Wakame
Wakame | |
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![]() | |
mature sporophyte | |
Scientific classification![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
Clade: | SAR |
Clade: | Stramenopiles |
Phylum: | Gyrista |
Subphylum: | Ochrophytina |
Class: | Phaeophyceae |
Order: | Laminariales |
Family: | Alariaceae |
Genus: | Undaria |
Species: | U. pinnatifida
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Binomial name | |
Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar, 1873
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Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Energy | 188 kJ (45 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9.14 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sugars | 0.65 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dietary fiber | 0.5 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.64 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3.03 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Percentages estimated usingUS recommendationsfor adults,[1]except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation fromthe National Academies.[2] |
Wakame(Undaria pinnatifida)is a species ofkelpnative to cold, temperate coasts of the northwest Pacific Ocean. As anedible seaweed,it has a subtly sweet, but distinctive and strong flavour and satiny texture. It is most often served in soups and salads.
Wakame has long been collected for food in East Asia,[3]and sea farmers in Japan have cultivated wakame since the eighth century (Nara period).[4]
Although native to cold temperate coastal areas of Japan, Korea, China, and Russia,[5]it has established itself in temperate regions around the world, including New Zealand, the United States, Belgium,[6]France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Argentina, Australia and Mexico.[7][8]As of 2018[update],the Invasive Species Specialist Group has listed the species on itslist of 100 worst globally invasive species.[9]
Wakame, as with all other kelps and brown algae, is plant-like in appearance, but is unrelated to true plants, being, instead, a photosynthetic, multicellularstramenopileprotist of theSAR supergroup.[10]
Names
[edit]The primary common name is derived from the Japanese namewakame(ワカメ,わかめ,Nhược bố,Hòa bố).[11][12]
- In English, it can also be calledsea mustard.[13]
- In Chinese, it is calledqúndài cài(Quần đái thái)[14]orhǎidài yá(Hải đái nha)
- In French, it is calledwakaméorfougère des mers('sea fern').
- In Korean, it is calledmiyeok(미역).[14]
Etymology
[edit]InOld Japanese,mestood for edible seaweeds in general as opposed tomostanding foralgae.In kanji, such asHải tảo,Quân bốandHòa bốwere applied to transcribe the word.[15]Among seaweeds, wakame was likely most often eaten, thereforemeespecially meant wakame.[16]It expanded later to other seaweeds likekajime,hirome (kombu),arame,etc.Wakameis derived fromwaka+me(Nhược bố,lit. 'young seaweed'). If thiswakais a eulogistic prefix, the same as thetamaoftamagushi,wakamelikely stood for seaweeds widely in ancient ages.[15]In theMan'yōshū,in addition toHòa khả mễandTrĩ hải tảo(both are read aswakame),nigime(Hòa hải tảo,soft wakame) can be seen. Besides,tamamo(Ngọc tảo,lit. 'beautiful algae'), which often appeared in theMan'yōshū,may be wakame depending on poems.
History in the West
[edit]The earliest appearance in Western documents is probably inNippo Jisho(1603), asVacame.[15]
In 1867 the wordwakameappeared in an English-language publication,A Japanese and English Dictionary,by James C. Hepburn.[17]
Starting in the 1960s, the wordwakamestarted to be used widely in the United States, and the product (imported in dried form from Japan) became widely available at natural food stores and Asian-American grocery stores, due to the influence of themacrobioticmovement, and in the 1970s with the growing number of Japanese restaurants and sushi bars.
Aquaculture
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Korea-Miyeok-01.jpg/220px-Korea-Miyeok-01.jpg)
Japanese and Korean sea-farmers have grown wakame for centuries, and are still both the leading producers and consumers.[18]Wakame has also been cultivated in France since 1983, in sea fields established near the shores ofBrittany.[19]
Wild-grown wakame is harvested inTasmania,Australia, and then sold in restaurants inSydney[20]and also sustainably hand-harvested from the waters ofFoveaux StraitinSouthland, New Zealandandfreeze-driedfor retail and use in a range of products.[21]
Cuisine
[edit]Wakame fronds are green and have a subtly sweet flavour and satiny texture. The leaves should be cut into small pieces as they will expand during cooking.
In Japan and Europe[citation needed],wakame is distributed either dried or salted, and used insoups(particularlymiso soup), andsalads(tofusalad), or often simply as a side dish totofuand a salad vegetable likecucumber.These dishes are typically dressed withsoya sauceandvinegar/rice vinegar.
Goma wakame, also known as seaweed salad, is a popular side dish at American and European sushi restaurants. Literally translated, it means 'sesame seaweed', as sesame seeds are usually included in the recipe.
In Korea, wakame is used to make seaweed soup calledmiyeok-guk.Stir-fry the wakame in sesame oil and boil it with meat broth.[22]
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Plain boiled wakame
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Japanesegoma wakame(seaweed andsesamesalad)
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Japanese wakame with sardines
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Koreanmiyeok-guk(seaweed soup)
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Koreanmiyeok naegguk(cold seaweed soup)
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Koreanmiyeok julgibokkeum(stir-fried seaweed stems)
Health effects
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Salade_d%27algues_Wakam%C3%A9_de_chez_Azuki_%28M%C3%A2con%29.jpg/220px-Salade_d%27algues_Wakam%C3%A9_de_chez_Azuki_%28M%C3%A2con%29.jpg)
A Study conducted atHokkaido Universityhave found that a compound in wakame known asfucoxanthinmay help burn fatty tissue in mice and rats.[23]Studies in mice have shown thatfucoxanthininduces expression of the fat-burning proteinUCP1that accumulates in fat tissue around the internal organs. Expression ofUCP1protein was significantly increased in mice fed fucoxanthin. Wakame is also used in topical beauty treatments. See alsoFucoidan.
Wakame is a rich source ofeicosapentaenoic acid,anomega-3 fatty acid.At over 400 mg/(100 kcal) or almost 1 mg/kJ, it has one of the higher nutrient-to-energy ratios for this nutrient, and among the very highest for a vegetarian source.[24]Wakame is a low calorie food. A typical 10–20 g (1–2 tablespoon) serving of wakame contains roughly 16 to 31 kJ (3.75 to 7.5 kcal) and provides 15–30 mg of omega-3 fatty acids. Wakame also has high levels ofsodium,calcium,iodine,thiamineandniacin.
InOriental medicineit has been used for blood purification, intestinal strength, skin, hair, reproductive organs and menstrual regularity.[25]
In Korea,miyeok-guksoup is popularly consumed by women after giving birth as sea mustard (miyeok) contains a high content of calcium and iodine, nutrients that are important for new nursing mothers. Many women consume it during the pregnancy phase as well. It is also traditionally eaten on birthdays for this reason, a reminder of the first food that the mother has eaten and passed on to her newborn through her milk.
Invasive species
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Undaria_pinnatifida_growth_stages.jpg/220px-Undaria_pinnatifida_growth_stages.jpg)
Native to cold temperate coastal areas of Japan, Korea, China, and Russia,[5]in recent decades it has become established in temperate regions around the world, including New Zealand, the United States, Belgium,[6]France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Argentina, Australia and Mexico.[7][8]It was nominated one of the100 worst invasive speciesin the world.[9]Undariais commonly initially introduced or recorded on artificial structures, where itsr-selected growth strategyfacilitates proliferation and spread to natural reef sites.Undariapopulations make a significant but inconsistent contribution of food and habitat to intertidal and subtidal reefs.Undariainvasion can cause changes to native community composition at all trophic levels. As well as increasing primary productivity, it can reduce the abundance and diversity of understory algal assemblages, out-compete some native macroalgal species and affect the abundance and composition of associated epibionts and macrofauna: including gastropods, crabs, urchins and fish.[26]Its dense congregation and capability to latch onto any hard surface has caused it to become a major cause of damage to aquaculture apparatus, decreasing efficiency of fishing industries by clogging underwater equipment and fouling boat hulls.[27][28]
Eradication of wakame within a localized area often involves getting rid of the plants underwater, often via regular inspection of aquatic environments.[29]Removing the plants underwater without disrupting native flora is accomplished by humans diving underwater, manually removing the reproductive parts of the wakame to reduce its spread.[30]Proper and regular cleaning of underwater apparatus reduces the potential vectors for wakame spores, reducing the spread of the plant.[29]
New Zealand
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/CSIRO_ScienceImage_904_Undaria_pinnatifida_Japanese_kelp.jpg/170px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_904_Undaria_pinnatifida_Japanese_kelp.jpg)
In New Zealand,Undaria pinnatifidawas declared as an unwanted organism in 2000 under the Biosecurity Act 1993. It was first discovered inWellington Harbourin 1987 and probably arrived as hull fouling on shipping or fishing vessels from Asia.[31][32]In 2010, a singleUndaria pinnatifidaplant was discovered in Fiordland, which has since quickly spread from a small clump and localized itself throughout Fiordland.[29]
Wakame is now found around much of New Zealand, fromStewart Islandto as far north as the subtropical waters ofKarikari Peninsula.[33]It spreads in two ways: naturally, through the millions of microscopicsporesreleased by each fertile organism, and through human mediated spread, most commonly via hull fouling and with marine farming equipment.[34]It is a highly successful and fertile species, which makes it a seriousinvader.Its capability to grow in dense congregations on any hard surface allows it to outcompete native flora and fauna for sunlight and space.[35]Although the effects of wakame in New Zealand are not fully understood, with the severity varying depending on the location,[35]the negative impact of wakame is projected to be significant against the fishing and tourism industries in Fiordland,[29]as well as overcrowding in popular diving locations.[36]
Even though it is aninvasive species,farming of wakame is permitted in already heavily infested areas of New Zealand,[37]as part of a control program established since 2010.[37][29][28]In 2012, the government allowed for the farming of wakame in Wellington, Marlborough and Banks Peninsula.[38]Farmers of wakame must obtain permission from Biosecurity New Zealand to access approval of Sections 52 and 53 from the Biosecurity Act 1993,[37]which deal with exceptions to the possession of pests and unwanted creatures.[39][40]Furthermore, any farmed wakame must only be naturally settled in pre-existing marine farms;[37]mussel farms are a commonly infested area for wakame.[37]As an exceptional case of permitted farming purely as pest control, profitting from wakame is not permitted, with exception of Ngāi Tahu, in which the iwi's revenue from catching wakame is funded for further pest control.[41]
United States
[edit]The seaweed has been found in several harbors in southernCalifornia.In May 2009 it was discovered inSan Francisco Bayand aggressive efforts are underway to remove it before it spreads.[42][43][44]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^United States Food and Drug Administration(2024)."Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels".FDA.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-03-27.Retrieved2024-03-28.
- ^National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium.The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).ISBN978-0-309-48834-1.PMID30844154.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-05-09.Retrieved2024-06-21.
- ^"Undaria pinnatifida".Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Retrieved11 March2011.
- ^Man'yōshū"Bỉ đa tả の cơ のわかめの lập ち loạn え ngã をか đãi つなも tạc dạ も kim dạ も" (Poetry on the theme of Wakame).Mouritsen, Ole G.; Rhatigan, Prannie; Pérez-Lloréns, José Lucas (2018).World cuisine of seaweeds: Science meets gastronomy.International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science. Vol. 14. p. 57.doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2018.09.002.S2CID134841112.
- ^abEpstein, Graham (7 October 2017)."Undaria pinnatifida: A case study to highlight challenges in marine invasion ecology and management".Ecology and Evolution.7(20): 8624–8642.Bibcode:2017EcoEv...7.8624E.doi:10.1002/ece3.3430.PMC5648660.PMID29075477.
- ^abHillewaert, Hans."Wakame - Undaria pinnatifida".Waarnemingen.be.Retrieved6 March2016.
- ^abTorres, A. R. I.; Gil, M. N. N.; Esteves, J. L. (2004). "Nutrient uptake rates by the alien alga Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyta) (Nuevo Gulf, Patagonia, Argentina) when exposed to diluted sewage effluent".Hydrobiologia.520(1–3): 1–6.doi:10.1023/B:HYDR.0000027686.63170.6c.hdl:11336/104326.S2CID36999841.
- ^abJames, K; Kibele, J; Shears, N. T. (2015). "Using satellite-derived sea surface temperature to predict the potential global range and phenology of the invasive kelpUndaria pinnatifida".Biological Invasions.17(12): 3393–3408.Bibcode:2015BiInv..17.3393J.doi:10.1007/s10530-015-0965-5.S2CID13515136.
- ^ab"Global Invasive Species Database".IUCN Species Survival Commission.Retrieved2009-08-17.
- ^Jo, Gayeon (2014)."Seaweed of Chujado Island".Korea National Biological Resources Center.
- ^"Undaria pinnatifida".Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- ^"Undaria pinnatifida".Seaweed Industry Association. Archived fromthe originalon 2014-01-09.Retrieved2012-12-09.
- ^Kwon, Mya (June 5, 2013)."Sea Mustard aka" Miyeok "(Korean) or" Wakame "(Japanese)"(PDF).Washington.edu.RetrievedFebruary 9,2020.
- ^abAbbott, Isabella A(1989). Lembi, Carole A.; Waaland, J. Robert (eds.).Algae and human affairs.Cambridge University Press,Phycological Society of America. p. 141.ISBN978-0-521-32115-0.
- ^abcTiểu học quán quốc ngữ từ điển biên tập bộ (ed.) (2006), 『 nhật bổn quốc ngữ đại từ điển 』 tinh tuyển bản (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten,Shorter Edition), tiểu học quán
- ^There is also a theory: initiallymestood for only wakame, and expanded to the word for general seaweeds afterwards. See tiểu đảo hiến chi et al. ( ed. & tr. ) (1995), 『 tân biên nhật bổn cổ điển văn học toàn tập 7 vạn diệp tập ( 2 ) 』, tiểu học quán, p.225
- ^Hepburn, James Curtis (1867).A Japanese and English dictionary: with and English and Japanese index.American Presbyterian Mission Press. p.516.
WAKAME, ワカメ, nhược hải bố, n, A kind of sea weed.
- ^"Prospects for seaweed production in developing countries - 1. The seaweed Industry - An overview".www.fao.org.
- ^"Undaria pinnatifida".Joint Nature Conservation Committee.Archived fromthe originalon 2010-10-13.
- ^"Greens straight out of the blue".The Sydney Morning Herald.August 11, 2009.
- ^"Pest seaweed could be used against cancer".Southland Times.2 December 2012.Retrieved14 March2013.
- ^"Miyeok Guk (Beef Seaweed Soup)".Korean Babsang.9 December 2013.
- ^Maeda, H.; Hosokawa, M.; Sashima, T.; Funayama, K.; Miyashita, K. (2005). "Fucoxanthin from edible seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, shows antiobesity effect through UCP1 expression in white adipose tissues".Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.332(2): 392–397.doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.002.PMID15896707.
- ^"545 foods highest in 20:5 n-3".Nutrition Data.Retrieved2007-02-09.
- ^Kristina Turner (1996).The Self-Healing Cookbook: A Macrobiotic Primer for Healing Body, Minds and Moods with Whole Natural Foods.Earthtones Press.ISBN978-0-945668-10-7.
- ^James K. (2016).A review of the impacts from invasion by the introduced kelpUndaria pinnatifida(Technical report). Waikato Regional Council. TR 2016/40.
- ^"Undaria pinnatifida".Nemesis.
- ^ab"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture".www.fao.org.
- ^abcde"Asian seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida)".www.doc.govt.nz.
- ^"Weeding seaweed".Parks Victoria. 16 August 2022.
- ^Hay, Cameron H.; Luckens, Penelope A. (1987-01-01)."The Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyta: Laminariales) found in a New Zealand harbour".New Zealand Journal of Botany.25(2): 329–332.Bibcode:1987NZJB...25..329H.doi:10.1080/0028825X.1987.10410079.
- ^Nelson, W. A. (2013).New Zealand seaweeds: an illustrated guide.Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 94.ISBN9780987668813.OCLC841897290.
- ^James K, Middleton I, Middleton C, Shears NT (2014) Discovery of Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar, 1873 in northern New Zealand indicates increased invasion threat in subtropical regions. BioInvasions Rec 3(1):21-24http://www.reabic.net/journals/bir/2014/Issue1.aspx
- ^James K, Shears NT (2016) Proliferation of the invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida at aquaculture sites promotes spread to coastal reefs. Marine Biology 163(2):1-12
- ^ab"Wakame Asian Kelp » Marine Biosecurity Porthole".marinebiosecurity.niwa.co.nz.
- ^"Clean boating"(PDF).Navigating the rules. Auckland Council Department of Conservation.
- ^abcdeIndustries, Ministry for Primary."NZ Government".
- ^"Areas designated forUndariafarming ".Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. 19 January 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 13 June 2012.Retrieved16 June2012.
- ^"Biosecurity Act 1993 No 95 (As at 23 December 2023), Public Act 52 Communication of pest or unwanted organism – New Zealand Legislation".
- ^"Biosecurity Act 1993 No 95 (As at 23 December 2023), Public Act 53 Duties of owners of organisms – New Zealand Legislation".
- ^Norwood, Catherine (September 20, 2022)."Māori stewardship takes on wakame invasion in New Zealand".seaweednews.au.
- ^Kay, J. (July 8, 2009)."Kelp among top 10 invasive seaweeds hits S.F."San Francisco Chronicle.
- ^Perlman, D. (July 9, 2009)."Divers battle fast-growing alien kelp in bay".San Francisco Chronicle.
- ^Malia Wollan (August 1, 2009)."An Underwater Fight Is Waged for the Health of San Francisco Bay".The New York Times.
External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Wakame SeaweedArchived2016-04-21 at theWayback MachineatAbout.com
- AlgaeBase link
- Undaria pinnatifidaArchived2019-09-24 at theWayback Machineat theFAO
- Undaria pinnatifidaat the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, UK
- Global Invasive species databaseArchived2011-06-11 at theWayback Machine
- Undaria Management at the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary