Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
(Redirected fromVoiced dental lateral fricative)
| Voiced alveolar lateral fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɮ | |||
| IPA Number | 149 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ɮ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+026E | ||
| X-SAMPA | K\ | ||
| Braille |    | ||
| |||
Thevoiced alveolar lateral fricativeis a type ofconsonantalsound, used in somespokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents voiceddental,alveolar,andpostalveolarlateralfricativesis ⟨ɮ⟩ (sometimes referred to aslezh), and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isK\.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced alveolar lateral fricative:
- Itsmanner of articulationisfricative,which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
- Itsplace of articulationisalveolar,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge,termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is alateral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
Dental or denti-alveolar[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amis | Kangko accent | Interdental[ɮ̪͆] | |||
Alveolar[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | къалэ | 'town' | Can also be pronounced as[l] | ||
| Arabic | Classical Arabic | الأَرضِ | 'the earth' | ||
| Bura[1] | [example needed] | Contrasts with[ɬ]and[ʎ̝̊].[1] | |||
| English | South African | ibandla | [iˈbaːnɮa] | 'meeting of a Nguni chief or community' | Only found in Zulu loan words in South African English. |
| Kabardian | блы | 'seven' | Can also be pronounced as[l] | ||
| Ket | олын | [ɔɮɨn] | 'nose' | Can also be pronounced as[l] | |
| Moloko[2] | zlan | [ɮàŋ] | 'start, begin' | Contrasts with[ɬ],[l]and[ʒ] | |
| Mongolian | монгол | [mɔɴɢɔ̆ɮ] | 'Mongol' | Sometimes realized as[ɬ] | |
| Sassarese | caldhu | 'hot' | |||
| Tera[3] | dlepti | [ɮè̞pti] | 'planting' | Contrasts with both[ɬ]and[l] | |
| Zulu[4] | ukudla | [úɠù:ɮá] | 'to eat' | Contrasts with both[ɬ]and[l];realized as[dɮ]after nasals | |
In addition, apharyngealizedvoiced alveolar lateral fricativeis reconstructed to be the ancientClassical Arabicpronunciation ofḌād;the letter is now pronounced inModern Standard Arabicas apharyngealizedvoicedcoronal stop,as alveolar[dˤ]or denti-alveolar[d̪ˤ].
Voiced lateral-median fricative[edit]
| Voiced alveolar lateral–median fricative | |
|---|---|
| ʫ | |
| ð̠ˡ | |
| ɮ͡ð̠ | |
| ɮ͡z |
| Voiceless dental lateral–median fricative | |
|---|---|
| ʫ̪ | |
| ðˡ | |
| ɮ̪͡ð |
Thevoiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative(also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.
Features[edit]
- Itsmanner of articulationisfricative,which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Itsplace of articulationisalveolar,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge,termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- It is alateral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic[5][6][7] | Rijal Almaʽa | ضبع | [ðˡˤabʕ] | 'hyena' | |
| Mehri[8] | ذوفر | [ðˡˤoːfar] | 'plait' | ||
Related characters[edit]
There are severalUnicodecharacters based on lezh (ɮ):
- U+1079E𐞞MODIFIER LETTER SMALL LEZHis asuperscript IPA letter[9]
- U+1079F𐞟MODIFIER LETTER SMALL LEZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOKis a superscript IPA letter[9]
- U+1DF05𝼅LATIN SMALL LETTER LEZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOKis anextension to IPAfor disordered speech (extIPA)[9][10]
Notation[edit]
In 1938, a symbol shaped similarly toheng⟨ꜧ⟩ was approved as the official IPA symbol for the voiced alveolar lateral fricative, replacing ⟨ɮ⟩. It was suggested at the same time, however, that a compromise shaped like something between the two may also be used at the author's discretion. It was this compromise version that was included in the 1949Principles of the International Phonetic Associationand the subsequent IPA charts, until it was replaced again by ⟨ɮ⟩ at the 1989Kiel Convention.[11]Despite the Association's prescription, ⟨ɮ⟩ is nonetheless seen in literature from the 1960s to the 1980s.[12][13][14][15][16]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^abGrønnum (2005),pp. 154–155.
- ^Friesen (2017),p. 49.
- ^Tench (2007),p. 228.
- ^Poulos (1998),p. 548.
- ^Heselwood (2013)Phonetic transcription in theory and practice,p 122–123
- ^Janet Watson (January 2011)."Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri".academia.edu.
- ^Watson, Janet (January 2013)."Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubu'ah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence".Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold.
- ^Janet Watson (January 2011)."Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri".academia.edu.
- ^abcMiller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (2020-07-11)."L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS"(PDF).
- ^Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07)."L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R" Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters "and IPA etc. code point and name changes"(PDF).
- ^Wells, John(3 November 2006)."The symbolɮ".John Wells’s phonetic blog.Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London.Retrieved1 February2018.
- ^Newman, Paul(1964)."A word list of Tera".Journal of West African Languages.1(2): 33–50.
- ^Catford, J. C.;Ladefoged, Peter(1968).Working Papers in Phonetics 11: Practical Phonetic Exercises.University of California, Los Angeles.
- ^Brosnahan, L. F.; Malmberg, Bertil (1970).Introduction to Phonetics.Cambridge University Press. p. 105.ISBN0-521-21100-X.
- ^Ladefoged, Peter(1971).Preliminaries to Linguistic Phonetics.University of Chicago Press. p.54.ISBN0-226-46787-2.
- ^MacKay, Ian (1987).Phonetics: The Science of Speech Production(2nd ed.). Little, Brown and Company. p.106.ISBN0-316-54238-5.
References[edit]
- Friesen, Isaac(2017),A grammar of Moloko(1st ed.), Language Science Press
- Grønnum, Nina (2005),Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk(3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag,ISBN87-500-3865-6
- Ladefoged, Peter(2005),Vowels and Consonants(2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Poulos, George;Msimang, Christian T. (1998),A Linguistic Analysis of Zulu(1st ed.), Via Afrika
- Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,37(1): 228–234,doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
