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Vladas Putvinskis

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Vladas Putvinskis-Pūtvis
1929 postcard with the portrait of Vladas Putvinskis
Born(1873-10-06)6 October 1873
Riga,Russian Empire
Died5 March 1929(1929-03-05)(aged 55)
Kaunas,Lithuania
NationalityLithuanian
Other namesVladas Pūtvis
Alma materUniversity of Halle
Occupation(s)Landowner, activist, paramilitary leader
Known forFounder of theLithuanian Riflemen's Union
SpouseEmilija Putvinskienė[lt]
ChildrenStasys Putvinskis
Emilija Pūtvytė[lt]
Parent
RelativesMarija Žmuidzinavičienė[lt](sister)
Antanas Žmuidzinavičius(brother-in-law)
AwardsOrder of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas(1928)

Vladas PutvinskisorVladas Pūtvis[a](6 October 1873 – 5 March 1929) was aLithuanianparamilitaryleader, one of the founders and first chairman of theLithuanian Riflemen's Union.

Born to a family ofLithuanian nobles,Putvinskis inherited manors inPavėžupis[lt]andGraužikai[lt]that had about 350 hectares (860 acres) of land. He briefly studied agriculture at theUniversity of Hallebut had to return to Lithuania to work at his estates. He fully supported theLithuanian National Revival.His home became a gathering place for Lithuanian intellectuals who published the Lithuanian newspaperVarpasand established theLithuanian Democratic Partyin 1902. Putvinskis also organized large scalesmuggling and distributionof theillegal Lithuanian publications.After the press ban was lifted, he smuggled weapons and provided shelter for various political activists hiding from the Tsarist police. Putvinskis was arrested in 1906 and spent a few months in prison. In 1914–1917, he lived in internal exile inVoskresenskoyein theNizhny Novgorod Oblast.

Upon his return to Lithuania, he joined a group of Lithuanian intellectuals who organized shooting practices inKaunas.This group evolved to become theLithuanian Riflemen's Unionin August 1919 and Putvinskis became its chairman and commander-in-chief. Initially, it was a paramilitary group that provided support to theLithuanian Armyduring theLithuanian Wars of Independence.Putvinskis managed to reorganize the union into much broader national movement that would foster the Lithuanian national identity. However, he resigned in June 1922 after conflicts with the Lithuanian Army and criticisms of nepotism. He returned as chairman of the Riflemen's Union in June 1928, but he died in March 1929.

Biography[edit]

Early life and education[edit]

Putvinskis was born on 6 October [O.S.24 September] 1873 in Riga,[1]then part of theRussian Empire,to a family ofPolish-Lithuaniangentry. The family traced its roots to the times of Grand DukeVytautas(died in 1430).[3]Putvinskis' fatherRapolas[lt]inherited manors inPavėžupis[lt]andGraužikai[lt].[3]After the failedUprising of 1863,Rapolas Putvinskis was deported to Siberia. He received amnesty in 1872, but was not allowed to return to Lithuania. Thus, he moved to Riga where he married Idalia Broel-Plater from thePlater family.[4]Their son Vladas was born a year later on 6 October 1873. Their daughterMarija[lt](1876–1959) was also active in Lithuanian public life and the Riflemen's Union. She later married the painter and riflemen chairmanAntanas Žmuidzinavičius.[3]

After receiving education at home, Putvinskis enrolled at theŠiauliai Gymnasium.[3]He struggled academically and from melancholia. Therefore, he transferred to Mitau Realymnasium which emphasized natural sciences and where he did better.[5]He graduated in 1893. He considered studying acting inKraków,but chose more practical studies of agriculture at theUniversity of Hallein Germany.[6]However, due to his father's poor health, he was forced to abandon the studies after only two semesters. He returned to Lithuania, settled inPavėžupis[lt],and took over his family's estates.[3]The estates had 350 hectares (860 acres) of land, owned 40 cows and 36 horses, and employed 27 people.[7]

Activist[edit]

Putvinskis with his sister Marija

Unlike most landowners, Putvinskis fully supported theLithuanian National Revival.[8]In 1899, he established a primary school for local children inPavėžupis[lt].Due to theLithuanian press ban,it was an illegal institution. He planned to expand the school into an official institution that would teach agriculture and craft, but they never came to fruition.[3]It continued to function until 1913 when a government school was opened in nearbyVėžežeris[lt].[9]Putvinskis also opened a school inGraužikai[lt]and organized courses for adults. In total, Putvinskis sponsored four illegal Lithuanian schools.[10]Putvinskis also organized thesmuggling and distribution of the illegal Lithuanian publications.Books and periodicals were smuggled in large batches fromEast Prussiaand divided into small parcels by Putvinskis for local distribution. Over time, it became a large operation that received regular monthly shipments.[11]

Via his former classmate Vincas Kalnietis, Putvinskis established contacts with Lithuanian intellectuals, firstlyPovilas VišinskisandAugustinas Janulaitis.[12]In 1900, Putvinskis employed writerŽemaitėas a steward of his estate. She wrote several short stories during this period. LinguistJonas Jablonskisspent the summer of 1900 in Graužikai. Assisted byAntanas SmetonaandPetras Avižonis,he worked on his fundamentalLithuanian grammarand on editing the works of BishopMotiejus Valančius.[3]In summer 1902,Povilas Višinskisorganized the first meeting of Lithuanian authors at Putvinkis' manor. Such gatherings became a regular occurrence. They were attended by Višinskis, Žemaitė,Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė,Jonas Krikščiūnas(Jovaras),Jonas Biliūnas,Antanas Žmuidzinavičius,and others.[3]Other visitors includedVincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas,Balys Sruoga,Martynas Jankus,Steponas Kairys,Lev Karsavin.[13]During the meetings, the activists coordinated the publication ofVarpas,a Lithuanian periodical published in East Prussia. The activists also discussed political questions and planned for the establishment of theLithuanian Democratic Party.[14]

Arrest and exile[edit]

Putvinskis supported theRussian Revolution of 1905.He started smuggling weapons and providing shelter for various political activists hiding from the Tsarist police.[15]He was arrested in January 1906 and spent a few months in prisons inŠiauliaiandKaunas.[3]His cellmates included the future generalVladas Nagevičius.[16]Lacking evidence, he was released in May 1906.[17]After the death of Povilas Višinskis in 1906, Putvinskis became less involved in political matters. He focused on his farm and supported various Lithuanian societies, including theLithuanian Art Society(chaired by his brother-in-lawAntanas Žmuidzinavičius).[18]Putvinskis spent considerable effort on educating his children.[19]

In July 1914, just days after the outbreak ofWorld War I,Putvinskis was arrested as "politically unreliable" on orders ofNikolai Gryazev[ru],governor of Kaunas.[20]He was deported toVoskresenskoyein theNizhny Novgorod Oblast.[3]He spent his time reading and writing increasingly philosophical works.[21]He read works byHenrik Ibsen,Immanuel Kant,Friedrich Nietzsche,Arthur Schopenhauer,Karl Marx,Multatuli,Karl Kautsky,and others.[22]

Putvinskis lived in Voskresenskoye until theRussian Revolutionin 1917.[3]He moved nearNovocherkasskwhere his acquaintance owned a farm.[23]He got caught in theRussian Civil Waras Novocherkassk changed hands frequently between the anti-communistDon Armyand theRed Army.[24]In response, city residents organized their own self-defense committees that patrolled assigned streets. Putvinskis was impressed by their effectiveness.[25]In spring 1918, Putvinskis was able to return to Lithuania.[25]

Putvinskis returned to his estates and organized armed groups of locals to protect against various war refugees, prisoners of war, demoralized soldiers, and other criminals who robbed locals of food.[26]During theLithuanian–Soviet War,his estates were in the Bolshevik zone for about a month.[27]

Riflemen's Union[edit]

Putvinskis' portrait published inLithuania Album(1921)

In June 1919, Putvinskis moved toKaunasto care for his ill sonStasyswho had volunteered for theLithuanian Army.[27]Putvinskis got a job at the Ministry of Supply and Provision (ministerSteponas Kairyswas an old acquaintance).[28]AsLithuanian Wars of Independencecontinued, Kaunas residents felt the need for a paramilitary group. On 1 July 1919,Lietuvapublished the first announcement that the Lithuanian Sports Union (Lietuvos sporto sąjunga) established a new section for riflemen who practiced shooting and handling guns. It was organized byMatas Šalčiusand others.[29]Putvinskis joined the group and steered it from a narrow goal (protect against an immediate military threat) to a much broader goal of raising citizen-soldiers who would ensure long-term survival of the Lithuanian nation.[30]Putvinskis cited his experience with self-defense units in Novocherkassk as well as examples ofSokolinCzechoslovakiaandCivil GuardinFinlandas an inspiration.[8]

The organizational meeting of theLithuanian Riflemen's Uniontook place on 8 August 1919.[31]Putvinskis was elected chairman of the union during the next meeting on 20 August.[32]His apartment became the gathering place for all riflemen; his entire family became actively involved with the organization.[33]The riflemen assisted the Lithuanian government in suppressing theattempted Polish coupin September 1919, fighting theWest Russian Volunteer Army,and working on military intelligence during thePolish–Lithuanian War.[34][35]The union grew rapidly, absorbing various local partisan groups By the end of 1919, it boasted 16 regional branches and 39 units.[36]

In spring 1920, Putvinskis left his job at the ministry to work at the Riflemen's Union full-time.[37]He worked on organizing the publication of the riflemen's magazineTrimitas(first issue published in May 1920) where he published numerous articles on current events and issues concerning the riflemen.[38]As military situation stabilized, Putvinskis worked to formulate the ideology of the Riflemen's Union and strengthen its internal structure.[39]Putvinskis was greatly inspired by aHerderianview of the nation as an organic and spiritual body.[40]He saw thestateas something that could be lost and recreated, but only as long as the national spirit lived.[41]He envisioned the riflemen as the spiritual elite of the Lithuanian nation.[40]

Putvinskis resigned chairman of the Riflemen's Union on 29 July 1922 and as commander-in-chief on 2 October 1922.[10]He became disheartened by politics and attempts to turn the union into a political organization. He wanted to keep the riflemen as a purely apolitical organization that served the nation and not any particular political party.[42]There was also competition with theLithuanian Armythat culminated in a scuffle between the riflemen and soldiers during the celebration of theSaint Jonas's Festivalthat left five soldiers injured. In addition, Putvinskis was personally criticized fornepotismand accused of corruption.[43]

Later life[edit]

Putvinskis worked on his estates, implementing modern agricultural technologies. He cultivatedlubins,improved drainage, bredŽemaitukashorses,[3]established a steam-powered dairy and exported butter to Denmark.[4]In 1899, he dug out a pond where he experimented with commercial breading ofcarps.[3]He wrote an instructional booklet on carp breading, but it remained unpublished. It was the first Lithuanian text onfisheriesmaking Putvinskis a pioneer in this field.[44]Putvinskis was invited to teach at the Dotnuva Agricultural College (todayVytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy) in 1926.[3]His fisheries were successful and were continued after his death. In 1936, the manor had 12 ponds that covered an area of 80 hectares (200 acres). In 2018, there were 70 ponds that cover 800 hectares (2,000 acres).[45]

Putvinskis remained involved within the Riflemen's Union. He organized a local group of riflemen in his estates.[46]He was selected to lead the riflemen in theKlaipėda Revoltin January 1923, but was unable to do so due to an illness.[46]Putvinskis was recognized as honorary chairman of the riflemen in June 1926, but he did not become more active within the organization. He once again became chairman in June 1928. At the time, the Minister of Defense wasTeodoras Daukantaswho was his supporter.[46]However, during a riflemen event in November 1928, Putvinkis caught flu which caused kidney complication. He died on 5 March 1929 in Kaunas.[46]He was buried in the cemetery inKelmė.[3]His funeral was a state affair. It was filmed; the footage was hidden from the Soviets byAndriejus Dručkus[lt].[47]It was restored, digitized, and made available on YouTube in 2010.[48]

Fiction writer[edit]

Influenced byPovilas Višinskis,Putvinkis tried his hand at writing.[49]His firs short stories and articles were published inVarpas(1902–1904) andDarbininkų balsas(1902).[50]Other stores were published inVilniaus žinios(1914),Nauju taku(1914),Trimitas(1920s).[51]He wrote in Lithuanian (except for one Polish story published inSlovo) even though by his own admission he was more comfortable expressing himself in Polish.[52]In interwar Lithuania, he took Lithuanian language lessons from Julija Jablonskytė-Petkevičienė (daughter of linguistJonas Jablonskis).[53]

After his release from prison in 1906, he wroteKudlių šeima(Kudliai Family), a short story that was published in a supplement ofLietuvos aidasin 1918. The story, written as a mythical legend, depicts a young noble shunned by his traditional family chasing a bright and elusive goddess (idea of the Lithuanian nation).[54]

Another lengthier storyGiedrė(completed in 1907) is also written as a legend from theLithuanian mythology.It depicts a primitive but ideal society attacked by enemies clad in iron. The fight ends with a mass suicide in fire (references to theLithuanian CrusadeandPilėnai).[55]The work was published as a separate booklet in 1915 and 1927; it was republished in 2013. The work created and popularized the nameGiedrė.[56]

In 1907, Putvinkis also wrote a short play for childrenNežudyk(Do Not Kill). It teaches children to respect animals and the nature. It was reworked intooperettaGirių karalius(King of Forests) byMikas Petrauskasin 1919.[57]The play was published as a separate booklet in 1914 and 1928.[58]

During his exile years (1914–1917), he wrote several increasingly more philosophical works about the relentless struggle of enlightenment and progress against the darkness and destruction.[21]In summer 1915, when the German Army occupied his estates and split his family, he wrote several optimistic works that joy and positive outlook should trump suffering and hopeless despair.[59]

Awards[edit]

Medal for the Liberation of Klaipėda awarded to Putvinskis

Putvinskis received the following awards:[10]

Legacy and memory[edit]

Monuments and commemorations[edit]

Monument to Putvinskis in Tauragė

Monument to Putvinskis was erected inTauragėin 1930 (it was rebuilt in 1990).[10]SculptorBernardas Bučascreated a bust of Putvinskis in 1933–1934. This bust was placed in the garden of theVytautas the Great War Museumin 1938. It was destroyed by the Soviets, but recreated in 1990.[60]In the same garden, a monument with names of 100 most prominentLithuanian book smugglers(including Putvinskis) was unveiled in 1940. This monument was destroyed in 1990 and rebuilt in 1997.[60]A medal dedicated to Putvinskis was sculpted byPetras Rimšain 1939.[60]Another monument to Putvinskis was unveiled in 2019 inKelmė.[10]

A memorial museum to Putvinskis was opened in 1936 inside the riflemen's headquarters in Kelmė.[46]In 2013, Kelmė Regional Museum renewed a permanent exhibition dedicated to Putvinskis.[61]

In 1931, a street in Kaunas was names in his memory. It was renamed after the poetSalomėja Nėrisduring the Soviet period, but Putvinskis name was reinstated in 1990.[60]Another street inKelmėbears his name.[10]In 2007, the middle school inŠaukėnaiwas renamed in Putvinskis honor.[10]

TheSeimas(Lithuanian parliament) declared 2023 to be the year of Putvinskis (it's his 150th birth anniversary). As a result, many different events, exhibitions, and conferences were organized in his memory.[62]For the occasion,Edita Mildažytėand Saulius Pilinkus created a documentary filmCivilių kariuomenės vadas(Commander of the Civilian Army) about Putvinskis.[63]

Archive and publications[edit]

To safeguard it from the Soviets, Putvinskis' and his family's archive was buried inGraužikai[lt]in 1940 and 1944. The archive was recovered in 1989 and 1992, and transferred to theŠiauliai Aušra Museum[lt].[64]The archive contains about 3,000 documents, including 364 items written by Putvinskis and 900 letters. The archive was added to the Lithuanian national registry under the UNESCOMemory of the World Programmein 2008.[65]Putvinskis' letters (total, 359 letters) were published in 2003.[66]

Putvinskis collected writings were published in 1933 (two volumes) in Kaunas and in 1973 in Chicago.[60]

Personal life[edit]

On 12 August 1897, Putvinskis marriedEmilija Gruzdytė[lt].[3]They had six children, five of which reached adulthood.[7]They were all active members of the Riflemen's Union. Both sons died in the Sovietgulagwhile three daughters emigrated to the United States.[3]The children were:[7]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Reportedly, "Pūtvis" is the original Lithuanian surname of the family derived from thePūtvė[lt]village that was ahillfortduring the 14th-centuryLithuanian Crusade.[1]It was changed to "Putvinskis" due toPolonization.[2]Putvinskis' children officially changed their surname to Pūtvis in 1938. Since 1930s, his last name is variously rendered as Putvinskis, Pūtvis, or double surname Putvinskis-Pūtvis.[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcNefas, Mindaugas (2016)."Šaulių sąjungos kūrėjas ir jo pavardės problema"(PDF).Trimitas(in Lithuanian).5(1308): 30.ISSN1392-4753.
  2. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 52–53.
  3. ^abcdefghijklmnopqKavaliauskaitė, Živilė."Putvinskis-Putvis Vladas".Žemaičių žemė(in Lithuanian). Regionų kultūrinių iniciatyvų centras.Retrieved4 February2024.
  4. ^abMusneckienė, Regina (12 June 2014)."Trys Putvinskių kartos patyrė tremtį"(in Lithuanian). Šiaulių kraštas. Archived fromthe originalon 6 August 2018.Retrieved4 February2024.
  5. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 25.
  6. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 32.
  7. ^abcBitautas, Algis; Tamošaitis, Mindaugas (2016)."Putvinskis Stasys"(PDF).In Tamošaitis, Mindaugas; Bitautas, Algis; Svarauskas, Artūras (eds.).Lietuvos Respublikos 1918–1940 m. vyriausybių ministrų biografinis žodynas(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. p. 323.ISBN978-5-420-01778-4.
  8. ^abBalkelis 2012,p. 130.
  9. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 65.
  10. ^abcdefgStreckienė, Rasa (2023)."Virtuali paroda, skirta 150-osioms Vlado Putvinskio-Pūtvio gimimo metinėms"(in Lithuanian). Šiaulių apskrities Povilo Višinskio viešoji biblioteka.Retrieved4 February2024.
  11. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 63–64.
  12. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 49, 56.
  13. ^Geštautas, Alvydas (10 July 2020)."Šilo-Pavėžupio dvare lankėsi ir L. Karsavinas"(in Lithuanian). Bičiulis.Retrieved4 February2024.
  14. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 61.
  15. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 64.
  16. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 77.
  17. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 82–83.
  18. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 90–91.
  19. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 99–100.
  20. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 110–112.
  21. ^abMarcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 117–118.
  22. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 120.
  23. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 139.
  24. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 141.
  25. ^abMarcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 142.
  26. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 147.
  27. ^abMarcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 150.
  28. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 151.
  29. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 158.
  30. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 162–163.
  31. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 165.
  32. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 166–167.
  33. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 170, 172.
  34. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 173–174, 185.
  35. ^Balkelis 2012,pp. 132–133.
  36. ^Balkelis 2012,p. 133.
  37. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 178.
  38. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 179, 205.
  39. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 190, 205.
  40. ^abBalkelis 2012,p. 132.
  41. ^Balkelis 2012,p. 131.
  42. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 225–226.
  43. ^Balkelis 2012,p. 139.
  44. ^Giedrimas, Laurynas (2023)."Vlado Putvinskio-Pūtvio rankraštis" Žuvininkystė: karpių auginimas mažuose tvenkiniuose "- unikali Putvinskių šeimos archyvo vertybė"(PDF).Lietuvos muziejų rinkiniai(in Lithuanian).22:39.ISSN1822-0657.
  45. ^Lopeta, Vidmantas (2018). "Žuvininkystės tvenkinių svarba Kurtuvėnų regioninio parko biologinei įvairovei". In Pakalnis, Romas (ed.).Gamtos vertybės saugomose teritorijose(PDF)(in Lithuanian). Lututė. p. 104.ISBN978-9955-37-208-0.
  46. ^abcdeIgnatavičius, Stasys (10 February 2023)."Vladas Putvinskis ir Šaulių sąjunga"(in Lithuanian). Voruta.Retrieved4 February2024.
  47. ^Valiulis, Skirmantas (28 March 2003)."Laiko skeveldros".7 meno dienos(in Lithuanian).561.Retrieved4 February2024.
  48. ^"Vlado Pūtvio laidotuvės 1929 - 1".YouTube.Lietuvos Respublika. 9 March 2010.Retrieved8 February2024."Vlado Pūtvio laidotuvės 1929 - 2".YouTube.Lietuvos Respublika. 9 March 2010.Retrieved8 February2024.
  49. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 103.
  50. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 104.
  51. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 109, 206.
  52. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 104, 136.
  53. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 206.
  54. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 104–105.
  55. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 106–107.
  56. ^"Giedrės vardui – 100 metų!".Alfa.lt(in Lithuanian). 12 December 2013.Retrieved4 February2024.
  57. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 108.
  58. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,p. 109.
  59. ^Marcinkevičius-Mantautas 1940,pp. 130–131.
  60. ^abcde"Putvinskis-Pūtvis Vladas".Žymūs Kauno žmonės: atminimo įamžinimas(in Lithuanian). Kauno apskrities viešoji biblioteka.Retrieved4 February2024.
  61. ^Karpavičienė, Dalia (28 October 2013)."Atnaujinta Vlado Pūtvio-Putvinskio ekspozicija"(in Lithuanian). Žemaitis.Retrieved4 February2024.
  62. ^"Vladas Putvinskis ir jo šeima šauliškoje veikloje"(in Lithuanian). Voruta. 19 June 2023.Retrieved4 February2024.
  63. ^"Renginyje pristatytas filmas apie Vladą Putvinskį-Pūtvį"(in Lithuanian). Šiaulių kraštas. 19 December 2023.Retrieved4 February2024.
  64. ^Laurutytė, Oksana (20 June 2008)."Putvinskių archyvas galėjo atitekti sukčiams"(in Lithuanian). Šiauliai plus. Archived fromthe originalon 4 August 2018.
  65. ^Mašanauskienė, Miglė, ed. (2022).Recording History: Lithuania's Documentary Heritage in the International and National Registers of the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme(PDF).Translated by Kondratas, Ramūnas. Secretariat of the Lithuanian National Commission for UNESCO. p. 114.ISBN978-9955-718-11-6.
  66. ^Nekrašienė, Irena (2004)."Publikuotas Vlado Putvinskio epistolinis palikimas".Lietuvos muziejų rinkiniai.3.ISSN1822-0657.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Balkelis, Tomas (2012). "Turning Citizens into Soldiers: Baltic Paramilitary Movements after the Great War". In Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John (eds.).War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-965491-8.
  • Marcinkevičius-Mantautas, Aleksandras (1940).Vladas Putvinskis-Putvys: Jo gyvenimas ir parinktieji raštai(in Lithuanian). Vol. I. Gyvenimas ir kūrybos bruožai. Kaunas: Šaulių sąjungos leidinys.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladas_Putvinskis&oldid=1213923909"