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WASP-121b

Coordinates:Sky map07h10m24.0s,−39° 05′ 51″
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WASP-121b / Tylos
Artist's impression of WASP-121b and its host star
Discovery[1]
Discovered byL. Delrezet al.
Discovery date2015
Transit
Designations
Tylos[2]
Orbital characteristics[3]
0.02596+0.00043
−0.00063AU
Eccentricity<0.0032
1.27492504(15)d
Inclination88.49°±0.16°
10°±10°
StarWASP-121
Physical characteristics[3]
1.753±0.036RJ
Mass1.157±0.070MJ
0.266+0.024
−0.022g/cm3
9.33+0.71
−0.67m/s2(0.95g)
Temperature2602±53K(2,329 °C; 4,224 °F)[4]

WASP-121b,formally namedTylos,[2]is anexoplanetorbiting thestarWASP-121.[5][6]WASP-121b is the first exoplanet found to containwaterin an extrasolar planetarystratosphere(i.e., anatmospheric layerin which temperatures increase as the altitude increases).[5][6]WASP-121b is in the constellationPuppis,[7]and is about 858light-yearsfrom Earth.[8][5][9]

Nomenclature

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In August 2022, this planet and its host star were included among 20 systems to be named by the thirdNameExoWorldsproject.[10]The approved names, proposed by a team fromBahrain,were announced in June 2023. WASP-121b is namedTylosafter theancient Greek namefor Bahrain, and its host star is namedDilmunafter theancient civilization.[2]

Characteristics

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WASP-121b - computer simulated views (August 2018)

WASP-121b is ahot Jupiterexoplanetwith a mass about 1.16 times that ofJupiterand a radius about 1.75 times that of Jupiter. The exoplanet orbitsWASP-121,its host star, every 1.27 days.[3]

In 2019 a work by Hellard et al. discussed the possibility of measuring theLove numberof transiting hot Jupiters using HST/STIS.A tentative measurement offor WASP-121b was published in the same work.[11][12]

The planetary orbit is inclined to the equatorial plane of the star by 8.1°.[13]

Atmospheric composition

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A spectral survey in 2015 attributed 2,500 °C (4,530 °F), hot[5]stratosphereabsorption bands towater molecules,titanium(II) oxide(TiO) andvanadium(II) oxide(VO).[14]Neutral iron was also detected in the stratosphere of WASP-121b in 2020,[15][16]along with neutralchromiumandvanadium.[17] The detection claims oftitanium(II) oxide(TiO) andvanadium(II) oxide(VO) have since been disproved.[6][18][19][20]

Reanalysis of aggregated spectral data was published in June 2020. Neutral magnesium, calcium, vanadium, chromium, iron, and nickel, along with ionized sodium atoms, were detected. The low quality of available data preclude a positive identification of any molecular species, including water. The atmosphere appears to be significantly out of chemical equilibrium and possibly escaping.[21]The strong atmospheric flows beyond theRoche lobe,indicating ongoing atmosphere loss, were confirmed in late 2020.[13]

In 2021, the planetary atmosphere turned out to be slightly more blue and less absorbing, which may be an indication of planetary weather patterns.[22]By mid-2021, the presence of ions ofiron,chromium,vanadiumandcalciumin the planetary atmosphere was confirmed.[23]In 2022, barium was also detected.[24]By 2022, an absence of titanium in the planetary atmosphere was confirmed and attributed to the nightside condensation of highly refractorytitanium dioxide.[25]

Observations by theHubble Space Telescopefrom 2016-2019, published in 2024, confirm variability in the atmosphere of WASP-121b.[26][27]

Possible exomoon

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The sodium detected viaabsorption spectroscopyaround WASP-121b[21]is consistent with an extrasolargas torus,possibly fueled by a hidden exo-Io.[28]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toWASP-121 b.

References

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  1. ^Delrez, L.; Santerne, A.; Almenara, J.-M.; Anderson, D. R.; Collier-Cameron, A.; Díaz, R. F.; Gillon, M.; Hellier, C.; Jehin, E.; Lendl, M.; Maxted, P. F. L.; Neveu-Vanmalle, M.; Pepe, F.; Pollacco, D.; Queloz, D.; Ségransan, D.; Smalley, B.; Smith, A. M. S.; Triaud, A. H. M. J.; Udry, S.; Van Grootel, V.; West, R. G. (2015), "WASP-121 b: A hot Jupiter close to tidal disruption transiting an active F star",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,458(4): 4025–4043,arXiv:1506.02471,Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458.4025D,doi:10.1093/mnras/stw522
  2. ^abc"2022 Approved Names".nameexoworlds.iau.org.IAU.Retrieved7 June2023.
  3. ^abcBourrier, V.; Ehrenreich, D.; et al. (March 2020). "Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS). III. Atmospheric structure of the misaligned ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b".Astronomy & Astrophysics.635:A205.arXiv:2001.06836.Bibcode:2020A&A...635A.205B.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936640.
  4. ^Changeat, Q.; Edwards, B.; et al. (May 2022)."Five Key Exoplanet Questions Answered via the Analysis of 25 Hot-Jupiter Atmospheres in Eclipse".The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series.260(1): 3.arXiv:2204.11729.Bibcode:2022ApJS..260....3C.doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac5cc2.
  5. ^abcdLandau, Elizabeth; Villard, Ray (2 August 2017)."Hubble Detects Exoplanet with Glowing Water Atmosphere".NASA.Retrieved2 August2017.
  6. ^abcEvans, Thomas M.; Sing, David K.; et al. (2 August 2017). "An ultrahot gas-giant exoplanet with a stratosphere".Nature.548(7665): 58–61.arXiv:1708.01076.Bibcode:2017Natur.548...58E.doi:10.1038/nature23266.ISSN1476-4687.PMID28770846.S2CID205258293.
  7. ^Staff."Finding the constellation which contains given sky coordinates".djm.cc.Retrieved3 August2017.
  8. ^Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023)."GaiaData Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties ".Astronomy and Astrophysics.674:A1.arXiv:2208.00211.Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940.S2CID244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this sourceatVizieR.
  9. ^Greicius, Tony (7 August 2018)."Water Is Destroyed, Then Reborn in Ultrahot Jupiters".NASA.Retrieved15 November2018.
  10. ^"List of ExoWorlds 2022".nameexoworlds.iau.org.IAU.8 August 2022.Retrieved27 August2022.
  11. ^Hellard, Hugo; Csizmadia, Szilárd; Padovan, Sebastiano; Sohl, Frank; Rauer, Heike (2020)."HST/STIS capability for Love number measurement of WASP-121b".The Astrophysical Journal.889(1): 66.arXiv:1912.05889.Bibcode:2020ApJ...889...66H.doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab616e.S2CID209324250.
  12. ^waspplanets (19 December 2019)."The tidal shape of the exoplanet WASP-121b".WASP Planets.Retrieved20 January2020.
  13. ^abBorsa, F.; et al. (2021), "Atmospheric Rossiter–McLaughlineffect and transmission spectroscopy of WASP-121b with ESPRESSO ",Astronomy & Astrophysics,645:A24,arXiv:2011.01245,Bibcode:2021A&A...645A..24B,doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039344,S2CID226237425
  14. ^Staff (2015)."Planet WASP-121 b".Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia.Retrieved3 August2017.
  15. ^Gibson, Neale P.; Merritt, Stephanie; Nugroho, Stevanus K.; Cubillos, Patricio E.; de Mooij, Ernst J. W.; Mikal-Evans, Thomas; Fossati, Luca; Lothringer, Joshua; Nikolov, Nikolay; Sing, David K.; Spake, Jessica J.; Watson, Chris A.; Wilson, Jamie (2020)."Detection of Fe I in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b, and a new likelihood-based approach for Doppler-resolved spectroscopy".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.493(2): 2215.arXiv:2001.06430.Bibcode:2020MNRAS.493.2215G.doi:10.1093/mnras/staa228.S2CID210714233.
  16. ^Cabot, Samuel H. C.; Madhusudhan, Nikku; Welbanks, Luis; Piette, Anjali; Gandhi, Siddharth (2020)."Detection of neutral atomic species in the ultra-hot jupiter WASP-121b".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.494(1): 363–377.arXiv:2001.07196.Bibcode:2020MNRAS.494..363C.doi:10.1093/mnras/staa748.S2CID210838889.
  17. ^Ben-Yami, Maya; Madhusudhan, Nikku; Cabot, Samuel H. C.; Constantinou, Savvas; Piette, Anjali; Gandhi, Siddharth; Welbanks, Luis (2020)."Neutral Cr and V in the Atmosphere of Ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121 B".The Astrophysical Journal.897(1): L5.arXiv:2006.05995.Bibcode:2020ApJ...897L...5B.doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab94aa.S2CID219573825.
  18. ^Mikal-Evans, Thomas (27 June 2019)."An emission spectrum for WASP-121b measured across the 0.8–1.1 μm wavelength range using the Hubble Space Telescope".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.488(2): 2222–2234.arXiv:1906.06326.Bibcode:2019MNRAS.488.2222M.doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1753.hdl:10150/634587.
  19. ^Merritt, S. R.; Gibson, N. P.; Nugroho, S. K.; Mooij, E. J. W. de; Hooton, M. J.; Matthews, S. M.; McKemmish, L. K.; Mikal-Evans, T.; Nikolov, N.; Sing, D. K.; Spake, J. J. (1 April 2020)."Non-detection of TiO and VO in the atmosphere of WASP-121b using high-resolution spectroscopy".Astronomy & Astrophysics.636:A117.arXiv:2002.02795.Bibcode:2020A&A...636A.117M.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937409.ISSN0004-6361.
  20. ^Mikal-Evans, Thomas; Sing, David K.; Kataria, Tiffany; Wakeford, Hannah R.; Mayne, Nathan J.; Lewis, Nikole K.; Barstow, Joanna K.; Spake, Jessica J. (2020)."Confirmation of water emission in the dayside spectrum of the ultrahot Jupiter WASP-121b".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.496(2): 1638–1644.arXiv:2005.09631.Bibcode:2020MNRAS.496.1638M.doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1628.S2CID218684532.
  21. ^abHoeijmakers, H.J.; Seidel, J.V.; Pino, L.; Kitzmann, D.; Sindel, J.P.; Ehrenreich, D.; Oza, A.V.; Bourrier, V.; Allart, R.; Gebek, A.; Lovis, C.; Yurchenko, S.N.; Astudillo-Defru, N.; Bayliss, D.; Cegla, H.; Lavie, B.; Lendl, M.; Melo, C.; Murgas, F.; Nascimbeni, V.; Pepe, F.; Segransan, D.; Udry, S.; Wyttenbach, A.; Heng, K. (18 September 2020). "Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) - IV. A spectral inventory of atoms and molecules in the high-resolution transmission spectrum of WASP-121 b".Astronomy & Astrophysics.641:A123.arXiv:2006.11308.Bibcode:2020A&A...641A.123H.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038365.S2CID219966241.
  22. ^Wilson, Jamie; Gibson, Neale P.; Lothringer, Joshua D.; Sing, David K.; Mikal-Evans, Thomas; De Mooij, Ernst J W.; Nikolov, Nikolay; Watson, Chris A. (2021), "Gemini/GMOS optical transmission spectroscopy of WASP-121b: Signs of variability in an ultra-hot Jupiter?",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,503(4): 4787–4801,arXiv:2103.05698,doi:10.1093/mnras/stab797
  23. ^Merritt, Stephanie R.; Gibson, Neale P.; Nugroho, Stevanus K.; De Mooij, Ernst J W.; Hooton, Matthew J.; Lothringer, Joshua D.; Matthews, Shannon M.; Mikal-Evans, Thomas; Nikolov, Nikolay; Sing, David K.; Watson, Chris A. (2021), "An inventory of atomic species in the atmosphere of WASP-121b using UVES high-resolution spectroscopy",Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,506(3): 3853–3871,arXiv:2106.15394,doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1878
  24. ^Azevedo Silva, T.; et al. (2022), "Detection of barium in the atmospheres of the ultra-hot gas giants WASP-76b and WASP-121b",Astronomy & Astrophysics,666:L10,arXiv:2210.06892,doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244489,S2CID252873126
  25. ^Hoeijmakers, H. J.; Kitzmann, D.; Morris, B. M.; Prinoth, B.; Borsato, N.; Pino, L.; Lee, E. K. H.; Akın, C.; Heng, K. (2022), "The Mantis Network III: A titanium cold-trap on the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121 b.",Astronomy and Astrophysics,685,arXiv:2210.12847,Bibcode:2024A&A...685A.139H,doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244968
  26. ^"Hubble observes a changing exoplanet atmosphere".esahubble.org.ESA.4 January 2024.Retrieved4 January2024.
  27. ^Changeat, Quentin; Skinner, Jack W.; et al. (January 2024)."Is the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b variable?".The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series.270(2): 34.arXiv:2401.01465.Bibcode:2024ApJS..270...34C.doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad1191.
  28. ^Gebek, Andrea; Oza, Apurva (29 July 2020)."Alkaline exospheres of exoplanet systems: evaporative transmission spectra".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.497(4): 5271–5291.arXiv:2005.02536.Bibcode:2020MNRAS.497.5271G.doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2193.S2CID218516741.Retrieved8 December2020.
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