Voiced dental fricative
(Redirected fromVoiced dental non-sibilant fricative)
| Voiced dental fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ð | |||
| IPA Number | 131 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ð | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+00F0 | ||
| X-SAMPA | D | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
| Voiced dental approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ð̞ | |||
| ɹ̪ | |||
| Audio sample | |||
| |||
Thevoiced dental fricativeis aconsonantsound used in somespoken languages.It is familiar to English-speakers as thethsound infather.Its symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetiseth,or⟨ð⟩and was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced (inter)dental non-sibilant fricative. Such fricatives are often called "interdental"because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lowerteeth(as inReceived Pronunciation), and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with otherdental consonants.
The letter ⟨ð⟩ is sometimes used to represent the dentalapproximant,a similar sound, which no language is known to contrast with a dental non-sibilant fricative,[1]but the approximant is more clearly written with the lowering diacritic: ⟨ð̞⟩. Very rarely used variant transcriptions of the dental approximant include ⟨ʋ̠⟩ (retracted[ʋ]), ⟨ɹ̟⟩ (advanced[ɹ]) and ⟨ɹ̪⟩ (dentalised[ɹ]). It has been proposed that either a turned ⟨ð⟩[2]or reversed⟨ð⟩[3]be used as a dedicated symbol for the dental approximant, but despite occasional usage, this has not gained general acceptance.
The fricative and itsunvoiced counterpartare rarephonemes.Almost all languages of Europe and Asia, such asGerman,lack the sound. Native speakers of languages without the sound often have difficulty enunciating or distinguishing it, and they replace it with avoiced alveolar sibilant[z],avoiced dental stoporvoiced alveolar stop[d],or avoiced labiodental fricative[v];known respectively asth-alveolarization,th-stopping,andth-fronting.As for Europe, there seems to be a great arc where the sound (and/or its unvoiced variant) is present. Most of Mainland Europe lacks the sound. However, some "periphery" languages such asGreekhave the sound in their consonant inventories, as phonemes orallophones.
WithinTurkic languages,BashkirandTurkmenhave both voiced and voiceless dental non-sibilant fricatives among their consonants. AmongSemitic languages,they are used inModern Standard Arabic,albeit not by all speakers ofmodern Arabic dialects,and in some dialects ofHebrewandAssyrian.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced dental non-sibilant fricative:
- Itsmanner of articulationisfricative,which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.It does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of asibilant.
- Itsplace of articulationisdental,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upperteeth,termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.Note that most stops and liquids described as dental are actuallydenti-alveolar.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
In the following transcriptions, the undertack diacritic may be used to indicate anapproximant[ð̞].
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | idhull | [iðuɫ] | 'idol' | ||
| Aleut[4] | damo | [ðɑmo] | 'house' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[5] | ذهب | [ˈðæhæb] | 'gold' | SeeArabic phonology |
| Gulf | |||||
| Najdi | |||||
| Tunisian | SeeTunisian Arabic phonology | ||||
| Arpitan | GenevanandSavoyard | Genèva | [ðə'nɛːva] | 'Geneva' | Generally represents the "j" and "ge/gi" phonemes in standard spelling. |
| Bressan | vachiére | [va'θiðə] | 'woman cow herder' | Bressan dialect, like the Geneva and many Savoy ones, express "j" and "ge/gi" (in standard Arpitan spelling) as voiced dental fricatives. In addition, however, its dialects often express the intervocalic "r" as such as well. | |
| Aromanian[6] | zală | [ˈðalə] | 'butter whey' | Corresponds to[z]in standard Romanian. SeeRomanian phonology | |
| Assyrian | ܘܪܕܐ werda | [wεrð̞a] | 'flower' | Common in theTyari,Barwari,andWesterndialects. Corresponds to[d]in other varieties. | |
| Asturian | Some dialects | fazer | [fäˈðeɾ] | 'to do' | Alternative realization of etymological⟨z⟩.Can also be realized as[θ]. |
| Bashkir | ҡаҙ/qað | 'goose' | |||
| Basque[7] | adar | [að̞ar] | 'horn' | Allophone of/d/ | |
| Berta | [fɛ̀ːðɑ̀nɑ́] | 'to sweep' | |||
| Burmese[8] | အညာသား | [ʔəɲàd̪͡ðá] | 'inlander' | Commonly realized as an affricate[d̪͡ð].[9] | |
| Catalan[10] | cada | [ˈkaðə] | 'each' | Fricative or approximant. Allophone of/d/.SeeCatalan phonology | |
| Cree | Woods Cree(th-dialect) | nitha | [niða] | 'I' | Reflex ofProto-Algonguian*r. Shares features of a sonorant. |
| Dahalo[11] | [example needed] | Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of/d̪/,and may be simply a plosive[d̪]instead.[11] | |||
| Elfdalian | baiða | [ˈbaɪða] | 'wait' | ||
| Emilian | Bolognese | żänt | [ðæ̃:t] | 'people' | |
| English | Received Pronunciation[12] | this | [ðɪs] | 'this' | |
| Western American English | Interdental.[12] | ||||
| Extremaduran | ḥazel | [häðel] | 'to do' | Realization of etymological 'z'. Can also be realized as[θ] | |
| Fijian | ciwa | [ðiwa] | 'nine' | ||
| Galician | Some dialects[13] | fazer | [fɐˈðeɾ] | 'to do' | Alternative realization of etymological⟨z⟩.Can also be realized as[θ,z,z̺]. |
| German | Austrian[14] | leider | [ˈlaɛ̯ða] | 'unfortunately' | Intervocalic allophone of/d/in casual speech. SeeStandard German phonology |
| Greek | δάφνη/dáfni | [ˈðafni] | 'laurel' | SeeModern Greek phonology | |
| Gwich'in | niidhàn | [niːðân] | 'you want' | ||
| Hän | ë̀dhä̀ | [ə̂ðɑ̂] | 'hide' | ||
| Harsusi | [ðebeːr] | 'bee' | |||
| Hebrew | Iraqi | אדוני | 'my lord' | Commonly pronounced[d].SeeModern Hebrew phonology | |
| Temani | גָּדוֹל/ğaḏol | [dʒaðol] | 'large, great' | SeeYemenite Hebrew | |
| Judeo-Spanish | Many dialects | קריאדֿור/kriador | [kɾiaˈðor] | 'creator' | Intervocalic allophone of/d/in many dialects. |
| Kabyle | ḏuḇ | [ðuβ] | 'to be exhausted' | ||
| Kagayanen[15] | kalag | [kað̞aɡ] | 'spirit' | ||
| Kurdish | [example needed] | An approximant; postvocalic allophone of/d/.SeeKurdish phonology. | |||
| Malay | Malaysian | azan | [a.ðan] | 'azan' | Only in Arabic loanwords; usually replaced with /z/. SeeMalay phonology |
| Malayalam | 'അത്' | [aðɨ̆] | 'That' | Colloquial usage. | |
| Mari | Eastern dialect | шодо | [ʃoðo] | 'lung' | |
| Norman | Jèrriais | méthe | [mɛð] | 'mother' | Predominantly found in western Jèrriais dialects; otherwise realised as [ɾ], and sometimes as [l] or [z]. |
| Northern Sámi | dieđa | [d̥ieðɑ] | 'science' | ||
| Norwegian | Meldal dialect[16] | i | [ð̩ʲ˕ː] | 'in' | Syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant[16]corresponding to/iː/in other dialects. SeeNorwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Gascon | quedivi | [keˈð̞iwi] | 'what I should' | Allophone of/d/.SeeOccitan phonology |
| Portuguese | European[17] | nada | [ˈn̪äðɐ] | 'nothing' | Northern and central dialects. Allophone of/d/,mainly after an oral vowel.[18]SeePortuguese phonology |
| Sardinian | nidu | 'nest' | Allophone of/d/ | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | LewisandSouth Uist | Màiri | [ˈmaːðɪ] | 'Mary' | Hebridean realisation of /ɾʲ/, particularly common in Lewis and South Uist; otherwise realized as [ɾʲ][19]or as [r̝] in southern Barra and Vatersay. |
| Sioux | Lakota | zapta | [ˈðaptã] | 'five' | Sometimes with[z] |
| Spanish | Most dialects[20] | dedo | [ˈd̪e̞ð̞o̞] | 'finger' | Ranges from close fricative to approximant.[21]Allophone of/d/.SeeSpanish phonology |
| Swahili | dhambi | [ðɑmbi] | 'sin' | Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound. | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[22] | bada | [ˈbɑːð̞ä] | 'to take a bath' | An approximant;[22]allophone of/d/in casual speech. SeeSwedish phonology |
| Some dialects[16][better source needed] | i | [ð̩ʲ˕ː] | 'in' | A syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant[16][better source needed]corresponding to/iː/in Central Standard Swedish. SeeSwedish phonology | |
| Syriac | Western Neo-Aramaic | ܐܚܕ | [aħːeð] | 'to take' | |
| Tamil | ஒன்பது | [wʌnbʌðɯ] | 'nine' | SeeTamil phonology | |
| Tanacross | dhet | [ðet] | 'liver' | ||
| Tutchone | Northern | edhó | [eðǒ] | 'hide' | |
| Southern | adhǜ | [aðɨ̂] | |||
| Venetian | mezorno | [meˈðorno] | 'midday' | ||
| Welsh | bardd | [barð] | 'bard' | SeeWelsh phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[23] | [example needed] | Allophone of/d/ | ||
Danish[ð]is actually a velarizedalveolar approximant.[24][25]
See also[edit]
- Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
- Sibilant consonant § Possible combinations
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes[edit]
- ^Olson et al. (2010:210)
- ^Kenneth S. Olson, Jeff Mielke, Josephine Sanicas-Daguman, Carol Jean Pebley & Hugh J. Paterson III, 'The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant',Journal of the International Phonetic Association,Vol. 40, No. 2 (August 2010), pp. 201–211
- ^Ball, Martin J.;Howard, Sara J.; Miller, Kirk (2018). "Revisions to the extIPA chart".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.48(2): 155–164.doi:10.1017/S0025100317000147.S2CID151863976.
- ^"damo in English - Aleut-English Dictionary | Glosbe".glosbe.com.Retrieved2023-07-24.
- ^Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990:37)
- ^Pop (1938),p. 30.
- ^Hualde (1991:99–100)
- ^Watkins (2001:291–292)
- ^Watkins (2001:292)
- ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:55)
- ^abMaddieson et al. (1993:34)
- ^abLadefoged & Maddieson (1996),p. 143.
- ^"Atlas Lingüístico Gallego (ALGa) | Instituto da Lingua Galega - ILG".ilg.usc.es.14 October 2013.Retrieved2019-11-25.
- ^Sylvia Moosmüller (2007)."Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis"(PDF).p. 6.RetrievedMarch 9,2013.
- ^Olson et al. (2010:206–207)
- ^abcdVanvik (1979:14)
- ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ^Mateus & d'Andrade (2000:11)
- ^"Slender 'r'/ 'an t-s'".
- ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^Phonetic studies such asQuilis (1981)have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
- ^abEngstrand (2004:167)
- ^Merrill (2008:109)
- ^Grønnum (2003:121)
- ^Basbøll (2005:59, 63)
References[edit]
- Basbøll, Hans(2005),The Phonology of Danish,OUP Oxford,ISBN0-19-824268-9
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22(1–2): 53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID249411809
- Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988),Spanish in the Americas,Georgetown University Press,ISBN978-0-87840-094-2
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25(2): 90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID249414876
- Engstrand, Olle (2004),Fonetikens grunder(in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur,ISBN91-44-04238-8
- Grønnum, Nina (2003), "Why are the Danes so hard to understand?", in Jacobsen, Henrik Galberg; Bleses, Dorthe; Madsen, Thomas O.; Thomsen, Pia (eds.),Take Danish - for instance: linguistic studies in honour of Hans Basbøll, presented on the occasion of his 60th birthday,Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag, pp. 119–130
- Hualde, José Ignacio (1991),Basque phonology,New York: Routledge,ISBN978-0-415-05655-7
- Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian(1996),The Sounds of the World's Languages,Oxford: Blackwell,ISBN0-631-19815-6
- Maddieson, Ian;Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny;Ladefoged, Peter(1993),"Phonetic structures of Dahalo",in Maddieson, Ian (ed.),UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages,vol. 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25–65
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003),"Illustrations of the IPA: Castilian Spanish"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33(2): 255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000),The Phonology of Portuguese,Oxford University Press,ISBN0-19-823581-X
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008),"Tilquiapan Zapotec"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38(1): 107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J. III (2010),"The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,40(2): 199–215,doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296,S2CID38504322
- Pop, Sever (1938),Micul Atlas Linguistic Român,Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Quilis, Antonio (1981),Fonética acústica de la lengua española[Acoustic phonetics of the Spanish language] (in Spanish), Gredos,ISBN978-84-249-0131-8
- Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram (1990), "Arabic",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,20(2): 37–41,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266,S2CID249416512
- Vanvik, Arne (1979),Norsk fonetikk[Norwegian phonetics] (in Norwegian), Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo,ISBN82-990584-0-6
- Watkins, Justin W. (2001),"Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,31(2): 291–295,doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122,S2CID232344700
