinas Voldemaras,Mironas was elected to theThird Seimasin May 1926. However, he did not speak during any of the Seimas sessions.[40]His ecclesiastical superiors disapproved his political activities because he did join theLithuanian Christian Democratic Party.BishopJuozapas Kuktaremoved him as dean of Merkinė.[40]Nevertheless, Mironas moved toKaunasand become more involved in politics.[41]

Adjacent to the government[edit]

TheDecember 1926 coupbrought theLithuanian Nationalist Unionto power.Antanas Smetonabecome thePresidentwhileAugustinas Voldemarasbecame thePrime Minister.In September 1927, Mironas was elected to the central committee of the Nationalist Union and was tasked with editing its magazineTautininkų balsas[lt].[42]He was also one of the leaders of the Pažanga publishing company that publishedLietuvos aidas,the official newspaper of the Lithuanian government, and other publications of the Nationalist Union.[42][43]Despite being involved with publishing periodicals, he wrote very little – only 11 articles by him are known between 1911 and 1934.[9]

In January 1928, Mironas became the head of the Department of Religious Affairs of the Ministry of Education (it was mainly in charge of the religious education in schools). However, Bishop Kukta forced him to resign at end of 1928.[42]Despite the clear conflict between his religion and political party, Mironas did not attempt to quit either and continued to balance his loyalties.[44]In spring 1929, President Smetona pushed for Mironas to become the chief chaplain of theLithuanian Army.While Bishop Kukta protested this appointment, it was confirmed by ArchbishopJuozapas Skvireckas.On 20 May 1929, Mironas became the chaplain and, at the same, rector of theChurch of St. Michael the Archangel, Kaunas.[44]In this position, Mironas helped to ensure military's loyalty to President Smetona.[45]

Mironas andStasys Raštikisinspect guards at theHistorical Presidential Palacein 1938

Mironas headed a council that coordinated activities of the Nationalist Union and its organizations (includingYoung Lithuania[lt]andFarmers' Unity[lt]).[45]In this capacity, Mironas attempted to mediate the growing conflict between Smetona and Voldemaras which ended with the removal of Voldemaras by mid-1930.[46]Mironas became an informal advisor to Smetona and frequently attended meetings at thePresidential Palace.[47][48]Due to his influence, diplomatPetras Klimasreferred to Mironas as theéminence grise(grey eminence) of Smetona.[49]

In 1929–1937, Mironas was entrusted with a secret mission to periodically transfer large sums of cash to theProvisional Committee of Vilnius Lithuanians[lt]which organized Lithuanian activities inVilnius Region(then part of theSecond Polish Republic). Mironas personally traveled to theFree City of Danzigto hand the cash toKonstantinas Stašys[lt].[50]

Mironas was a member of the Kaunas city council (1934–1938) and the Committee for theOrder of Vytautas the Great(since 1934).[47]Mironas was a member or chairman of various other committees and societies, including a committee to provide aid to northern Lithuania due to poor harvest in 1929, scholarship fund of the Nationalist Union in 1930, society to study and support religious art, committee for perpetuating the memory ofJuozas Tumas-Vaižgantas,committee for commemorating the 20th anniversary of the Act of Independence of Lithuania in 1938, theUnion for the Liberation of Vilnius(he was elected to its board in 1939), etc.[51]

In the government[edit]

Cabinet[edit]
Mironas Cabinet in January 1939. Mironas sits second from the left

In January 1938, Mironas was sent on a secret mission to negotiate with theSecond Republic of Polandregarding normalizing diplomatic relations that were severed as a result of the territorial dispute overVilnius Region.He negotiated withAleksander Tyszkiewicz[pl]and his sonStanisław Tyszkiewicz[lt]inKretinga.[52]However, President Smetona did not want to make any concessions and the negotiations abruptly ended.[53]In March 1938,Poland issued an ultimatumforcing Lithuania to reestablish diplomatic relations. This triggered a government crisis in Lithuania and the long-term Prime MinisterJuozas Tūbelis(who was also Smetona's brother-in-law) stepped down. On 24 March, Mironas was selected as the new Prime Minister citing his familiarity with issues concerning Vilnius Region.[54]ArchbishopJuozapas Skvireckasapproved the appointment, whilePope Pius XIfound the appointment "regretful" but did not protest it.[54]

The first Mironas Cabinet included a number of experienced statesmen, but it did not introduce any significant reforms.[55]Tūbelis remained in the government asMinister of Agriculture.However, due to poor health, he resigned on 1 October 1938 and was replaced by Mironas.[55]In January 1939, Mironas replaced Tūbelis as the chairman of the Nationalist Union.[56]On 5 December 1938, Mironas reluctantly formed the second cabinet. He considered the duties of Prime Minister to be a "heavy and unbearable burden".[57]In his memoirs,Kazys Musteikis(newly appointed Minister of Defence) considered this government to be one of the weakest as it had no known or prominent figures.[57]This new government was formed due the formal expiration of Smetona's tenure (he was easily reelected).[58][59]

On 20 March 1939,Germany presented an ultimatumdemanding that Lithuania cede theKlaipėda Region.Lithuania was forced to accept and Smetona formed a new under Prime Minister Černius. In his memoir, the deposedAugustinas Voldemarasclaimed that this meant the end of the personal friendship between Smetona and Mironas, but this claim lacks further evidence.[60]Mironas continued as chairman of the Nationalist Union until 2 December 1939 when the post was taken over byDomas Cesevičius[lt]representing the younger generation of nationalists.[61]

Policies[edit]

One of the first tasks of Mironas Cabinet was dealing with the aftermath of the Polish ultimatum and the normalization of thebilateral relations with Poland.[62]Mironas personally supported the efforts as he saw theSoviet UnionandNazi Germanyas greater threats to Lithuania.[63]The government quickly concluded agreements relating to the cross-border railway transport and communications (mail, telegraph, and telephone).[62]However, the government stressed that it was not giving up its claims to Vilnius.[64]Better relations with Poland allowed to revisit the idea of theBaltic Ententeand a possible military alliance between Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The three countries prepared a joint declaration of neutrality in November 1939.[65]

Christian Democrats (one of the main opponents of Smetona's regime) hoped that Mironas, as a priest, would weaken the anti-religious policies of the Lithuanian government.[66]Mironas indeed opened negotiations with the Apostolic NuncioAntonino Arataregarding the suppressed Faculty of Theology ofVytautas Magnus University,but Smetona refused to make more than symbolic concessions.[67]In internal affairs, Mironas supported the new Board for Public Works (Visuomeninio darbo valdyba) that was in charge of government propaganda; however, it was quickly closed due to budget cuts by the successor Prime MinisterJonas Černius.[68][69]In economic matters, the government focused on agriculture and was able to decrease prices of fertilizers while increasing prices for grain.[70]

Soviet persecution[edit]

Chapel in Bukaučiškės – the only remaining building of the former manor owned by Mironas

By the end of 1939, Mironas effectively retired from politics and spent increasing amounts of time at a manor he owned inBukaučiškės II[lt]near Daugai.[60]The manor with 20 hectares (49 acres) of land was gifted to him by the government of Lithuania in 1934. He purchased additional 22.5 hectares (56 acres), restored manor buildings, and started farming.[71]He also received a state pension of 800Lithuanian litas.[72]His health started deteriorating as he had diabetes and heart illness.[73]

After theSoviet occupation of Lithuaniain June 1940, Mironas was arrested by theNKVDon 12 September 1940 and accused ofanti-Soviet agitationaccording toArticle 58 (RSFSR Penal Code).[74]He was freed fromKaunas Prisonat the start of theGerman invasion of the Soviet Unionin June 1941. He returned to Daugai and stayed clear of politics.[75]Two of Mironas' brothers were deported during theJune deportationand died in Siberia.[76]

By mid-1944, theRed Armypushed out Germans from eastern Lithuania.Unlike many other Lithuanian intellectuals, Mironas did not retreat west and was arrested bySMERSHagain on 23 August 1944.[75]One of the key evidence against him was his correspondence withStasys Lozoraitisand members of theSupreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania.[75]NKGBmanaged to recruit Mironas as an informant and get him assigned to theChurch of the Holy Heart of Jesus, Vilnius[pl].He was released in February 1945.[77]However, he was reluctant to cooperate and provide incriminating information. He was arrested again for three weeks in March 1946.[78]Mironas became more careful and started avoiding company.[79]

Mironas was arrested for the fourth and final time on 3 January 1947.[80]This time, he was accused of purposefully withholding information as well as agitating youth to join the German-sponsoredLithuanian Territorial Defense Force.[81]This time, Mironas admitted his guilt. On 23 August 1947, theSpecial Council of the NKVDsentenced Mironas to seven years in prison.[82]He was imprisoned at theVladimir Central Prisonwhere he died on 18 February 1953 of a stroke.[82]He was buried in the prison cemetery in an unmarked grave.[83]

Memory[edit]

AfterLithuania regained independencein 1990, Mironas could be publicly commemorated. Streets inKaunasandVilniuswere named after him in 1995 and 2006. In 2007, the school inDaugaiwas renamed in his honor.[84]

A memorial stone was unveiled in his nativeKuodiškiai[lt]in 1998. In 2007, acenotaphwas erected inRasos Cemeteryand two other signatories of the Act of Independence (Kazys BizauskasandPranas Dovydaitis) whose place of burial is unknown.[84]

On 7 May 2000,Pope John Paul IIrecognized 114 Lithuanian martyrs, among them Mironas.[84]

Awards[edit]

Mironas received the following state awards:

References[edit]

  1. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 19.
  2. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 112.
  3. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 21.
  4. ^Bukaitė 2015,pp. 21–22.
  5. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 22.
  6. ^Merkelis 1964,p. 39.
  7. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 32.
  8. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 33.
  9. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 176.
  10. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 35.
  11. ^Bukaitė 2015,pp. 38, 40.
  12. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 39.
  13. ^Bukaitė 2015,pp. 40–41.
  14. ^Laukaitytė 1991,p. 94.
  15. ^Budvytis 2012,p. 124.
  16. ^Aničas 1999,pp. 136–137.
  17. ^Šeikis 2016,pp. 5–6.
  18. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 107.
  19. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 41.
  20. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 42.
  21. ^Senkus 1997,p. 378.
  22. ^Bukaitė 2015,pp. 42, 44.
  23. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 44.
  24. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 136.
  25. ^abBukaitė 2015,pp. 45–46.
  26. ^Senkus 1997,pp. 379–380.
  27. ^Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999,p. 23.
  28. ^Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999,p. 26.
  29. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 48.
  30. ^abcBukaitė 2015,p. 52.
  31. ^Bukaitė 2015,pp. 53–54.
  32. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 54.
  33. ^Senkus 1997,p. 381.
  34. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 57.
  35. ^Eidintas 2015,p. 86.
  36. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 62.
  37. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 63.
  38. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 66.
  39. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 64.
  40. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 67.
  41. ^Senkus 1997,p. 383.
  42. ^abcBukaitė 2015,p. 68.
  43. ^Eidintas 2015,p. 322.
  44. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 73.
  45. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 74.
  46. ^Bukaitė 2015,pp. 74–75.
  47. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 76.
  48. ^Eidintas 2015,p. 218.
  49. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 81.
  50. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 77.
  51. ^Bukaitė 2015,pp. 76–77.
  52. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 78.
  53. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 80.
  54. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 83.
  55. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 84.
  56. ^Tamošaitis 2023.
  57. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 93.
  58. ^Eidintas 2015,pp. 195, 326.
  59. ^Senkus 1997,p. 393.
  60. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 102.
  61. ^Bukaitė 2015,pp. 80, 102.
  62. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 94.
  63. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 97.
  64. ^Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999,p. 158.
  65. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 100.
  66. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 87.
  67. ^Bukaitė 2015,pp. 88–89.
  68. ^Bukaitė 2015,pp. 90–91.
  69. ^Eidintas 2015,p. 239.
  70. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 91.
  71. ^Bukaitė 2015,pp. 108, 110.
  72. ^abcdeBukaitė 2015,p. 137.
  73. ^Eidintas 2015,p. 434.
  74. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 119.
  75. ^abcBukaitė 2015,p. 121.
  76. ^Bukaitė 2015,pp. 117–118.
  77. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 125.
  78. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 130.
  79. ^Bukaitė 2015,pp. 130, 132.
  80. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 132.
  81. ^Bukaitė 2015,pp. 132–133.
  82. ^abBukaitė 2015,p. 133.
  83. ^Bukaitė 2015,p. 134.
  84. ^abcBukaitė 2015,p. 138.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Aničas, Jonas (1999).Antanas ir Emilija Vileišiai: Gyvenimo ir veiklos bruožai(in Lithuanian). Alma littera.ISBN9986-02-794-2.
  • Bukaitė, Vilma (2015).Nepriklausomybės akto signataras Vladas Mironas(in Lithuanian) (2nd ed.). Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinis muziejus.ISBN978-609-8039-59-7.
  • Budvytis, Vytautas (2012).Jono Basanavičiaus gyvenimas ir veikla Vilniuje 1905-1907 m.(PDF)(Master's thesis) (in Lithuanian). Vytautas Magnus University.
  • Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015).Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940).On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Translated byAlfred Erich Senn.Brill Rodopi.ISBN9789004302037.
  • Eidintas, Alfonsas; Žalys, Vytautas; Senn, Alfred Erich (1999). Tuskenis, Edvardas (ed.).Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918-1940(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.ISBN0-312-22458-3.
  • Laukaitytė, Regina (1991)."Dėl Šv. Kazimiero draugijos steigimo 1905 metais"(PDF).Lietuvos istorijos metraštis(in Lithuanian): 93–97.ISSN0202-3342.
  • Merkelis, Aleksandras (1964).Antanas Smetona: jo visuomeninė, kultūrinė ir politinė veikla(in Lithuanian). New York: Amerikos lietuvių tautinės sąjunga.OCLC494741879.
  • Šeikis, Gintautas (25 June 2016)."Lietuvių švietimo draugijos Vilniaus" Aušra "Alantos skyrius"(in Lithuanian). Voruta. pp. 5–6.ISSN2029-3534.
  • Senkus, Vladas (1997). "Vladas Mironas". In Speciūnas, Vytautas (ed.).Lietuvos Respublikos ministrai pirmininkai (1918–1940)(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Alma littera.ISBN9986-02-379-3.
  • Tamošaitis, Mindaugas (10 October 2023) [2008]."Lietuvių tautininkų ir respublikonų sąjunga".Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija(in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.Retrieved28 February2024.
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Lithuania
24 March 1938 – 28 March 1939 		Succeeded by
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