Voiced labial–velar approximant
| Voiced labial–velar approximant | |
|---|---|
| w | |
| IPA Number | 170 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity(decimal) | w |
| Unicode(hex) | U+0077 |
| X-SAMPA | w |
| Braille |  |
| Compressed labial–velar approximant | |
|---|---|
| w͍ | |
| ɰᵝ |
Thevoiced labial–velar approximantis a type ofconsonantalsound, used in certainspokenlanguages,including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter⟨w⟩in the English alphabet;[1]likewise, the symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨w⟩, or rarely[ɰʷ],and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isw.In most languages it is thesemivocaliccounterpart of theclose back rounded vowel[u].In inventory charts of languages with otherlabialized velar consonants,/w/will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns,/w/may be placed in the velar column, (bi)labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with phonological criteria than phonetic ones.[2]
Some languages have avoiced labial–prevelar approximant,[a]which is more fronted than the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced labialized velar approximant, though not as front as the prototypicallabialized palatal approximant.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced labial–velar approximant:
- Itsmanner of articulationisapproximant,which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce aturbulent airstream.The type of approximant isglideorsemivowel.The termglideemphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of/w/from the/u/vowel position to a following vowel position. The termsemivowelemphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable).
- Itsplace of articulationislabialized velar,which means it is articulated with the back part of thetongueraised toward thesoft palate(the velum) whileroundingthe lips. Some languages, such asJapaneseand perhaps the NorthernIroquoian languages,have a sound typically transcribed as[w]where the lips arecompressed(or at least not rounded), which is a truelabial–velar(as opposed to labialized velar) consonant. Close transcriptions may avoid the symbol[w]in such cases, or may use the under-rounding diacritic,[w̜].
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ауаҩы/awawë | [awaˈɥə] | 'human' | SeeAbkhaz phonology | |
| Alemannic | Bernese German | Giel | [ɡ̊iə̯w] | 'boy' | Allophone of[l] |
| Arabic | Modern Standard[3] | وَرْد/ward | [ward] | 'rose' | SeeArabic phonology |
| Assamese | ৱাশ্বিংটন/Wašińton | [waʃiŋtɔn] | 'Washington' | ||
| Basque | lau | [law] | 'four' | ||
| Belarusian | воўк/vowk | [vɔwk] | 'wolf' | SeeBelarusian phonology | |
| Bengali | ওয়াদা/wada | [wada] | 'promise' | Allophone of[o]and[u]when preceding a vowel word-initially. SeeBengali phonology | |
| Berber | ⴰⵡⴰⵍ/äwäl | [æwæl] | 'speech' | ||
| Breton | nav | [ˈnaw] | 'nine' | ||
| Bulgarian | Colloquial | лопата/lopata | [wo'patɐ] | 'shovel' | Contemporary pronunciation of /ɫ/, an ongoingsound change.SeeBulgarian phonology. |
| Pernik dialects | This dialect has a long-standing tradition of pronouncing /ɫ/ as /w/, similar to the Polish language. Independent of the similar sound change happening in the standard language. | ||||
| Standard Bulgarian | уиски/uiski | ['wisk̟i] | 'whiskey' | Appears in borrowings. SeeBulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan[4] | quart | [ˈkwɑɾt] | 'fourth' | Post-lexically after/k/and/ɡ/.SeeCatalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | Oạt/waat | 'dig' | SeeCantonese phonology | |
| Mandarin | Oạt/wā | SeeMandarin phonology | |||
| Danish | hav | [hɑw] | 'ocean' | Allophone of[v] | |
| Dutch | Colloquial | kouwe | [ˈkʌu̯wə] | 'cold' | Lenited allophone of/d/after/ʌu̯/.SeeDutch phonology |
| StandardSurinamese | welp | [wɛɫp] | 'cub' | May also occur in this context in some continental Dutch accents and/or dialects.[5][6]Corresponds to[ʋ]in most of the Netherlands and to[β̞]in Belgium and (southern) parts of the Netherlands. SeeDutch phonology | |
| English | weep | [wiːp] | 'weep' | SeeEnglish phonology | |
| French[7] | oui | [wi] | 'yes' | SeeFrench phonology | |
| German | Quelle | [kweːlə] | 'source' | Some regions[citation needed] | |
| Hawaiian[8] | wikiwiki | [wikiwiki] | 'fast' | May also be realized as[v].SeeHawaiian phonology | |
| Hebrew | Mizrahi | כּוֹחַ/kowaḥ | [ˈkowaħ] | 'power' | SeeModern Hebrew phonology |
| Hindustani[9] | Hindi | विश्वास/višwas | [ʋɪʃwaːs] | 'believe' | SeeHindustani phonology |
| Urdu | višwas/وشواس | ||||
| Irish | vóta | [ˈwoːt̪ˠə] | 'vote' | SeeIrish phonology | |
| Italian[10] | uomo | [ˈwɔːmo] | 'man' | SeeItalian phonology | |
| Kabardian | уэ/wa | 'you' | |||
| Kazakh | ауа/awa | [awa] | 'air' | ||
| Korean | 왜가리/wägari | [wɛɡɐɾi] | 'heron' | SeeKorean phonology | |
| Lao | ຫວານ/Van | [wäːn˨˩˦] | 'sweet' | SeeLao phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[11] | zwee | [t͡swe̝ː] | 'two' | Allophone of/v/after/k,t͡s,ʃ/.[12]SeeLuxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | wang | [waŋ] | 'money' | ||
| Malayalam | ഉവ്വ്/uwî | [uwːɨ̆] | 'Yes' | Some dialects. | |
| Mayan | Yucatec | witz | [wit͡s] | 'mountain' | |
| Nepali | हावा/hawa | [ɦäwä] | 'wind' | SeeNepali phonology | |
| Odia[13] | ଅଗ୍ରୱାଲ୍/ogrowal | [ɔgɾɔwäl] | 'Agrawal' | ||
| Pashto | ﻭﺍﺭ/war | [wɑr] | 'one time' | ||
| Persian | Dari | وَرزِش/warziš | [warzɪʃ] | 'sport' | may approach/ʋ/in some regional dialects. |
| Iranian Persian | نَو/now | [now] | 'new' | Only as a diphthong or colloquially. | |
| Polish[14] | łaska | 'grace' | SeePolish phonology.Corresponds to[ɫ]in older pronunciation and eastern dialects | ||
| Portuguese[15] | Most dialects | quando | [ˈkwɐ̃du] | 'when' | Post-lexically after/k/and/ɡ/.SeePortuguese phonology |
| boa | [ˈbow.wɐ] | 'good' (f.) | Epenthetic glide or allophone of/u/,following a stressed rounded vowel and preceding an unrounded one.[16] | ||
| GeneralBrazilian | qual | [ˈkwaw] | 'which' | Allophone of/l/in coda position for most Brazilian dialects.[15] | |
| Romanian | dulău | [d̪uˈl̪əw] | 'mastiff' | SeeRomanian phonology | |
| Russian | волк/volk | [wou̯k] | 'wolf' | Southern dialects. | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Croatian[17] | vuk | [wûːk] | 'wolf' | Allophone of/ʋ/before/u/.[17]SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology |
| Seri | cmiique | [ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ] | 'person' | Allophone of/m/ | |
| Slovene[18][19] | cerkev | [ˈt͡sèːrkəw] | 'church' | Allophone of/ʋ/in the syllable coda.[18][19]Voiceless[ʍ]before voiceless consonants. SeeSlovene phonology | |
| Sotho | sewa | [ˈsewa] | 'epidemic' | SeeSesotho phonology | |
| Svan | კუ̂ენ/k'wen | [kʼwen] | 'marten' | ||
| Spanish[20] | cuanto | [ˈkwãn̪t̪o̞] | 'as much' | SeeSpanish phonology | |
| Swahili | mwanafunzi | [mwɑnɑfunzi] | 'student' | ||
| Swedish | Central Standard[21] | Labialized approximant consonant; allophone of/ɡ/in casual speech before the protruded vowels/ɔ,oː/.SeeSwedish phonology | |||
| Tagalog | araw | [ˈɐɾaw] | 'day' | SeeTagalog phonology | |
| Thai | แหวน/waen | [wɛ̌ːn] | 'ring' | SeeThai phonology | |
| Vietnamese[22] | tuần | [t̪wən˨˩] | 'week' | SeeVietnamese phonology | |
| Ukrainian | любов/lübov | [lʲubɔw] | 'love' | SeeUkrainian phonology | |
| Welsh | gwae | [ɡwaɨ] | 'woe' | SeeWelsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | skowe | [skoːwə] | 'to shove' | ||
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
- ^Guidelines for Transcription of English Consonants and Vowels(PDF);seethe examples on the fifth page.
- ^Ohala & Lorentz (1977),p. 577.
- ^Watson (2002),p. 13.
- ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992),p. 55.
- ^"Recording dialect from Egmond aan Zee (Bergen), North Holland)".www.meertens.knaw.nl.Retrieved26 January2022.
- ^"Recording and video from dialect of Katwijk, South Holland".YouTube.Retrieved26 January2022.
- ^Fougeron & Smith (1993),p. 75.
- ^Pukui & Elbert (1986),p. xvii.
- ^Ladefoged (2005),p. 141.
- ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004),p. 117.
- ^Gilles & Trouvain (2013),pp. 67, 69.
- ^Gilles & Trouvain (2013),p. 69.
- ^Masica (1991),p. 107.
- ^Jassem (2003),p. 103.
- ^abBarbosa & Albano (2004),p. 230.
- ^France (2004).
- ^abLandau et al. (1999),p. 68.
- ^abŠuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999),p. 136.
- ^abGreenberg (2006),p. 18.
- ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003),p. 256.
- ^Engstrand (2004),p. 167.
- ^Thompson (1959),pp. 458–461.
References[edit]
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34(2): 227–232,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22(1–2): 53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID249411809
- Engstrand, Olle (2004),Fonetikens grunder(in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur,ISBN91-44-04238-8
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23(2): 73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID249404451
- France, Angela (2004)."Problemas na variante tensa da fala carioca"[Problems with tense variant of carioca speech].DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada(in Portuguese).20(spe). São Paulo: 33–58.doi:10.1590/S0102-44502004000300005.ISSN0102-4450.
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43(1): 67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Greenberg, Mark L. (2006),A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene,Kansas: University of Kansas
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33(1): 103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter(2005),Vowels and Consonants(2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN0-521-65236-7
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003),"Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33(2): 255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Ohala, John; Lorentz, James (1977),"Story of [w]: An exercise in the phonetic explanation for sound patterns"(PDF),Berkeley Linguistics Society annual meeting 3 proceedings,pp. 577–599
- Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986),Hawaiian Dictionary,Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press,ISBN0-8248-0703-0
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34(1): 117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,ISBN0-521-65236-7,S2CID249404451
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35(3): 454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR411232
- Watson, Janet (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic,New York: Oxford University Press
- Masica, Colin (1991).The Indo-Aryan Languages.Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-29944-2.
