Wang Huning

In thisChinese name,thefamily nameisWang(Vương).

Wang Huning
Vương hỗ ninh
Wang in 2022
10thChairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Incumbent
Assumed office 10 March 2023
Vice Chairpersons	See list Shi Taifeng Hu Chunhua Shen Yueyue Wang Yong Zhou Qiang Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai Edmund Ho Leung Chun-ying Bagatur Su Hui Shao Hong Gao Yunlong Chen Wu Mu Hong Xian Hui Wang Dongfeng Jiang Xinzhi Jiang Zuojun He Baoxiang Wang Guangqian Qin Boyong Zhu Yongxin Yang Zhen
Secretary-General	Wang Dongfeng
Preceded by	Wang Yang
First-ranked Secretary of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party
In office 25 October 2017 – 23 October 2022
General Secretary	Xi Jinping
Preceded by	Liu Yunshan
Succeeded by	Cai Qi
Director of theCentral Policy Research Office
In office October 2002 – October 2020
Deputy	He Yiting Zheng Xinli
General Secretary	Jiang Zemin Hu Jintao Xi Jinping
Preceded by	Teng Wensheng
Succeeded by	Jiang Jinquan
Other office held Director of the Office of theCentral Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Incumbent Assumed office 22 January 2014 Deputy Mu Hong Pan Shengzhou Chen Yixin Preceded by Office established Chairman of theCentral Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization In office 17 November 2017 – October 2022 Deputy Sun Chunlan Huang Kunming Preceded by Liu Yunshan Succeeded by Cai Qi
Personal details
Born	(1955-10-06)6 October 1955 Shanghai,China
Political party	Chinese Communist Party(1984–present)
Spouse	See list Zhou Qi Xiao Jialing
Children	1 son
Alma mater	Fudan University East China Normal University
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	Vương hỗ ninh
Traditional Chinese	Vương hỗ ninh
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Wáng Hùníng IPA [wǎŋ xû.nǐŋ]

Wang Huning(Chinese:Vương hỗ ninh;pinyin:Wáng Hùníng;born 6 October 1955) is a Chinese political theorist and one of the top leaders of theChinese Communist Party(CCP). He is currently thechairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC). He has been a leading ideologist in the country since the 1980s. He has been a member of the CCP'sPolitburo Standing Committee,China's top decision-making body since 2017, and is its fourth-ranking member since 2022.

A former academic, Wang was a professor ofinternational politicsand dean of the law school atFudan University.During this time, he gained attention due to his belief in "neoconservatism",which held that a strong leadership was needed for China's stability and political reforms. He started to work for the CCP leadership in 1995 as a director of a research team at the CCP'sCentral Policy Research Office(CPRO). He became the CPRO's deputy director in 1998, and was promoted to the party's Central Committee and director of the office in 2002, remaining the latter until 2020, the longest tenure in the office. He assisted CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin, and was believed to be instrumental in developing Jiang's signature political theory, theThree Represents.He later became a close confidant of CCP general secretaryHu Jintao,believed to be key to developing his primary theory,Scientific Outlook on Development,and became a secretary of theCCP secretariatin 2007.

Wang became a member of theCCP Politburoin 2012, and is believed to have developed close relations with CCP general secretaryXi Jinping,becoming one of his closer advisors. In 2017, he was promoted to the 5th-ranked member of the Politburo Standing Committee and the first-ranking secretary of the CCP Secretariat. He has also chaired leading commissions on ideology and reforms and is believed to have been instrumental in developing key concepts under Xi, includingXi Jinping Thought,Chinese-style modernization,theChinese Dreamand theBelt and Road Initiative.In 2022, he was succeeded byCai Qias the first secretary, and became the 4th-ranking member of the PSC. He became the CPPCC chairman in March 2023, succeedingWang Yang.

Widely regarded as the "Grey Eminence"of the CCP, Wang is believed to be the chief ideologue of the Communist Party and principal architect behind the official political ideologies of threeCCP general secretariessince the 1990s. He has held significant influence over policy and decision-making of all threeparamount leaders,an exceptionally rare feat in Chinese politics. Wang believes that a strong, centralized state is needed in China to resist foreign influence, an idea that has been influential under Xi Jinping.

Early life

Wang Was born on 6 October 1955 inNanshi,Shanghai.He traces his heritage toYe County,Shandongprovince, though he never lived in Shandong. Wang's name, "Huning (Hỗ ninh) ", literally means" the peace (Ninh) of Shanghai (Hỗ) ", a typical name given by his Red Army parents, who fought in theShanghai Campaignof theChinese Civil Warand remained in the city thereafter. As a military official, Wang Huning's father was implicated during the anti–Peng Dehuaicampaign launched byMao Zedongand suffered persecution during theCultural Revolution.His mother was hospitalized several times due to illness after 1965, requiring Wang and his two older brothers had to look after her.During his youth, Wang went to the Shanghai Yongqiang Middle School, where he obtained books that were forbidden during that era from his teachers. After the school opened a mechanic class, Wang participated in it as an apprentice worker. He graduated from this junior high school in 1972.

AfterNixon's visit to China,theChinese Communist Party(CCP) found itself lacking diplomats familiar with foreign languages. Following an order by the CCP Central Committee, theShanghai Revolutionary Committeeestablished the Foreign Language Training Class in theFudan University,theShanghai Normal Universityand theShanghai International Studies College,with each university being required to enroll 200 students in the first enrollment year of 1977. Wang was recommended to enter Shanghai Normal University May 7 Cadre School's Foreign Language Training Class to studyFrenchwith 24 other classmates.The Training Class was first located inDafeng County,Jiangsu Province, where Wang began his study in October 1972. The May 7 Cadre School later moved toFengxian,Shanghai in April 1973.

After his graduation in February 1977,he became a cadre at the Shanghai Publishing Bureau. In 1978, he participated in the Graduate Entrance Examination and was admitted as a postgraduate student in the Department of International Politics ofFudan University.His mentor was Chen Qiren, who later recalled Wang was late during the interview, but he gave Wang a pass due to his excellence in the primary exam.Wang's Master dissertation was "FromBodintoMaritain:A review on the development of the Western sovereignty theory ". The thesis was highly approved by the defense committee. He received aMaster of Lawsdegreein 1981 and stayed in Fudan as an instructor at the Political Science Teaching and Research Department.During this time, he was highly appreciated by Wang Bangzuo, then director of the Department.They were usually referred to as "the two Wang" by their counterparts.

Academic career

In April 1984, Wang joined the Party. In 1985 at age 29, without first needing to serve as lecturer, Wang was promoted to associate professor ininternational politics,making him China's youngest associate professor at the time.During this time he published widely in academic journals, newspapers and magazines, which were read by the intellectual elite.By the end of 1985, Wang had published nearly 80 articles and compiled 700,000 words of materials. He was also selected as a special policy researcher by Organization Department of theShanghai Municipal Party Committeeand was the main contributor to the book "Introduction to Political Science", a key social sciences project during thesixth five-year plan.

In 1988, Wang was a visiting scholar in theUnited Statesfor six months, spending the first three months at theUniversity of Iowa,three weeks at theUniversity of California, Berkeley,and visiting many other universities. During his time in the United States, Wang visited over 30 cities and close to 20 universities,and later wrote about his experiences in his bookAmerica Against America.After returning to China, Wang served as director of Fudan University's Department of International Politics from 1989 to 1994, and as dean of the law school in 1994–95.

Wang was a well-known young scholar in academic circles since the 1980s. He wrote columns and essays for numerous party-sanctioned publications and was featured on the cover of current affairs magazines such asBanyuetan(Bán nguyệt đàm), attracting the attention of Shanghai's top political leaders,and he was known byJiang Zemin,thenCCP secretaryof Shanghai.His achievements led to him participating in the drafting of theoretical documents for the CCP since the13th CCP National Congress.In 1993, Wang led the Fudan student debate team to participate in a Chinese-language international college debate competition inSingapore.The team won the championship between 1988 and 1993, greatly enhancing Wang's reputation.

On 12 February 1993, Wang established the Fudan University Development Research Institute. During this time, Wang participated in "bimontly seminars" organized first by Shanghai mayor Jiang Zemin. The Development Research Institute submitted various reports, including on the1989 revolutionsin theEastern Blocand thepolitical status of Taiwan.Wang was one of the two chief planners, of the China Development Report published by the Development Research Institute at the end of 1993; he was also the chief writer of its political section.Wang's work in the 1990s expressed the position that China should reclaim a sense of Chinese cultural and intellectual autonomy.This drew increased attention from political leaders in the central government.

Political career

In the summer of 1994, he participated in the drafting of the documents for the fourth plenary session of the14th Central Committee.From 1995, Wang was referred to work for the party leadership inBeijingon recommendation from top Shanghai politiciansZeng QinghongandWu Bangguo,both of whom maintained close relationships with now-party General Secretary Jiang Zemin.He was summoned by Jiang to head the political research team at theCentral Policy Research Office(CPRO),and was promoted in April 1998 to deputy director of the CPRO, ultimately being promoted to director in 2002.He was regarded as one of the major sources of brainpower Jiang Zemin drew fromand accompanied Jiang on foreign visits since 1998 as a special assistant.He was also part of a team that formulated Jiang's "Three Represents"that was written into the CCP constitution in 2002.

In 2002, he became a member of the CCP'sCentral Committee.In November 2007, Wang was admitted to theSecretariat of the Chinese Communist Party.He began accompanying General SecretaryHu Jintaoon foreign tripsand was considered one of Hu's three most influential advisors, along withLing JihuaandChen Shiju.During this time, he also started working together withXi Jinping;Wang was a member of a committee overseeing "party building", which Xi started chairing in 2007.Wang led the team that wrote Hu's final report at the18th CCP National Congress.According toRadio Free Asia,Wang proposed twice to the central government about stepping down as the CPRO Director after becoming a secretary of the Secretariat, but continued in the role as the CCP Organization Department could not find anyone to succeed him.

On 14 May 2017, Xi Jinping and Russian presidentVladimir Putinattended theBelt and RoadForum for International Cooperation.Behind them were Wang,Li ZhanshuandHe Lifeng.

He was promoted to thePolitburo of the Chinese Communist Partyin November 2012 after the Congress, becoming the first director of the CPRO to hold a seat on the elite ruling council. He also stepped down from the CCP Secretariat.Following the ascension of Xi Jinping to thegeneral secretary of the Chinese Communist Partyin November 2012, Wang nurtured a close relationship with Xi, again emerging as one of the central members of Xi's entourage on international trips and seen to be one of Xi's closest advisors.In 22 January 2014, Wang was appointed as the director of the Office of theCentral Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission(CCDR), a new CCP body.

First-ranked Secretary of the Secretariat (2017–2022)

Wang was chosen to be the 5th-ranking member of thePolitburo Standing Committee,China's top decision-making body, on 25 October 2017, becoming one of the few members of the body without prior ministerial or provincial experience.He returned to the Secretariat to become its first-ranking secretary.He was also appointed as a deputy leader of the CCDR.Wang has frequently accompanied Xi in his trips, suggesting involvement in China's diplomacy.Along with other leading cadre, Wang presided over the development ofXuexi Qiangguo,an app designed to teachXi Jinping Thought.After the CCP launched the "not forgetting the original intent and remembering the mission" educational campaign in May 2019, Wang was appointed as the head of the Central Leading Group.

In January 2020, Wang was appointed as deputy leader of the Central Leading Group for Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic, with premierLi Keqiangas the leader.He also accompanied Xi to visitingWuhanin March.He was succeeded by Jiang Jinquan as the director of CPRO in 2020.In 2020, he was one of the drafters of the outline of thefourteenth five-year plan.He played a key role in drafting the "third historical resolution"in November 2021, which further consolidated Xi's power.Reutersreported on 3 March 2023, citing sources, that Wang held a meeting in late October with top medical experts, senior officials and people from the propaganda apparatus, asking them how many deaths an abandonment ofzero-COVIDcontrols would cause in a worst-case scenario and requesting them to devise roadmaps on reopening policies in different paces.

Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (2023–)

Wang Huning and IndonesianSpeaker of the House of RepresentativesPuan Maharanion 28 May 2024

Following thefirst plenary sessionof the20th CCP Central Committee,Wang was reappointed to the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party as its 4th ranking member,and was succeeded byCai Qias the first secretary of the Secretariat. On 17 January 2023, he was elected as a member of theNational Committee of the CPPCC.Though initial reporting before the CCP Congress by theSouth China Morning Postsuggested that he was going to become thechairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress,he instead became thechairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC) in March 2023 at the 1st Session of the14th CPPCC.He also kept his position as the deputy leader of the CCDR.

According to aForeign Affairsarticle byOdd Arne Westadin 2023, Wang is also a member of theCCP National Security Commissionand "is perhaps the most influential presence after Xi himself."In 2024, he was a deputy head to the Xi-led drafting committee that wrote the resolutions of the third plenary session of the 20th Central Committee in July 2024.

The 2024 Overseas Chinese World Conference for Promoting Peaceful Reunification of China was held on August 20 inHong Kong.Wang Huning sent a congratulatory letter to the conference acknowledging that compatriots in Hong Kong,MacaoandTaiwanas well as overseas Chinese have long been promoting reunification and deepening the international community's commitment to theOne China principle.He encouraged Chinese people in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan as well as foreign countries keep pace with the trends of history, safeguard the overall interests of China and join hands in opposing "Taiwan independence" and promoting reunification

Taiwan

Nikkei Asiareported in January 2023 that Wang would become the deputy leader of theCentral Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs,effectively making him one of the top people in charge with creating a policy in regard toTaiwan.It also reported that he would be tasked with laying the groundwork forunification with Taiwan,coming up with a theory that replaces "one country, two systems"to serve as a metric to measure progress toward China's unification goals and decide if a military operation is necessary.On 10 February, he met withAndrew Hsia,vice chairman of theKuomintang.During the visit, Wang said that "Taiwan independenceis incompatible with peace and runs counter to the well-being of Taiwan compatriots ".Wang also met withLiu Chao-shiuan,president of the Council of the Summit for Entrepreneurs Across the Taiwan Strait, in April, andWu Cherng-dean,chairman of theNew Party,in June.On 11 September, he was chosen as the president of theChina Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification,a body designed to advance unification with Taiwan; the CPPCC chairman also generally serves as the president of the council.

Political positions

Main articles:Ideology of the Chinese Communist Partyandconservatism

Wang is thought to be behind the political thought published under the names of threeCCP leaders:Three Represents of Jiang Zemin,theScientific Outlook on Developmentof Hu Jintao,andXi Jinping Thought.He is also believed to play a key role in drafting concepts including Chinese Dream,Chinese-style modernization,and the Belt and Road Initiative, concepts promoted by Xi.According to theSouth China Morning Post,Xi "regularly asks for Wang’s input on his major speeches and statements".

System of government

During his tenure as a professor in the 1980s, Wang initially gained attention for his advocacy ofneoauthoritarianism,the view that a centralized government is necessary to maintain economic growth and stability, which could later slowly do political reforms from within.In a paper published in 1986, he wrote that it is "very important to comply with the constitution" lest a new Cultural Revolution happen.His political views changed after his visit to the U.S., after which he advocated for a centralized one-party state that was culturally unified and self-confident to resist the influence of liberal ideas.In a 1995 interview, he said that "[i]n a place without central authority, or a place where central authority has become weakened, the country would be mired in a state of division and chaos," and that "[a] strong central authority is the fundamental guarantee for achieving rapid and stable development at a relatively low cost during the process of modernization."

Culture

In his 1988 essay "The Structure of China's Changing Political Culture", Wang said that the CCP must reconsider how a nation's "software", meaning culture, values, and attitudes, shaped its "hardware", meaning economics, systems, and institutions. Some sources have attributed this type of thought to be "a daring break from thematerialismofOrthodox Marxism."Wang said that China was under a great transformation, but the new model under thesocialism with Chinese characteristicswas leaving China with no core values, which "could serve only to dissolve societal and political cohesion". Wang also said that the introduction of Marxism to China was not completely positive, and that while the CCP criticized China's historical values since 1949, it has not paid enough attention to creating and shaping its own core values. He recommended that China combine its historical and modern values (including foreign Marxist values).Wang has also written China's first academic paper on "soft power",and has been thought to be the driving force in China's investments in promoting its culture overseas.

United States

On 26 June 2010, Chinese leaderHu Jintaotalked with U.S. PresidentBarack Obamaat theG20Toronto Summit.Behind them was Wang Huning.

In 1991, after his visit to the U.S., Wang wrote the bookAmerica Against America.The book talked about the increasing challenges he saw in the U.S., such as inequality, economic conflicts, decaying of social values and commodification.He also praised the strengths of the U.S., such as its modernityand was described byThe Economistas "seeing the weaknesses in America's system, but not exaggerating them".In Wang's own words:

My intention with this title is to show that America contains contradictions that cannot be dismissed with a single sentence. In the old days, people had a dogmatic view of American society as merely the “exploitation of surplus value,” a “dictatorship of the bourgeoisie,” and nothing more. Now there is another extreme, some people imagine the United States as a paradise, rich and without flaw. In fact American society doesn’t match either of these descriptions, and often finds itself in fundamental contradiction with them. There are strengths and weaknesses, and wherever strength can be found, weakness can also be found. America is a contradiction, it contains multitudes. This is what I mean by “America Against America.”

In 2021, the book received renewed interest in the aftermath of thestorming of the United States Capitol,with some used copies surging to 16,600 yuan ($2500) on antiques sites.

Personal life

Wang has been described by former colleagues as an insomniac and workaholic, introverted, discreet and "almost obsessively low-profile."After entering into politics in the 1990s, he cut off most contact with his academic colleagues.Having studied French in university, Wang is a fluent French speaker.He is also an avid reader ofWuxianovels.In his memoirPolitical Life,Wang said his goal in life was to keep writing books and teaching students.

Family

Wang's first marriage, to Zhou Qi, an international relations expert atChinese Academy of Social SciencesandRenmin University of China,ended in divorce after he went toZhongnanhaiin 1996. They had no children. He later married a nurse in Zhongnanhai. They have one child.

Public perceptions

Having worked closely with three consecutive paramount leaders, Wang demonstrated a rare and remarkable ability to retain influence under leaders belonging to various Communist Party factions.Additionally, he has been described as "China'sKissinger"byThe Hankyoreh,and is calledguóshī(Chinese:Quốc sư) by Chinese netizens, a title historically given to top religious leaders in Imperial China, particularly the Yuan Dynasty.

Works

Wang's books includeThe Logic of Politics—The Principles of Marxist Political Science,America Against America,General Introduction to New Politics,Analysis of Modern Western Politics,Analysis of Comparative PoliticsandDebate Contest in Lion City,all in Chinese. Others include (all in Chinese):

• ——— (1987).National Sovereignty.
• ——— (1987).Analysis of Comparative Politics.
• ——— (1988).Analysis of Contemporary Western Politics.
• ——— (1988).Introduction to Public Administration.
• ——— (1989).Analysis of Administrative Ecology.
• ——— (1989).Collection of Wang Huning.
• ——— (1990).Anti-Corruption: Experiment in China.
• ——— (1990).Corruption and Anti-Corruption: Study of Contemporary Oversees Corruption Problem.
• ——— (1991).Culture of Contemporary Chinese Village Family.
• ——— (1991).America Against America.
• ——— (1993).Debate in Lion Castle.
• ——— (1994).Political Logic.
• ——— (1995).Political Life.

Translations

• Wang, Huning (1991),America Against America,Tikhanov Library
• --, Wang Huning, “Reflections on the Cultural Revolution and the Reform of China's Political System,"(Translated from vương hỗ ninh," ' văn cách ' phản tư dữ chính trị thể chế cải cách, "originally published in the World Economic Herard thế giới kinh tế đạo báo May 8, 1986),Introduction by Matthew D. Johnson and Translation by David Ownby,Reading the China Dream

See also

• Community of Common Destiny

References

Works cited

• Wong, Chun Han (2023).Party of One: The Rise of Xi Jinping and China's Superpower Future.Simon & Schuster.ISBN9781982185732.