Voiceless bilabial plosive
| Voiceless bilabial plosive | |
|---|---|
| p | |
| IPA Number | 101 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity(decimal) | p |
| Unicode(hex) | U+0070 |
| X-SAMPA | p |
| Braille |  |
Thevoiceless bilabial plosiveorstopis a type ofconsonantalsound used in mostspokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨p⟩, and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isp.
Features
[edit]
Features of the voiceless bilabial plosive:
- Itsmanner of articulationisocclusive,which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet,the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
- Itsplace of articulationisbilabial,which means it is articulated with bothlips.
- Itsphonationis voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, thecentral–lateraldichotomy does not apply.
- Itsairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Varieties
[edit]| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| p | plain p |
| pʰ | aspiratedp |
| pˠ | velarizedp |
| pʲ | palatalizedp |
| pʷ | labializedp |
| p̚ | p withno audible release |
| p̌ | voicedp |
| p͈ | tensep |
| pʼ | ejectivep |
Occurrence
[edit]Research has shown that incidental learning positively impacts the acquisition of the /p/ sound for Arabic speakers and other EFL learners.[1][2]This is particularly interesting given that the stop/p/is missing from about 10% of languages that have a/b/.(Seevoiced velar stopfor another such gap.) This is anareal featureof the circum-Saharan zone (Africa north of the equator plus theArabian Peninsula). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language (Arabic shifted/p/to/f/but the timing of this change is not known), or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern.[2]It is found in other areas as well; for example,Fijian,Onge,and manyPapuan languageshave/b/but no/p/.
Nonetheless, the/p/sound is very common cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain/p/,and some distinguish more than one variety. ManyIndo-Aryan languages,such asHindustani,have a two-way contrast between theaspirated/pʰ/and the plain/p/(also transcribed as[p˭]inextensions to the IPA).
Examples
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | паӏо/پائۆ/ paio | 'hat' | |||
| Arabic | Algerian | پاپيش/pāpīš | [paːpiːʃ] | 'beautiful girls' | |
| Hejazi | بول/پول/pōl | [po̞ːl] | 'Paul' | Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as ⟨ب⟩ by many speakers. | |
| Egyptian | كبش/kabš | [kɛpʃ] | 'ram' | Allophone of [b] before unvoiced consonants. Also used in loanwords. | |
| Armenian | Eastern[3] | պապիկ/papik | 'grandpa' | Contrasts withaspiratedform | |
| Assyrian | ܦܬܐpata | [pata] | 'face' | ||
| Basque | harrapatu | [(h)arapatu] | 'to catch' | ||
| Bengali | পথ | [pɔtʰ] | 'road' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeBengali phonology | |
| Catalan[4] | por | [ˈpɔ(ɾ)] | 'fear' | SeeCatalan phonology | |
| Chuvash | путене/putene | [put̬ʲɛ'nɛ] | 'quail' | ||
| Czech | pes | [pɛs] | 'dog' | SeeCzech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[5] | bog | [ˈpɔ̽wˀ] | 'book' | Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨b̥⟩ or ⟨b⟩. It may be partially voiced[b]in the intervocalic position.[6][7]It contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨pʰ⟩ or ⟨p⟩. SeeDanish phonology |
| Dutch[8] | plicht | [plɪxt] | 'duty' | SeeDutch phonology | |
| English | pack | [pʰæk] | 'pack' | SeeEnglish phonology | |
| Esperanto | tempo | [ˈtempo] | 'time' | SeeEsperanto phonology | |
| Filipino | pato | [paˈto] | 'duck' | ||
| Finnish | pappa | [ˈpɑpːɑ] | 'grandpa' | SeeFinnish phonology | |
| French[9] | pomme | [pɔm] | 'apple' | SeeFrench phonology | |
| Gan Chinese | Nanchangnese | Bả hí | [pa˨˩ɕi˩] | 'magic' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeNanchangnese phonology |
| German | Pack | [pʰak] | 'pile' | SeeStandard German phonology | |
| Greek | πόδι/pódi | [ˈpo̞ði] | 'leg' | SeeModern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | પગ/pag | [pəɡ] | 'foot' | SeeGujarati phonology | |
| Hakka Chinese | Meizhounese | Hà bá/ho²ba⁴ | [ho˩pa˥] | 'river' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeMeizhounese phonology |
| Hebrew | פּקיד/pakid | [pakid] | 'clerk' | SeeModern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | Urdu | پل/pal | [pəl] | 'moment' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeHindustani phonology |
| Hindi | पल/pal | ||||
| Hungarian | pápa | [ˈpaːpɒ] | 'pope' | SeeHungarian phonology | |
| Italian[10] | papà | [paˈpa] | 'dad' | SeeItalian phonology | |
| Japanese[11] | ポスト/posuto | [posɯto] | 'mailbox' | SeeJapanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | пэ/پە/ pė | 'nose' | |||
| Khmer | ពន្យល់/pônyól | [pɔnjɔl] | 'to explain' | SeeKhmer phonology | |
| Korean | 빛/bit | [pit̚] | 'light' | SeeKorean phonology | |
| Kurdish | Northern | پۆر /por | [ˈpʰoːɾ] | 'hair' | SeeKurdish phonology |
| Central | پیرۆزە/ píroze | [pʰiːɾoːzæ] | 'lammergeier' | ||
| Southern | پۊنگه/ pûûnga | [pʰʉːŋa] | 'pennyroyal' | ||
| Lakota | púza | [ˈpʊza] | 'dry' | ||
| Lithuanian | pastatas | [ˈpaːstɐtɐs] | 'building' | SeeLithuanian phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[12] | bëlleg | [ˈpələɕ] | 'cheap' | Less often voiced[b].It is usually transcribed/b/,and contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed/p/.[12]SeeLuxembourgish phonology | |
| Macedonian | пее/pee | [pɛː] | 'sing' | SeeMacedonian phonology | |
| Malay | panas | [pänäs] | 'hot' | Oftenunreleasedin syllable codas so /p/ is read as [p̚] instead inlembap[ləmbap̚]'damp'. SeeMalay phonology | |
| Maltese | aptit | [apˈtit] | 'appetite' | ||
| Mandarin | Dungan | бонцу | [pɑŋ˨˦t͡sʰou˨˦] | 'to assist' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeDungan phonology |
| Nanjingnese | Bán đại tử | [pɑŋ˦tɑ˦tsz̩] | 'teenager' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeNanjingnese phonology | |
| Sichuanese | Bất toán sự/bu² suan⁴ si⁴ | [pu˨˩suan˨˩˧sz̩˨˩˧] | 'ineffective' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeSichuanese phonology | |
| Standard | Bạo tạc/bàozhà | 'to explode' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeStandard Chinese phonology | ||
| Xi'annese | Bính | [pəŋ˦] | 'mattock' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeXi'annese phonology | |
| Marathi | पाऊस/paa'uus/pā'ūs | [pɑːˈuːs] | 'rain' | SeeMarathi phonology | |
| Min Chinese | Hokkien | Già phê/ko-pi | [ko˨pi˦] | 'coffee' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeHokkien phonology |
| Teochew | Tích/piah4 | [pʰiaʔ˨] | 'remote' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeTeochew phonology | |
| Fuzhounese | Bạch chàng/băh-dâung | [paʔ˨˩lɑuŋ˨˦˨] | 'trespasser' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeFuzhounese phonology | |
| Mutsun | po·čor | [poːt͡ʃor] | 'a sore' | ||
| Nepali | पिता/pitā | [pit̪ä] | 'father' | SeeNepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | pappa | [pɑpːɑ] | 'dad' | SeeNorwegian phonology | |
| Odia | ପଥର/pathara | [pɔʈʰɔrɔ] | 'stone' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Pashto | پانير/pa'nir | [pɑˈnir] | 'cheese' | ||
| Persian | پول/pul | [pul] | 'money' | ||
| Pirahã | pibaóí | [ˈpìbàóí̯] | 'otter' | ||
| Polish[13] | pas | 'belt' | SeePolish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[14] | pai | [paj] | 'father' | SeePortuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਪੱਤਾ/پتا/ pattā | [pət̪ːäː] | 'leaf' | ||
| Romanian | pas | [pas] | 'step' | SeeRomanian phonology | |
| Russian[15] | плод/plod | [pɫot̪] | 'fruit' | Contrasts withpalatalizedform. SeeRussian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[16] | пиће/piće | [pǐːt͡ɕě] | 'drink' | SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | pes | [pɛ̝s] | 'dog' | ||
| Slovene | pes | [pə̂s̪] | 'dog' | SeeSlovene phonology | |
| Spanish[17] | peso | [ˈpe̞so̞] | 'weight' | SeeSpanish phonology | |
| Swahili | pombe /پٗونْبٖ | [ˈpoᵐbɛ] | 'beer' | ||
| Swedish | apa | [ˈɑːˌpa] | 'monkey' | SeeSwedish phonology | |
| Telugu | పని | [pani] | 'work' | Contrasts with aspirated form in old Telugu. However aspirated form is almost always pronounced asvoiceless labiodental fricativein modern Telugu. | |
| Thai | แป้ง/paeng | [pɛ̂ːŋ] | 'powder' | SeeThai phonology | |
| Tsez | пу/pu | [pʰu] | 'side' | Contrasts with ejective form. | |
| Turkish | kap | [ˈkʰɑp] | 'pot' | SeeTurkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[18] | павук/pavuk | [pɐˈβ̞uk] | 'spider' | SeeUkrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese[19] | nhíp | [ɲip˧ˀ˥] | 'tweezers' | SeeVietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | siop | [ʃɔp] | 'shop' | SeeWelsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | panne | [ˈpɔnə] | 'pan' | ||
| Wu Chinese | Shanghainese | Tư tất linh/sy-piq-lin | [sz̩˧pi̯ɪʔ˦lin˨] | 'spring' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeShanghainese phonology |
| Suzhounese | Tiêu trí/piau¹-tsyu⁵ | [pi̯æ˥tsz̩ʷ˨˩] | 'pretty' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeSuzhounese phonology | |
| Wenzhounese | Nhãn lệ bát trấp/nga⁴-lei⁶-po⁷-tsai⁷ | [ŋalei̯po˥˧tsai̯˩˨] | 'tear' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeWenzhounese phonology | |
| Yi | ꀠ/ba | [pa˧] | 'exchange' | Contrastsaspiratedand unaspirated forms. | |
| Yue Chinese | Cantonese | Trư đầu bính/zyu¹ tau⁴bing² | [t͡ʃyː˥tʰɐu̯˨˩pɪŋ˧˥] | 'blockhead' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeCantonese phonology |
| Taishanese | Bạch | [pak̚˧˩] | 'white' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeTaishanese phonology | |
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik | panik | [panik] | 'daughter' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[20] | pan | [paŋ] | 'bread' | |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^"Impact of Watching Cartoons on Pronunciation of a Child in an EFL Setting: A Comparative Study with Problematic Sounds of EFL Learners – AWEJ".Retrieved2024-05-30.
- ^abAltakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Alsaraireh, Mohammad Yousef; Alhendi, Hiba (2022-10-01)."The impact of incidental learning on the acquisition of the sound /p/ by Arabic-speaking EFL learners".ExELL.10(1): 51–65.doi:10.2478/exell-2022-0010.
- ^Dum-Tragut (2009:17)
- ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^Basbøll (2005:61)
- ^Goblirsch (2018),pp. 134–5, citingFischer-Jørgensen (1952)andAbrahams (1949,pp. 116–21, 228–30).
- ^Puggaard-Rode, Horslund & Jørgensen (2022).
- ^Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^Okada (1999),p. 117.
- ^abGilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
- ^Jassem (2003:103)
- ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^Padgett (2003:42)
- ^Landau et al. (1999),p. 66.
- ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995),p. 4.
- ^Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ^Merrill (2008:108)
References
[edit]- Abrahams, Henrik (1949),Études phonétiques sur les tendances évolutives des occlusives germaniques,Aarhus University Press
- Basbøll, Hans(2005),The Phonology of Danish,Taylor & Francis,ISBN0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22(1–2): 53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID249411809
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25(2): 90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID249414876
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian,Lincom Europa,ISBN9783929075083
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian,Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fischer-Jørgensen, Eli(1952), "Om stemtheds assimilation", in Bach, H.; et al. (eds.),Festskrift til L. L. Hammerich,Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gad, pp. 116–129
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23(2): 73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID249404451
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43(1): 67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Goblirsch, Kurt (2018),Gemination, Lenition, and Vowel Lengthening: On the History of Quantity in Germanic,Cambridge University Press,ISBN978-1-107-03450-1
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22(2): 45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID243772965
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33(1): 103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003),"Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33(2): 255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008),"Tilquiapan Zapotec"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38(1): 107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese",in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN978-0-52163751-0
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian",Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,21(1): 39–87,doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505,S2CID13470826
- Puggaard-Rode, Rasmus; Horslund, Camilla Søballe; Jørgensen, Henrik (2022), "The rarity of intervocalic voicing of stops in Danish spontaneous speech",Laboratory Phonology,13(1),doi:10.16995/labphon.6449,hdl:1887/3304670
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34(1): 117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35(3): 454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR411232
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN0-521-65236-7
