Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills
(Redirected fromVoiced dental trill)
Thevoiced alveolar trillis a type ofconsonantalsound used in some spokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat representsdental,alveolar,andpostalveolartrillsis ⟨r⟩, and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isr.It is commonly called therolled R,rolling R,ortrilled R.Quite often, ⟨r⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages likeEnglishandGermanthat haverhotic consonantsthat are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because⟨r⟩is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.
In manyIndo-European languages,a trill may often be reduced to a single vibration in unstressed positions. In Italian, a simple trill typically displays only one or two vibrations, while a geminate trill will have three or more.[1]Languages where trills always have multiple vibrations includeAlbanian,Spanish,Cypriot Greek,and a number ofArmenianandPortuguesedialects.[citation needed]
People withankyloglossiamay find it exceptionally difficult to articulate the sound because of the limited mobility of their tongues.[2][3]
Voiced alveolar trill
[edit]| Voiced alveolar trill | |
|---|---|
| r | |
| IPA Number | 122 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity(decimal) | r |
| Unicode(hex) | U+0072 |
| X-SAMPA | r |
| Braille |  |
Features
[edit]Features of the voiced alveolar trill:
- Itsmanner of articulationistrill,which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
- Itsplace of articulationmay be
- dental(behind the upper front teeth),
- alveolar(at thealveolar ridge), or
- post-alveolar(behind the alveolar ridge).
- It is most oftenapical,which means it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.[4]
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Itsairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]Dental
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarian[5] | arra | [ɒr̪ːɒ] | 'that way' | Laminal dental. SeeHungarian phonology | |
| Marshallese[6] | dik[7] | [r̪ʲik] | 'to be small' | Palatalized.The language's two other rhotic phonemes,/rˠ/(velarized) and/rʷ/(rounded), arepost-alveolar. | |
| Romanian[8] | repede | [ˈr̪e̞pe̞d̪e̞] | 'quickly' | Apical. SeeRomanian phonology | |
| Russian[9] | рьяный/ŕjaný | [ˈr̪ʲjän̪ɨ̞j] | 'zealous' | Apical, palatalized. Usually only a single vibration, presumably due to the palatalization.[9]It contrasts with a post-alveolar trill. SeeRussian phonology | |
Alveolar
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[10] | rooi | [roːi̯] | 'red' | May be a tap[ɾ]instead.[10]SeeAfrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | Modern Standard | رأى/ra'á | [raʔaː] | 'saw' (verb) | In free variation with[ɾ]by many speakers. |
| Aragonese | sotarraño | [sotaˈraɲo] | 'basement' | Allophone of /ɾ/. | |
| Armenian | Eastern[11] | ռումբ/ŕumb | 'cannonball' | ||
| Asturian | ferramienta | [feraˈmjeŋta] | 'tool' | Allophone of /ɾ/. | |
| Bengali | রাত/rat | [rat̪] | 'night' | More commonly [ɾ~ɹ] for most speakers. May occur word-initially; as against[ɾ],which occurs medially and finally. SeeBengali phonology | |
| Breton | roue | [ruːe] | 'king' | Dominant in and aroundLéonandMorbihanwhile many other dialects have adopted thevoiced uvular fricative.SeeBreton phonology | |
| Bulgarian | работа/rabota | [ˈrabotə] | 'work' | SeeBulgarian phonology | |
| Chinese[12][13] [better source needed] |
Dangyang(aSouthwestern Mandarin) | Bị tử | [peir̩] | quilt | |
| Chuvash | арăслан/araslan | [arəs'lan] | 'lion' | ||
| Czech[14] | chlor | [xlɔ̝ːr] | 'chlorine' | Contrasts with/r̝/;may be syllabic. SeeCzech phonology | |
| Danish | Few speakers of theJutlandic dialect[15] | [example needed] | Corresponds to much more back[ʁ~ʕ]in standard Danish. SeeDanish phonology | ||
| Dutch | Standard | raam | [raːm] | 'window' | SeeDutch phonology |
| English | African-American | outta the city | [æə̯rəˈsɪɾi] | 'out of the city' | A sequence of tappedɾbetween unstressedəmay become a single trill inAAVE. |
| Scottish | curd | [kʌrd] | 'curd' | Only some dialects. Corresponds to [ɾ~ɹ] in others. SeeEnglish phonology | |
| Welsh[16] | bright | [braɪt] | 'bright' | Some dialects underWelshinfluence. Corresponds to[ɾ~ɹ]in others. | |
| Estonian | korrus | [ˈkorːus] | 'floor' | SeeEstonian phonology | |
| Finnish | raaka | 'raw' | SeeFinnish phonology | ||
| Greek | Standard[17] | άρτος/ártos | [ˈartos] | 'artos' | Allophone of/ɾ/.Usual in clusters, otherwise a tap or an approximant.[17]SeeModern Greek phonology |
| Cypriot[18][19] | βορράς/vorras | [vorˈras] | 'north' | Contrasts with/ɾ/. | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | पत्थर/patthar | [pət̪t̪ʰər] | 'stone' | SeeHindustani phonology |
| Urdu | پتھر/patthar | ||||
| Indonesian | getar | [gətar] | 'vibrate' | SeeIndonesian phonology | |
| Italian[20] | terra | 'earth' | SeeItalian phonology | ||
| Japanese | Shitamachi dialect | からkara | [kara] | 'from' | Allophone of /ɾ/. SeeJapanese phonology. |
| Kansai dialect | |||||
| Kele[21] | [ⁿrikei] | 'leg' | |||
| Khmer | ត្រី/trey | [trəj] | 'fish' or 'three' | SeeKhmer phonology | |
| Kyrgyz[22] | ыр/ır | [ɯr] | 'song' | ||
| Latvian[23] | rags | [räks̪] | 'horn' | SeeLatvian phonology | |
| Lithuanian | ir | [ɪr] | 'and' | SeeLithuanian phonology | |
| Malay | کورڠ/kurang | [kuräŋ] | 'less' | May be postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠], or more commonly, flap[ɾ].SeeMalay phonology | |
| Malayalam | റമ്മി/rummy | [rəmmiː] | 'rummy' | SeeMalayalam phonology | |
| Nepali | घर्रा/ghórra | [ɡʱʌrːä] | 'drawer' | SeeNepali phonology | |
| Polish[24] | krok | 'step' | Usually realized as[ɾ].SeePolish phonology. | ||
| Portuguese | rato | [ratu] | 'mouse' | Contrasts with/ɾ/.Manynorthern dialectsretain the alveolar trill, and the trill is still dominant in rural areas. SeePortuguese phonologyandGuttural R. | |
| Scots | bricht | [brɪçt] | 'bright' | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | ceart | [kʲarˠʃd] | 'true' | Pronounced as a trill at the beginning of a word, or asrr,or before consonantsd,t,l,n,s;otherwise avoiced alveolar tap.Contrasts with/ɾʲ/and/ɾ/intervocally and word-finally. SeeScottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[25][26] | рт/rt | [r̩t] | 'cape' | May be syllabic.[27]SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak[28] | krk | [kr̩k] | 'neck' | May be atap,particularly when not syllabic. | |
| Slovene[29] | riž | [ríːʃ] | 'rice' | Also described as tap[ɾ],[30]and variable between trill[r]and tap[ɾ].[31]SeeSlovene phonology | |
| Spanish[32] | perro | 'dog' | Contrasts with/ɾ/.SeeSpanish phonology | ||
| Swedish | Some West coast and Northern dialects | bra | [brɑː] | 'good' | SeeSwedish phonology |
| Tagalog | rambutan | [rɐmbuˈtan] | 'rambutan' | Allophone of the more common[ɾ],especially with moreconservative speakers.[33]SeeTagalog phonology | |
| Tamil | பறவை/paravai | [paraʋaɪ̯] | 'bird' | SeeTamil phonology | |
| Thai | Standard | ชลบุรี/chonbùri | 'Chonburi' | ||
| Titan[21] | [ⁿrakeiʔin] | 'girls' | |||
| Ukrainian | рух/ruh | 'motion' | SeeUkrainian phonology | ||
| Welsh | Rhagfyr | [ˈr̥aɡvɨr] | 'December' | Contrasts with thevoiceless alveolar trill,/r̥/.SeeWelsh phonology | |
| Yiddish | Standard[34] | בריק/brik | [brɪk] | 'bridge' | More commonly a flap[ɾ];can be uvular[ɢ̆~ʀ]instead.[34]SeeYiddish phonology |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[35] | r-ree | [rɘˀɘ] | 'go out (habitually)' | Underlyingly two sequences of/ɾ/. |
Post-alveolar
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan[36] | ruc | [ˈr̠uk] | 'donkey' | Contrasts with/ɾ/.SeeCatalan phonology | |
| Gokana[37] | bele | [bēr̠ē] | 'we' | Allophone of/l/,medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be apostalveolar tapor simply[l]instead.[37] | |
| Marshallese[38] | raj[39] | [r̠ˠɑtʲ] | 'whale' | /rˠ/isvelarizedand/rʷ/isrounded.Another rhotic phoneme in the language,/rʲ/,isdentalandpalatalized. | |
| roj[40] | [r̠ʷɔtʲ] | 'ebb tide' | |||
| Russian[9] | играть/igrať | [ɪˈɡr̠ätʲ] | 'to play' | Contrasts with a palatalized dental trill. SeeRussian phonology | |
Variable
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| German | Standard[41] | Schmarrn | [ʃmarn] | 'nonsense' | Varies between apical dental and apical alveolar; may be atapinstead.[41]SeeStandard German phonology |
Voiced alveolar fricative trill
[edit]| Voiced alveolar fricative trill | |
|---|---|
| r̝ | |
| r̻ | |
| IPA Number | 122 429 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r_r |
InCzech,there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, writtenr,there is another laminal trill, writtenř,in words such asrybáři[ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ]'fishermen' and the common surnameDvořák.Its manner of articulation is similar to[r]but islaminaland the body of the tongue israised.It is thus partiallyfricative,with the frication sounding rather like[ʒ]but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous[r]and[ʒ],and some speakers tend to pronounce it as[rʐ],[ɾʒ],or[ɹʒ].In the IPA, it is typically written as ⟨r⟩ plus the raising diacritic, ⟨r̝⟩, but it has also been written as laminal ⟨r̻⟩.[42](Before the 1989IPA Kiel Convention,it had a dedicated symbol ⟨ɼ⟩.) TheKobon languageofPapua New Guineaalso has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable.
Features
[edit]Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill:
- Itsmanner of articulationis fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
- Itsplace of articulationislaminalalveolar,which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Itsairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Examples
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech[43][44][45][46] | čtyři | 'four' | May be anon-sibilant fricative.[44]It contrasts with/r/and/ʒ/.SeeCzech phonology | ||
| Dzongkha[47] | རུ་ཏོག་/ru-tog | [r̝uto] | 'bone' | Usually released as a normal trilled [r], sometimes it has a slightly fricative character vaguely reminiscent of Czech ř. Dzongkha r is followed by the low register tone. | |
| Kashubian[48] | rzéka | [r̝eka] | 'river' | Only some northern and northwestern speakers. Formerly common over the whole speaking area.[48] | |
| Kobon | [example needed] | Amount of frication variable. May also be africative flap[citation needed] | |||
| Ormuri | Standard (Kaniguram) | تڒګب/tařgab | [tɑr̝geb] | 'summer' | Corresponds to /ʃ/ in Logar dialect. |
| Polish | Some dialects[49] | rzeka | [r̝ɛka] | 'river' | Contrasts with/r/and/ʐ/.Present in areas fromStarogard GdańskitoMalbork[49]and those south, west and northwest of them,[49]area fromLubawatoOlsztyntoOleckotoDziałdowo,[49]south and east ofWieleń,[49]aroundWołomin,[49]southeast ofOstrów Mazowiecka[49]and west ofSiedlce,[49]fromBrzegtoOpoleand areas to the north,[49]and roughly fromRacibórztoNowy Targ.[49]Most speakers, as well as standard Polish, merge it with/ʐ/,[49]and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do as well.[49]SeePolish phonology |
| Portuguese[50] | European | os rins | [uˈr̝ĩʃ] | 'the kidneys' | Possible realization of the sequence/sr/for speakers who realize/r/as[r].[50]SeePortuguese phonology |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[51] | umrził | [ˈumr̝iw] | '(he) died' | Contrasts with/r/and/ʒ/.Merges with/ʐ/in most Polish dialects. |
| Jablunkov[51] | [example needed] | ||||
| Slovak | Northern dialects[49][52] | řyka | [ˈr̝ɪkä] | 'river' | Only in a few dialects near the Polish border.[49]SeeSlovak phonology |
| Spanish | rana | [ˈr̝änä] | 'frog' | Possible realization of /r/ in some dialects, may also be realized as a non-sibilant alveolar fricative [ɹ̝-] or as a sibilant retroflex fricative [ʐ]. | |
| Chicahuaxtla Trique[53] | raꞌa | [rᶾa˧ʔaː˧] or [r̥ᶴa˧ʔaː˧] | 'hand' | Initial allophone of /r/. | |
| Tsakonian[54] | ρζινοδίτζη | [r̝inoðitɕi] | 'justice of the peace' | /ʒ/ appears to have been a fricative trill in the 19th century, and [ʒ] survived latterly only in women's usage in Southern Tsakonian. | |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian(1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages.Oxford: Blackwell. p. 221.ISBN0-631-19815-6.
- ^Chaubal & Dixit (2011),pp. 270–272.
- ^Mayo Clinic (2012).
- ^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996),p. 228.
- ^Siptár & Törkenczy (2000),pp. 75–76,Szende (1999),p. 104
- ^Bender (1969),p. xv
- ^"Marshallese-English Dictionary".
- ^Ovidiu Drăghici,Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie(PDF),retrievedApril 19,2013[dead link]
- ^abcSkalozub (1963),p.?; cited inLadefoged & Maddieson (1996),p. 221
- ^abLass (1987),p. 117.
- ^Dum-Tragut (2009),p. 19.
- ^Hồ bắc phương ngôn lí hữu chiến âm r (There is trill r in Hubei Dialect),1984,retrieved26 December2020
- ^Trung quốc nhân năng phát đại thiệt âm "RR" ( Some Chinese can pronounciate alveolar trills "RR" )
- ^Pultrová (2013),p. 22.
- ^Torp (2001),p. 78.
- ^Garrett, Peter; Coupland, Nikola; Williams, Angie, eds. (15 July 2003).Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance.University of Wales Press. p. 73.ISBN9781783162086.
- ^abArvaniti (2007),pp. 14–18
- ^Arvaniti (2010),pp. 3–4.
- ^"βορράς",Cypriot Greek Lexicographic Database,Ερευνητικό Πρόγραμμα Συντυσές, 2011, archived fromthe originalon 13 April 2021,retrieved5 March2014
- ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004),p. 117.
- ^abLadefoged (2005),p. 165
- ^Kara (2003),p. 11.
- ^Nau (1998),p. 6.
- ^Jassem (2003),p. 103.
- ^Kordić (2006),p. 5.
- ^Landau et al. (1999),p. 66.
- ^Kordić (2006),p. 4.
- ^Hanulíková & Hamann (2010),p. 374.
- ^Pretnar & Tokarz (1980),p. 21.
- ^Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999),p. 135.
- ^Greenberg (2006),pp. 17 and 20.
- ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003),p. 255.
- ^Schachter and Reid (2008)
- ^abKleine (2003),p. 263
- ^Merrill (2008),p. 109.
- ^Recasens & Pallarès (1995),p. 288.
- ^abL.F. Brosnahan,Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni(PDF),archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-04-03,retrieved2013-11-24
- ^Bender (1969),p. xvii-xviii
- ^"Marshallese-English Dictionary".
- ^"Marshallese-English Dictionary".
- ^abMangold (2005),p. 53
- ^For example, Ladefoged (1971).
- ^Dankovičová (1999),pp. 70–71
- ^abLadefoged & Maddieson (1996),pp. 228–230 and 233
- ^Lodge (2009),p. 46.
- ^Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012),p. 226
- ^van Driem, George.The Grammar of Dzongkha(PDF).Dzongkha Development Corporation, Royal Government of Bhutan. p. 93. Archived from the original on 2016-10-04.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^abJerzy Treder."Fonetyka i fonologia".Archived fromthe originalon 2016-03-04.
- ^abcdefghijklmnGwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř),Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl, archived fromthe originalon 2013-11-13,retrieved2013-11-06
- ^abGrønnum (2005),p. 157
- ^abDąbrowska (2004),p.?
- ^Dudášová-Kriššáková (1995),pp. 98.
- ^A. Raymond Elliott, P. Hernández Cruz & F. Sandoval Cruz, "Dàj guruguiˈ yumiguiì 'de como apareció la gente del mundo': leyenda en triqui de Chicahuaxtla".Tlalocanvol. 25, 2020, p.153.
- ^Scutt, C. A. (November 1913)."The Tsakonian Dialect".The Annual of the British School at Athens.19:20.doi:10.1017/s0068245400009163.S2CID163493476.
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- Torp, Arne (2001)."Retroflex consonants and dorsal/r/:mutually excluding innovations? On the diffusion of dorsal/r/in Scandinavian ".In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.).'r-atics.Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 75–90.ISSN0777-3692.
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Bender, Byron (1969),Spoken Marshallese,University of Hawaii Press,ISBN0-87022-070-5
