Voiceless velar plosive
(Redirected fromVoiceless velar stop)
| Voiceless velar plosive | |
|---|---|
| k | |
| IPA Number | 109 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity(decimal) | k |
| Unicode(hex) | U+006B |
| X-SAMPA | k |
| Braille |  |
Thevoiceless velar plosiveorstopis a type ofconsonantalsound used in almost allspoken languages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨k⟩, and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isk.
The[k]sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain[k],and some distinguish more than one variety. MostIndo-Aryan languages,such asHindiandBengali,have a two-way contrast betweenaspiratedand plain[k].Only a few languages lack a voiceless velar plosive, e.g.TahitianandMongolian.
Some languages have thevoiceless pre-velar plosive,[1]which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypicalpalatal plosive.
Conversely, some languages have thevoiceless post-velar plosive,[2]which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as back as the prototypicaluvular plosive.
Features
[edit]
Features of the voiceless velar stop:
- Itsmanner of articulationisocclusive,which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet,the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
- Itsplace of articulationisvelar,which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue(the dorsum) at thesoft palate.
- Itsphonationis voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Itsairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Varieties
[edit]| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| k | plain k |
| kʰ | aspiratedk |
| kʲ | palatalizedk |
| kʷ | labializedk |
| k̚ | k withno audible release |
| k̬ | voicedk |
| k͈ | tensek |
| kʼ | ejectivek |
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ақалақь/ak̇halak̇h' | [ˈakalakʲ] | 'the city' | SeeAbkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | Shapsug | кьэт/k′ėt | 'chicken' | Dialectal; corresponds to[t͡ʃ]in other dialects. | |
| Temirgoy | пскэн/pskėn | [pskan] | 'to cough' | ||
| Ahtna | gistaann | [kɪstʰɐːn] | 'six' | ||
| Aleut[3] | kiikax̂ | [kiːkaχ] | 'cranberry bush' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[4] | كتب/kataba | [ˈkatabɐ] | 'he wrote' | SeeArabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[5] | քաղաք/ k'aġak'/k'aghak | [kʰɑˈʁɑkʰ] | 'town' | Contrasts with unaspirated form. |
| Assamese | কম/kom | [kɔm] | 'less' | ||
| Assyrian | ܟܬܒ̣ܐctava | [ktava] | 'book' | Used in mostvarieties,with the exception of theUrmiaandNochiyadialects where it corresponds to[t͡ʃ]. | |
| Basque | katu | [kat̪u] | 'cat' | ||
| Bengali | কম/kom | [kɔm] | 'less' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeBengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | как/kak | [kak] | 'how' | SeeBulgarian phonology | |
| Cantonese | Gia/gā | 'home' | SeeCantonese phonology | ||
| Kiều/Kiều/kìuh | [kʰi:u˨˩] | 'bridge' | |||
| Catalan[6] | cors | [ˈkɔ(ɾ)s] | 'hearts' | SeeCatalan phonology | |
| Chuvash | кукка | [ku'kːɑ] | 'mother's brother' | ||
| Czech | kost | [kost] | 'bone' | SeeCzech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[7] | gås | [ˈkɔ̽ːs] | 'goose' | Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɡ̊⟩ or ⟨ɡ⟩. Contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʰ⟩ or ⟨k⟩. SeeDanish phonology |
| Dutch[8] | koning | [ˈkoːnɪŋ] | 'king' | SeeDutch phonology | |
| English | kiss | 'kiss' | SeeEnglish phonology | ||
| Esperanto | rakonto | [raˈkonto] | 'tale' | SeeEsperanto phonology | |
| Estonian | kõik | [kɤik] | 'all' | SeeEstonian phonology | |
| Filipino | kuto | [ˈkuto] | 'lice' | ||
| Finnish | kakku | [kɑkːu] | 'cake' | SeeFinnish phonology | |
| French[9] | cabinet | [kabinɛ] | 'office' | SeeFrench phonology | |
| Georgian[10] | ქვა/kva | [kʰva] | 'stone' | ||
| German | Käfig | [ˈkʰɛːfɪç] | 'cage' | SeeStandard German phonology | |
| Greek | καλόγερος/kalógeros | [kaˈlo̞ʝe̞ro̞s̠] | 'monk' | SeeModern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | કાંદો/kaṃde | [kɑːnd̪oː] | 'onion' | SeeGujarati phonology | |
| Hebrew | כסף/kesef | [ˈkesef] | 'money' | SeeModern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hiligaynon | kadlaw | [kad̪law] | 'laugh' | ||
| Hindustani | काम/کام | [kɑːm] | 'work' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeHindustani phonology | |
| Hokkien | Ca/koa | [kua˧˨] | 'song' | SeeHokkien phonology | |
| Khu/Khu/khu | [kʰu˧˨] | 'district' | |||
| Hungarian | akkor | [ɒkkor] | 'then' | SeeHungarian phonology | |
| Italian[11] | casa | [ˈkäːzä] | 'house' | SeeItalian phonology | |
| Japanese[12] | Bạc/kaban | [kabaɴ] | 'handbag' | SeeJapanese phonology | |
| Kagayanen[13] | kalag | [kað̞aɡ] | 'spirit' | ||
| Khmer | កម្ពុជា/kâmpŭchéa | [kampuciːə] | 'Cambodia' | SeeKhmer phonology | |
| Korean | 감자/kamja | [kamdʑa] | 'potato' | SeeKorean phonology | |
| Lakota | kimímela | [kɪˈmɪmela] | 'butterfly' | ||
| Luxembourgish[14] | geess | [ˈkeːs] | 'goat' | Less often voiced[ɡ].It is usually transcribed in IPA as⟨ɡ⟩,and it contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed⟨k⟩.[14]SeeLuxembourgish phonology | |
| Macedonian | кој | [kɔj] | 'who' | SeeMacedonian phonology | |
| Marathi | कवच | [kəʋət͡s] | 'armour' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeMarathi phonology | |
| Malay | kaki | [käki] | 'leg' | Unreleasedin syllable codas in some words, SeeMalay phonology | |
| Malayalam | കഥ/kada | [käd̪ʰä] | 'story' | SeeMalayalam phonology | |
| Mandarin | Cao/gāo | 'high' | SeeMandarin phonology | ||
| Khảo/kǎo | [kʰɑʊ˨˩˦] | 'roast' (v.) | |||
| Nepali | केरा | [keɾä] | 'banana' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeNepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | kake | [kɑːkə] | 'cake' | SeeNorwegian phonology | |
| Odia | କାମ/kāma | [kämɔ] | 'work' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Pashto | كال/kal | [kɑl] | 'year' | ||
| Persian | کارد/kārd | [kɑrd] | 'knife' | ||
| Polish[15] | buk | 'beech tree' | SeePolish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[16] | corpo | [ˈkoɾpu] | 'body' | SeePortuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਕਰ/کر/kar | [kəɾ] | 'do' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Romanian[17] | când | [ˈkɨnd] | 'when' | SeeRomanian phonology | |
| Russian[18] | короткий/korotkiy | 'short' | SeeRussian phonology | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[19] | кост/kost | [kȏːs̪t̪] | 'bone' | SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | kosť | [kɔ̝sc] | 'bone' | SeeSlovak phonology | |
| Slovene | kost | [ˈkôːs̪t̪] | 'bone' | Aspirated beforeclose vowels.SeeSlovene phonology | |
| Spanish[20] | casa | [ˈkäsä] | 'house' | SeeSpanish phonology | |
| Swedish | ko | [ˈkʰuː] | 'cow' | SeeSwedish phonology | |
| Sylheti | ꠇꠤꠔꠣ/kita | [kɪt̪à] | 'what' | ||
| Tamil | கை/kai | [kəɪ̯] | 'hand' | SeeTamil phonology | |
| Telugu | కాకి/kāki | [kāki] | 'crow' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Thai | ไก่/kị̀ | [kaj˨˩] | 'chicken' | Contrasts with an aspirated form. | |
| Turkish | kulak | [kʰuɫäk] | 'ear' | SeeTurkish phonology | |
| Ubykh | кауар/kawar | [kawar] | 'slat' | Found mostly in loanwords. SeeUbykh phonology | |
| Ukrainian[21] | колесо/koleso | [ˈkɔɫɛsɔ] | 'wheel' | SeeUkrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese[22] | cam | [kam] | 'orange' | SeeVietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | calon | [kalɔn] | 'heart' | SeeWelsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | keal | [kɪəl] | 'calf' | SeeWest Frisian phonology | |
| Yi | ꇰ/ge | [kɤ˧] | 'foolish' | Contrastsaspiratedand unaspirated forms. | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[23] | canza | [kanza] | 'walking' | |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
- ^Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
- ^Ladefoged (2005),p. 165.
- ^Thelwall (1990),p. 37.
- ^Dum-Tragut (2009),p. 13.
- ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992),p. 53.
- ^Basbøll (2005:61)
- ^Gussenhoven (1992),p. 45.
- ^Fougeron & Smith (1993),p. 73.
- ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006),p. 255.
- ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004),p. 117.
- ^Okada (1999),p. 117.
- ^Olson et al. (2010),pp. 206–207.
- ^abGilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
- ^Jassem (2003),p. 103.
- ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995),p. 91.
- ^DEXOnline:[1]
- ^Padgett (2003),p. 42.
- ^Landau et al. (1999),p. 66.
- ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003),p. 255.
- ^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995),p. 4.
- ^Thompson (1959),pp. 458–461.
- ^Merrill (2008),p. 108.
References
[edit]- Basbøll, Hans(2005),The Phonology of Danish,Taylor & Francis,ISBN0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22(1–2): 53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID249411809
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25(2): 90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID249414876
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian,Lincom Europa,ISBN978-3-929075-08-3
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian,Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23(2): 73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID249404451
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43(1): 67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22(2): 45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID243772965
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33(1): 103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter(2005),Vowels and Consonants(Second ed.), Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33(2): 255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008),"Tilquiapan Zapotec"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38(1): 107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese",in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN978-0-52163751-0
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J. III (2010),"The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,40(2): 199–215,doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296,S2CID38504322
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian",Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,21(1): 39–87,doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505,S2CID13470826
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34(1): 117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),"Standard Georgian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36(2): 255–264,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,20(2): 37–41,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266,S2CID243640727
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35(3): 454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR411232
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN978-0-521-65236-0
