Voiced pharyngeal fricative
| Voiced pharyngeal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʕ | |||
| IPA Number | 145 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ʕ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+0295 | ||
| X-SAMPA | ?\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Voiced pharyngeal approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʕ̞ | |||
| |||
Thevoiced pharyngeal approximantorfricativeis a type ofconsonantalsound, used in somespokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨ʕ⟩, and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol is?\.Epiglottalsandepiglotto-pharyngealsare often mistakenly taken to be pharyngeal.
Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart,[ʕ]is usually anapproximant.The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language is known to make aphonemicdistinction betweenfricativesandapproximantsat this place of articulation.
The IPA letter ⟨ʕ⟩ is caseless. Capital⟨⟩and lower-case⟨⟩are pending at Unicode U+A7CE and U+A7CF.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced pharyngeal approximant fricative:
- Itsmanner of articulationvaries betweenapproximantandfricative,which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but generally not enough to produce muchturbulencein the airstream. Languages do not distinguish voiced fricatives from approximants produced in the throat.
- Itsplace of articulationispharyngeal,which means it is articulated with thetongue rootagainst the back of the throat (thepharynx).
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
Cased forms of the IPA letter in thePilagaalphabet. They have been accepted by Unicode.
Pharyngeal consonants are not widespread. Sometimes, a pharyngeal approximant develops from a uvular approximant. Many languages that have been described as having pharyngeal fricatives or approximants turn out on closer inspection to haveepiglottal consonantsinstead. For example, the candidate/ʕ/sound inArabicand standardHebrew(not modern Hebrew – Israelis generally pronounce this as aglottal stop) has been variously described as avoiced epiglottal fricative,an epiglottal approximant,[1]or apharyngealizedglottal stop.[2]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza | гӀапынхъамыз/g'apynkh "amyz | [ʕaːpənqaːməz] | 'March' | ||
| Arabic | اَلْـعَـرَبِيَّةُ/al-ʽarabiyya | [alʕaraˈbijːa] | 'Arabic' | SeeArabic phonology | |
| Assyrian | Eastern | ܬܪܥܐ/täroa | [tʌrʕɑ] | 'door' |
The majority of the speakers will pronounce the word as[tʌrɑ]. |
| Western | [tʌrʕɔ] | ||||
| Avar | гӀоркь/g'ork' | [ʕortɬʼː] | 'handle' | ||
| Chechen | Ӏан/jan/عـآن | 'winter' | |||
| Coeur d'Alene[3] | stʕin | [stʕin] | 'antelope' | ||
| Danish | Standard[4] | ravn | [ʕ̞ɑ̈wˀn] | 'raven' | An approximant;[4]also described as uvular[ʁ].[5]SeeDanish phonology |
| Dhao[6] | [ʕaa] | 'and' | Phonetic status is not clear, but it has "extremely limited distribution". It may not be pronounced at all or be realized as aglottal stop. | ||
| Dutch | Limburg[7] | rad | [ʕ̞ɑt] | 'wheel' | An approximant; a possible realization of/r/.[7]Realization of/r/varies considerably among dialects. SeeDutch phonology |
| German | Some speakers[8] | Mutter | [ˈmutɔʕ̞] | 'mother' | An approximant; occurs in East Central Germany, Southwestern Germany, parts of Switzerland and in Tyrol.[8]SeeStandard German phonology |
| Swabian dialect[9] | ändard | [ˈend̥aʕ̞d̥] | 'changes' | An approximant.[9]It's an allophone of/ʁ/innucleusandcodapositions;[9]pronounced as auvular approximantinonsets.[9] | |
| Hebrew | Iraqi | עִבְרִית/ʿivrît | [ʕibˈriːθ] | 'Hebrew language' | SeeModern Hebrew phonology |
| Sephardi | [ʕivˈɾit] | ||||
| Yemenite | |||||
| Ingush | Iаддал | [ʕaddal] | 'Archer' | ||
| Kabyle[10] | ɛemmi | [ʕəmːi] | 'my (paternal) uncle' | ||
| Kurdish | Kurmanji | ewr/'ewr | [ʕɜwr] | 'cloud' | The sound is usually not written in the Latin alphabet, but⟨'⟩can be used. |
| Khalaj | Standard | yâan | [jɑːɑ̯n] | 'side' | |
| Luwati | قلـعـة | [qilʕa] | 'castle' | Used in Arabic loanwords | |
| Malay | Kedah | باکـر/bakar | [ba.kaʕ] | 'burn' | Allophone of/r/as word-final coda. Could be voiced velar fricative [ɣ] for some speakers.[11] |
| Occitan | SouthernAuvergnat[citation needed] | pala | [ˈpaʕa] | 'shovel' | SeeOccitan phonology |
| Okanagan[12] | ʕaymt | [ʕajmt] | 'angry' | ||
| Somali | cunto/𐒋𐒚𐒒𐒂𐒙 | [ʕuntɔ] | 'food' | SeeSomali phonology | |
| Sioux | Stoney | marazhud | [maʕazud] | 'rain' | |
| Ukrainian | голос | [ˈʕɔlos] | 'voice' | Also described as glottal[ɦ].SeeUkrainian phonology | |
See also[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)
- ^Thelwall (1990)
- ^Doak, Ivy Grace (1997).Coeur d'Alene grammatical relations(PhD dissertation). Austin: University of Texas.
- ^abLadefoged & Maddieson (1996:323)
- ^Basbøll (2005:62)
- ^Grimes, Charles E. (1999). Dardjowidjojo, Soenjono; Nasanius, Yassir (eds.).Implikasi penelitian fonologis untuk cara menulis bahasa-bahasa daerah di Kawasan Timur Indonesia[Implications from phonological research for ways of writing vernacular languages in eastern Indonesia](PDF).PELBBA 12: Pertemuan Linguistik (Pusat Kajian) Bahasa dan Budaya Atma Jaya Kedua Belas (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Kanisius. pp. 173–197.
- ^abCollins & Mees (2003:201)
- ^abDudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:51)
- ^abcdHiller, Markus."Pharyngeals and 'lax' vowel quality"(PDF).Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2014-05-28.Retrieved2015-02-24.
- ^Bonafont (2006:9)
- ^Mohamed, Noriah (June 2009). "The Malay Chetty Creole Language of Malacca: A Historical and Linguistic Perspective".Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.82(1 (296)): 60.JSTOR41493734.
- ^Pattison, Lois Cornelia. "Douglas Lake Okanagan: Phonology and Morphology." University of British Columbia. 1978.
General references[edit]
- Basbøll, Hans(2005),The Phonology of Danish,Taylor & Francis,ISBN0-203-97876-5
- Bonafont, Door Rosa (2006),Guia de conversa universitaria amazic-catala/Tamazight-Takatalant amalal usiwel asdawan,University of Barcelona,ISBN9788447531141
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch(5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN9004103406
- Danylenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian,Lincom Europa,ISBN9783929075083
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962],Das Aussprachewörterbuch(in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag,ISBN978-3-411-04067-4
- Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian(1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages.Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN0-631-19815-6.
- Thelwall, Robin (1990). "Arabic".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.20(2): 37–41.doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266.S2CID243640727.
