Jump to content

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the list for children, seeWHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children.

TheWHO Model List of Essential Medicines(akaEssential Medicines ListorEML[1]), published by theWorld Health Organization(WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in ahealth system.[2]The list is frequently used by countries to help develop their own local lists ofessential medicines.[2]As of 2016,more than 155 countries have created national lists of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization's model list.[1]This includes bothdevelopedanddevelopingcountries.[2][3]

The list is divided into core items and complementary items.[4]The core items are deemed to be the mostcost-effectiveoptions for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources.[4]The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trainedhealth care providersordiagnostic equipmentor have a lowercost–benefit ratio.[4]About 25% of items are in the complementary list.[5]Some medications are listed as both core and complementary.[6]While most medications on the list are available asgeneric products,being underpatentdoes not preclude inclusion.[7]

The first list was published in 1977 and included 208 medications.[8][2][9]The WHO updates the list every two years.[10]There are 306 medications in the 14th list in 2005,[11]410 in the 19th list in 2015,[10]433 in the 20th list in 2017,[12][13]460 in the 21st list in 2019,[14][15][16]and 479 in the 22nd list in 2021.[17][18]Various national lists contain between 334 and 580 medications.[5][19]The Essential Medicines List (EML) was updated in July 2023 to its 23rd edition. This list contains 1200 recommendations for 591 drugs and 103 therapeutic equivalents.[20]

A separate list for children up to 12 years of age, known as theWHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children(EMLc), was created in 2007 and is in its 9th edition.[10][21][22][23]It was created to make sure that the needs of children were systematically considered such as availability of properformulations.[24][25]Everything in the children's list is also included in the main list.[26]The list and notes are based on the 19th to 23rd edition of the main list.[4][12][14][17][27]Therapeutic alternatives with similar clinical performance are listed for some medicines and they may be considered for national essential medicines lists.[17][18]The 9th Essential Medicines List for Children was updated in July 2023.[23][28]

Note: Anαindicates a medicine is on the complementary list.[4][14][17]

Anaesthetics, preoperative medicines and medical gases[edit]

General anaesthetics and oxygen[edit]

Inhalational medicines[edit]

Injectable medicines[edit]

Local anaesthetics[edit]

Complementary:

Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures[edit]

Medical gases[edit]

Medicines for pain and palliative care[edit]

Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)[edit]

A line drawing of a hexagon with two attachments
Askeletal modelof the chemical structure of aspirin

Opioid analgesics[edit]

Complementary:

Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care[edit]

Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis[edit]

Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings[edit]

Non-specific[edit]

Specific[edit]

Complementary:

Medicines for diseases of the nervous system[edit]

Antiseizure medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Medicines for multiple sclerosis[edit]

Complementary:

Medicines for parkinsonism[edit]

Anti-infective medicines[edit]

Anthelminthics[edit]

Intestinal anthelminthics[edit]

A hexagon joined to a polygon with two attachments to this double ringed structure
A skeletal model of the chemical structure of albendazole

Antifilarials[edit]

Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Cysticidal medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Antibacterials[edit]

Access group antibiotics[edit]

Watch group antibiotics[edit]

Complementary:

Reserve group antibiotics[edit]

Reserve antibiotics are last-resort antibiotics. The EML antibiotic book was published in 2022.[29][30][31]

Complementary:

Antileprosy medicines[edit]

Antituberculosis medicines[edit]

A small pile of white crystals
Pure crystals of ethambutol

Complementary:

Antifungal medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Antiviral medicines[edit]

Antiherpes medicines[edit]

Antiretrovirals[edit]

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors[edit]
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors[edit]
Protease inhibitors[edit]
Two dark blue capsules with writing on them
Two capsules of atazanavir
Integrase inhibitors[edit]
Fixed-dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines[edit]
Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections[edit]
Other antivirals[edit]

Complementary:

Antihepatitis medicines[edit]

Medicines for hepatitis B[edit]
Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors[edit]
Medicines for hepatitis C[edit]
Pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations[edit]
Non-pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations[edit]
Other antivirals for hepatitis C[edit]

Antiprotozoal medicines[edit]

Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines[edit]

Antileishmaniasis medicines[edit]

Antimalarial medicines[edit]

For curative treatment[edit]
For chemoprevention[edit]

Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Antitrypanosomal medicines[edit]

African trypanosomiasis[edit]
Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis[edit]
Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis[edit]

Complementary:

American trypanosomiasis[edit]

Medicines for ectoparasitic infections[edit]

Medicines for Ebola virus disease[edit]

Medicines for COVID-19[edit]

No listings in this section.

Antimigraine medicines[edit]

For treatment of acute attack[edit]

For prophylaxis[edit]

Immunomodulators and antineoplastics[edit]

Immunomodulators for non-malignant disease[edit]

Complementary:

Antineoplastics and supportive medicines[edit]

Cytotoxic medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Targeted therapies[edit]

Complementary:

Immunomodulators[edit]

Complementary:

Hormones and antihormones[edit]

Complementary:

Supportive medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Therapeutic foods[edit]

Medicines affecting the blood[edit]

Antianaemia medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Medicines affecting coagulation[edit]

Complementary:

Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies[edit]

Complementary:

Blood products of human origin and plasma substitutes[edit]

Blood and blood components[edit]

A straw colored liquid inside a clear plastic bag
Bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasma

Plasma-derived medicines[edit]

Human immunoglobulins[edit]

Complementary:

Blood coagulation factors[edit]

Complementary:

Plasma substitutes[edit]

Cardiovascular medicines[edit]

Antianginal medicines[edit]

Antiarrhythmic medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Antihypertensive medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Medicines used in heart failure[edit]

Complementary:

Antithrombotic medicines[edit]

Anti-platelet medicines[edit]

Thrombolytic medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Lipid-lowering agents[edit]

Fixed-dose combinations for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease[edit]

Dermatological medicines (topical)[edit]

Antifungal medicines[edit]

Anti-infective medicines[edit]

Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines[edit]

Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation[edit]

Complementary:

Scabicides and pediculicides[edit]

Diagnostic agents[edit]

Ophthalmic medicines[edit]

Radiocontrast media[edit]

Complementary:

Antiseptics and disinfectants[edit]

Antiseptics[edit]

Disinfectants[edit]

Diuretics[edit]

Complementary:

Gastrointestinal medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Antiulcer medicines[edit]

Antiemetic medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Anti-inflammatory medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Laxatives[edit]

Medicines used in diarrhoea[edit]

Oral rehydration[edit]

Medicines for diarrhoea[edit]

Medicines for endocrine disorders[edit]

Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes[edit]

Androgens[edit]

Complementary:

Estrogens[edit]

No listings in this section.

Progestogens[edit]

Medicines for diabetes[edit]

Insulins[edit]

Oral hypoglycaemic agents[edit]

Complementary:

Medicines for hypoglycaemia[edit]

Complementary:

Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines[edit]

Complementary:

Medicines for disorders of the pituitary hormone system[edit]

Complementary:

Immunologicals[edit]

Diagnostic agents[edit]

Sera, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies[edit]

Vaccines[edit]

A small vial with writing on it being removed from a cardboard package
A vial of oral cholera vaccine

Recommendations for all

Recommendations for certain regions

Recommendations for some high-risk populations

Recommendations for immunization programmes with certain characteristics

Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors[edit]

Complementary:

Ophthalmological preparations[edit]

Anti-infective agents[edit]

Anti-inflammatory agents[edit]

Local anesthetics[edit]

Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines[edit]

Mydriatics[edit]

Complementary:

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) preparations[edit]

Complementary:

Medicines for reproductive health and perinatal care[edit]

Contraceptives[edit]

Oral hormonal contraceptives[edit]

Injectable hormonal contraceptives[edit]

Intrauterine devices[edit]

Barrier methods[edit]

Implantable contraceptives[edit]

Intravaginal contraceptives[edit]

Ovulation inducers[edit]

Complementary:

Uterotonics[edit]

Antioxytocics (tocolytics)[edit]

Other medicines administered to the mother[edit]

Medicines administered to the neonate[edit]

Complementary:

Peritoneal dialysis solution[edit]

Complementary:

Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders[edit]

Medicines used in psychotic disorders[edit]

Complementary:

Medicines used in mood disorders[edit]

Medicines used in depressive disorders[edit]

Medicines used in bipolar disorders[edit]

Medicines for anxiety disorders[edit]

Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders[edit]

Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use[edit]

Medicines for alcohol use disorders[edit]

Medicines for nicotine use disorders[edit]

Complementary:

Medicines acting on the respiratory tract[edit]

Antiasthmatic medicines and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[edit]

Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances[edit]

Oral[edit]

Parenteral[edit]

Miscellaneous[edit]

Vitamins and minerals[edit]

Complementary:

Ear, nose and throat medicines[edit]

Medicines for diseases of joints[edit]

Medicines used to treat gout[edit]

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)[edit]

Complementary:

Medicines for juvenile joint diseases[edit]

Complementary:

Dental medicines and preparations[edit]

Notes[edit]

Anαindicates the medicine is on the complementary list for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring or training is needed. An item may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or a less attractivecost-benefit ratio.[4][14]

  1. ^(For use in spinal anaesthesia during delivery, to prevent hypotension).
  2. ^No more than 30% oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation.
  3. ^Not in children less than three months.
  4. ^Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect.
  5. ^For the management of cancer pain
  6. ^Hydromorphoneandoxycodoneare alternatives
  7. ^For the management of cancer pain.
  8. ^abDolasetron,granisetron,palonosetron,andtropisetronare alternatives
  9. ^Cetirizineandfexofenadineare alternatives
  10. ^There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications (EMLc).
  11. ^Prednisoneis an alternative
  12. ^For use as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant partial or generalized seizures.
  13. ^Diazepamandmidazolamare alternatives
  14. ^For use in eclampsia and severe pre‐eclampsia and not for other convulsant disorders.
  15. ^For buccal administration when solution for oromucosal administration is not available.
  16. ^The presence of both 25 mg/5 mL and 30 mg/5 mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.
  17. ^abcAvoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child-bearing potential, unless alternative treatments are ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of birth defects and developmental disorders in children exposed to valproate in the womb.
  18. ^abcdefghijkIncluding quality-assured biosimilars
  19. ^Trihexyphenidylis an alternative
  20. ^benserazideis an alternative for carbidopa
  21. ^Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails.
  22. ^> 1 month.
  23. ^Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than two years and in adults.
  24. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (J01CFBeta-lactamase resistant penicillins)
  25. ^cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability.
  26. ^Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when no alternative exists.
  27. ^Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable.
  28. ^Third-generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates.
  29. ^Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinemia.
  30. ^> 41 weeks corrected gestational age.
  31. ^Erythromycinis an alternative as second choice treatment for pharyngitis in children (EMLc only)
  32. ^For use in combination regimens for eradication ofH. pyloriin adults.
  33. ^Vancomycin powder for injection may also be used for oral administration
  34. ^Imipenem/cilastatinis an alternative for complicated intraabdominal infections and high-risk febrile neutropenia only, except for acute bacterial meningitis in neonates, where meropenem is preferred
  35. ^Tedizolid phosphateis an alternative
  36. ^For use only in patients with HIV receiving protease inhibitors.
  37. ^For use only in combination withmeropenemorimipenem/cilastatin.
  38. ^Terizidoneis an alternative
  39. ^Prothionamideis an alternative
  40. ^Imipenem/cilastatinis an alternative
  41. ^For treatment of chronic pulmonaryaspergillosis,histoplasmosis,sporotrichosis,paracoccidioidomycosis,mycoses caused byTalaromyces marneffeiandchromoblastomycosis;and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and infections caused byTalaromyces marneffeiin AIDS patients.
  42. ^For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis.
  43. ^Anidulafunginandcaspofunginare alternatives
  44. ^Valacicloviris an alternative
  45. ^also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis.
  46. ^> 6 weeks
  47. ^> 3 years
  48. ^For use in pregnant women and in second-line regimens in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines.
  49. ^ablamivudineis an alternative for emtricitabine
  50. ^combination also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis
  51. ^For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers
  52. ^For the treatment ofcytomegalovirusretinitis (CMVr).
  53. ^For severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients
  54. ^For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
  55. ^Pangenotypic when used in combination withsofosbuvir
  56. ^Pangenotypic when used in combination withsofosbuvir
  57. ^Pangenotypic when used in combination withdaclatasvirorravidasvir
  58. ^For the treatment of hepatitis C, in combination with direct acting anti-viral medicines
  59. ^> 25 kg.
  60. ^Tinidazoleis an alternative
  61. ^Liposomal amphotericin B has a better safety profile than the sodium deoxycholate formulation and should be prioritized for selection and use depending on local availability and cost.
  62. ^abTo be used in combination withartesunate50 mg.
  63. ^For use in the management of severe malaria.
  64. ^Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg.
  65. ^To be used in combination with eitheramodiaquine,mefloquine,orsulfadoxine+pyrimethamine.
  66. ^Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate are alternatives
  67. ^> 5 kg
  68. ^For use only for the treatment ofPlasmodium vivaxinfection.
  69. ^> 5 kg
  70. ^For use only in combination withquinine.
  71. ^Only for use to achieve radical cure ofPlasmodium vivaxandPlasmodium ovaleinfections, given for 14 days.
  72. ^For use only in the management of severe malaria, and should be used in combination withdoxycycline.
  73. ^Only in combination withartesunate50 mg.
  74. ^For use only in Central American regions, forPlasmodium vivaxinfections.
  75. ^> 8 years.
  76. ^> 5 kg or > 3 months.
  77. ^For use only in combination withchloroquine.
  78. ^For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage human African trypanosomiasis due toTrypanosoma brucei gambienseinfection.
  79. ^To be used for the treatment ofTrypanosoma brucei gambienseinfection.
  80. ^To be used for the treatment of the initial phase ofTrypanosoma brucei rhodesienseinfection.
  81. ^To be used for the treatment ofTrypanosoma brucei gambienseinfection
  82. ^Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment ofTrypanosoma brucei gambienseinfection.
  83. ^The presence of both 120 mg/5 mL and 125 mg/5mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.
  84. ^abCertolizumab pegol,etanercept,golimumabandinfliximabare alternatives, including quality-assuredbiosimilars
  85. ^Afatinibandgefitinibare alternatives
  86. ^Pembrolizumabis an alternative, including quality-assuredbiosimilars
  87. ^Enzalutamideis an alternative
  88. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (L02BGAromatase inhibitors)
  89. ^Flutamideandnilutamideare alternatives
  90. ^Goserelinandtriptorelinare alternatives
  91. ^Prednisoneis an alternative
  92. ^Biscuit or paste of nutritional composition as determined by the UN joint statement on the community-based management of severe acute malnutrition andCodex alimentariusguidelines.
  93. ^periconceptual use for prevention of first occurrence of neural tube defects
  94. ^Epoetin alfa,betaandtheta;darbepoetin alfa;methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta;and their quality-assured biosimilars are alternatives
  95. ^Apixaban,edoxaban,andrivaroxabanare alternatives
  96. ^Alternatives aredalteparinandnadroparin,including their quality-assured biosimilars.
  97. ^Deferiproneis an alternative
  98. ^cryoprecipitate (not pathogen-reduced) is an alternative
  99. ^coagulation factor IX complex is an alternative
  100. ^Polygeline,injectable solution, 3.5% is considered an alternative
  101. ^abcCarvedilolandmetoprololare alternatives
  102. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CADihydropyridine derivatives)
  103. ^Includesatenolol,carvedilol,andmetoprololas alternatives. Atenolol should not be used as a first-line agent in uncomplicated hypertension in patients > 60 years.
  104. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AAACE inhibitors, plain)
  105. ^Hydralazine is listed for use only in the acute management of severe pregnancy-induced hypertension. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater efficacy and safety of other medicines.
  106. ^abcChlorothiazide,chlorthalidone,andindapamideare alternatives
  107. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AAACE inhibitors, plain) (for lisinopril) and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CADihydropyridine derivatives) (for amlodipine)
  108. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AAACE inhibitors, plain) (for lisinopril) and chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for hydrochlorothiazide)
  109. ^abAlternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CAAngiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain)
  110. ^Methyldopa is listed for use only in the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater efficacy and safety of other medicines.
  111. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CAAngiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for telmisartan) and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CADihydropyridine derivatives) (for amlodipine)
  112. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CAAngiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for telmisartan) and chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for hydrochlorothiazide)
  113. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AAACE inhibitors, plain)
  114. ^Bumetanideandtorasemideare alternatives
  115. ^For use in high‐risk patients.Atorvastatin,fluvastatin,lovastatin,andpravastatinare alternatives
  116. ^abfluvastatin,lovastatin,pravastatin,andsimvastatinare alternatives for atorvastatin
  117. ^ab4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AAACE inhibitors, plain) are alternatives for ramipril
  118. ^atorvastatin,fluvastatin,lovastatin,andpravastatinare alternatives for simvastatin
  119. ^bisoprolol,carvedilol,andmetoprololare alternatives for atenolol
  120. ^chlorthalidone,chlorothiazide,andindapamideare alternatives for hydrochlorothiazide
  121. ^4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AAACE inhibitors, plain) are alternatives for perindopril
  122. ^4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CADihydropyridine derivatives) are alternatives for amlodipine
  123. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D01ACImidazole and triazole derivatives) excluding combinations
  124. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07ACCorticosteroids, potent (group III))
  125. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AACorticosteroids, weak (group I))
  126. ^Calcitriolandtacalcitolare alternatives
  127. ^Podophyllotoxinis an alternative
  128. ^precipitated sulfur topical ointment is an alternative
  129. ^Atropineandcyclopentolateare alternatives
  130. ^Propanolis an alternative
  131. ^Iodineis an alternative
  132. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D08AEPhenol and derivatives)
  133. ^Bumetanideandtorasemideare alternatives
  134. ^Chlorothiazideandchlorthalidoneare alternatives
  135. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BCProton pump inhibitors) excluding combinations
  136. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BAH2-receptor antagonists) excluding combinations
  137. ^Mesalazineis an alternative
  138. ^Bisacodylis an alternative
  139. ^In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts.
  140. ^Norethisteroneis an alternative
  141. ^Insulin degludec,insulin detemir,andinsulin glargine,including quality-assured biosimilars are alternatives
  142. ^Canagliflozinanddapagliflozinare alternatives
  143. ^Glibenclamide not suitable above 60 years. Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A10BBSulfonylureas)
  144. ^abCarbimazoleis an alternative depending on local availability
  145. ^For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available; and in patients during the first trimester of pregnancy.
  146. ^For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available
  147. ^bromocriptineis an alternative
  148. ^Exact type to be defined locally
  149. ^abcRecommended for certain regions
  150. ^abcdefRecommended for some high-risk populations
  151. ^abcRecommended only for immunization programmes with certain characteristics
  152. ^atracuriumis an alternative
  153. ^For infections due toChlamydia trachomatisorNeisseria gonorrhoeae.
  154. ^Amikacin,kanamycin,netilmicin,andtobramycinare alternatives
  155. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01AEFluoroquinolones)
  156. ^Chlortetracyclineandoxytetracyclineare alternatives
  157. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01HALocal anaesthetics) excluding cocaine and combinations
  158. ^Carbacholis an alternative
  159. ^Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01EDBeta blocking agents) excluding combinations
  160. ^Cyclopentolate hydrochlorideorhomatropine hydrobromideare alternatives only for the EMLc
  161. ^For use in women actively breastfeeding at least 4 times per day
  162. ^anastrozoleis an alternative
  163. ^Methylergometrineis an alternative
  164. ^Wherepermitted under national lawand whereculturally acceptable.
  165. ^Only for use for induction of labour where appropriate facilities are available.
  166. ^Indometacinis an alternative
  167. ^Prostaglandin E2is an alternative
  168. ^haloperidol decanonateandzuclopenthixol decanonateare alternatives
  169. ^Chlorpromazineis an alternative for the tablet
  170. ^Risperidoneinjection is an alternative
  171. ^aripiprazole,olanzapine,paliperidone,andquetiapineare alternatives
  172. ^abcCitalopram,escitalopram,fluvoxamine,paroxetine,andsertralineare alternatives
  173. ^aripiprazole,olanzapine,andpaliperidoneare alternatives
  174. ^lorazepamis an alternative
  175. ^For short-term emergency management of acute and severe anxiety symptoms only
  176. ^buprenorphineis an alternative. The medicines should only be used within an established support programme.
  177. ^Beclometasone,ciclesonide,flunisolide,fluticasone,andmometasoneare alternatives
  178. ^Beclometasone/formoterol,budesonide/salmeterol,fluticasone/formoterol,fluticasone furoate/vilanterol,andmometasone/formoterolare alternatives
  179. ^Terbutalineis an alternative
  180. ^Aclidinium,glycopyrronium,andumeclidiniumare alternatives
  181. ^Ergocalciferolis an alternative
  182. ^Colecalciferolis an alternative
  183. ^Ofloxacinis an alternative
  184. ^For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease
  185. ^triamcinolone acetonideis an alternative
  186. ^of any type for use as dental sealant
  187. ^of any type for use as dental filling material

References[edit]

  1. ^ab"The WHO Essential Medicines List (EML): 30th anniversary".World Health Organization. Archived fromthe originalon 27 May 2014.Retrieved26 June2016.
  2. ^abcd"Essential medicines".World Health Organization.Archived fromthe originalon 2 October 2008.Retrieved19 January2017.
  3. ^Persaud N, Jiang M, Shaikh R, Bali A, Oronsaye E, Woods H, et al. (June 2019)."Comparison of essential medicines lists in 137 countries".Bull. World Health Organ.97(6): 394–404C.doi:10.2471/BLT.18.222448.hdl:10665/325509.ISSN0042-9686.PMC6560372.PMID31210677.
  4. ^abcdef"19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines"(PDF).World Health Organization. April 2015. p. Annex 1.Retrieved17 January2017.
  5. ^abBansal D, Purohit VK (January 2013)."Accessibility and use of essential medicines in health care: Current progress and challenges in India".Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics.4(1): 13–18.doi:10.4103/0976-500X.107642.PMC3643337.PMID23662019.
  6. ^World Health Organization (2003). The selection and use of essential medicines (Report).World Health Organization(WHO).hdl:10665/42826.ISBN92-4-120920-8.WHO technical report series 920.
  7. ^Beall R (2016)."Patents and the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (18th Edition): Clarifying the Debate on IP and Access"(PDF).World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO).Retrieved3 May2017.
  8. ^World Health Organization(1977).The selection of essential drugs: report of a WHO expert committee [meeting held in Geneva from 17 to 21 October 1977].Geneva: World Health Organization.hdl:10665/41272.ISBN92-4-120615-2.Technical report series; no. 615.
  9. ^Wirtz VJ, Hogerzeil HV, Gray AL, Bigdeli M, de Joncheere CP, Ewen MA, et al. (January 2017)."Essential medicines for universal health coverage".Lancet.389(10067): 403–476.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31599-9.PMC7159295.PMID27832874.
  10. ^abc"WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines".World Health Organization.The current versions are the 21st WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) and the 7th WHO Essential Medicines List for Children (EMLc) updated in June 2019.
  11. ^Prakash B, Nadig P, Nayak A (2016)."Rational Prescription for a Dermatologist".Indian Journal of Dermatology.61(1): 32–38.doi:10.4103/0019-5154.174017.PMC4763692.PMID26955092.
  12. ^abWorld Health Organization(2017).WHO model list of essential medicines, 20th list (March 2017, amended August 2017).Geneva.hdl:10665/273826.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^"Essential Medicines List and WHO Model Formulary".World Health Organization.Archived fromthe originalon 3 August 2008.Retrieved5 May2018.
  14. ^abcdWorld Health Organization(2019).World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019.Geneva.hdl:10665/325771.WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^World Health Organization(2019).Executive summary: the selection and use of essential medicines 2019: report of the 22nd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines.Geneva.hdl:10665/325773.WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.05. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^"Strengthening access to essential medicines".World Health Organization.Retrieved3 May2020.
  17. ^abcdWorld Health Organization(2021).World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021).Geneva: World Health Organization.hdl:10665/345533.WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
  18. ^abWorld Health Organization(2021).Executive summary: the selection and use of essential medicines 2021: report of the 23rd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines: virtual meeting, 21 June–2 July 2021.Geneva: World Health Organization.hdl:10665/345554.WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.01.
  19. ^World Health Organization(2021).The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2021 (including the 22nd WHO model list of essential medicines and the 8th WHO model list of essential medicines for children).Geneva: World Health Organization.hdl:10665/351172.ISBN978-92-4-004114-1.WHO technical report series;1035. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  20. ^"WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines".World Health Organization.Retrieved8 August2023.
  21. ^World Health Organization(2019).World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 7th list 2019.Geneva.hdl:10665/325772.WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.07. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  22. ^World Health Organization(2021).World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 8th list (2021).Geneva: World Health Organization.hdl:10665/345534.WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.03.
  23. ^abWorld Health Organization(2023).The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex B: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 9th list (2023).Geneva: World Health Organization.hdl:10665/371091.WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.03.
  24. ^Rose K, Anker JN (2010).Guide to Paediatric Drug Development and Clinical Research.Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. p. 42.ISBN978-3-8055-9362-5.
  25. ^Seyberth HW, Rane A, Schwab M (2011).Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology.Springer Science & Business Media. p. 358.ISBN978-3-642-20195-0.
  26. ^Hoppu K (June 2017). "Essential Medicines for Children".Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.101(6): 718–720.doi:10.1002/cpt.661.PMID28182281.S2CID23873145.
  27. ^World Health Organization(2023).The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023).Geneva: World Health Organization.hdl:10665/371090.WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  28. ^World Health Organization(2023).The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: executive summary of the report of the 24th WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 24 28 April 2023.Geneva: World Health Organization.hdl:10665/371291.WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.01.
  29. ^"The WHO Essential Medicines List Antibiotic Book".World Health Organization(WHO).24 November 2021.Retrieved6 October2022.
  30. ^The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book.Geneva:World Health Organization(WHO). 2022.ISBN978-92-4-006238-2.Retrieved29 January2023.
  31. ^The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book - Infographics.Geneva:World Health Organization(WHO). 2022. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2022.02.Retrieved29 January2023.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines&oldid=1224091407"