Wanyan

This article is about the clan of the Heishui Mohe tribe. For the surname, seeWanggiya (surname).

Wanyan
Country	Jin Empire
Founded	1115
Founder	Wanyan Aguda
Final ruler	Wanyan Chenglin
Titles	Emperor of the Jin Empire
Estate(s)	Palaces in Huining Prefecture and Zhongdu
Deposition	1234

TheWanyan(traditional Chinese:Hoàn nhan;simplified Chinese:Hoàn nhan;pinyin:Wányán;Manchu:ᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨWanggiyan;Jurchen script:), alternatively rendered asWanggiya,was a clan of theHeishui Mohetribe living in the drainage region of theHeilong Riverduring the time of theKhitan-ledLiao dynasty.Of the Heishui Mohe, the clan was counted by the Liao dynasty among the "uncivilizedJurchens"( sinh nữ chân ), indicating that the clan was not subject to the direct rule of the Liao emperors. Those Heishui Mohe clans ruled by the Liao dynasty were referred to as" civilized Jurchens "( thục nữ chân ). The Wanyan clan later founded theJin dynasty.

Origins

There is no dated evidence of the Jurchens before the time ofWugunai(1021-74), when the Jurchens began to coalesce into a nation-like federation. According to tradition passed down via oral transmission, Wugunai was the 6th generation descendant ofHanpu,the founder of the Wanyan clan, who therefore must have lived around the year 900.Hanpu originally came from theHeishui Mohetribe of Balhae. According to theHistory of Jin,when he came to the Wanyan tribe, it was for the repayment of a murder and a form of compensation. He had two brothers, one who stayed inGoryeoand the other inBalhaewhen he left. By the time he arrived and settled among the Wanyan, he accepted as a "wise man". He successfully resolved a dispute between two families non-violently, and as a reward, he was engaged to the daughter of a 60-year-old woman, an unmarried woman.The marriage was blessed with the gift of a dark ox, which was revered in Jurchen culture, and from this union came one daughter and three sons. With this, Hanpu became the chief of the Wanyan and his descendants became formal members of the Wanyan clan.

Because Hanpu arrived from Goryeo, some South Korean scholars have claimed that Hanpu hailed from Goryeo. According to Alexander Kim, this cannot be easily identified as him being Korean because many Balhae people lived in Goryeo at that time. Later whenAgudaappealed to the Balhae people in theLiao dynastyfor support by emphasizing their common origin, he only mentioned those who descended from the "seven Wuji tribes", which the Goguryeo people were not a part of. It seems by that point, the Jurchens saw only theMohetribes as a related people.Some western scholars consider the origin of Hanpu to be legendary in nature. Herbert Franke described the narrative provided in theHistory of Jinas an "ancestral legend" with a historical basis in that the Wanyan clan had absorbed immigrants from Goryeo and Balhae during the 10th century.Frederick W. Motedescribed it as a "tribal legend" that may have born the tribe's memories. The two brothers remaining in Goryeo and Balhae may represent ancestral ties to those two peoples while Hanpu's marriage may represent the tribe's transformation from a matrilineal to patrilineal society.

Rise

Wanyan Yingge initiated an invasion of the Korean peninsula and Yingge's paternal nephew WanyanWuyashufought against the Koreans,forcing them to submit and recognize Jurchens as overlords after "pacifying" the border between the Koreans and Jurchens.Yingge died during the conquest of Helandian ( hạt lại điện; present-dayHamgyong Province,North Korea) after pacifying theTumen Riverbasin. Wuyashu resumed the project in the next year. Under his order,Shishihuan( thạch thích hoan ) led a Wanyan army from the Tumen River basin to subdue rival Jurchen tribes in Helandian and advance southward to chase about 1,800 remnants who defected to the Korean kingdomGoryeo.Goryeo did not hand them over but sentIm Gan( lâm càn ) to intercept the Wanyan army. However, Shishihuan defeated Im Gan north of the Chŏngp'ŏyng wall and invaded northeastern frontier of Goryeo. Goryeo dispatchedYun Kwanto resist the Jurchens but lost in battle again. As a result, Wuyashu subjugated the Jurchens in Helandian.

In 1107, Goryeo sent a delegate, Heihuanfangshi ( hắc hoan phương thạch ), to celebrate Wuyashu's accession to the chieftainship of the Wanyan tribe, and promised to return those Helandian Jurchens who escaped to Goryeo. However, when Wuyashu's delegates, Aguo ( a quát ) and Wulinda Shengkun ( ô lâm đáp thắng côn ), arrived in Goryeo, the Koreans killed them and dispatched five large armies led by Yun Kwan to attack Helandian. The Goryeo army destroyed a hundred Jurchen villages and built nine fortresses there. Wuyashu thought about giving up Helandian, but his brotherAgudaconvinced him to dispatchWosai( oát tái ), another of their brothers, to fight Goryeo. Wosai also built nine fortresses facing Goryeo's nine fortresses. After a one-year battle, the Wanyan army won two fortresses but they suffered heavy losses and seven other fortresses were still held by the Goryeo forces. Jurchens offered a truce to Goryeo and Goryeo and the Jurchens achieved a settlement. As a result, Jurchens swore not to invade Goryeo and Goryeo withdrew from the nine fortresses.

Wuyashu also pacified theSuifen Riverbasin.

Founding of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty

Abixistone originally erected on the grave ofWanyan Asikui( hoàn nhan a tư khôi,?-1136), one of Aguda's generals, near modern-dayUssuriyskin 1193. The monument is now exhibited inKhabarovskRegional Museum.

In 1115 AD,Wanyan Aguda,the chieftain of the Wanyan clan at the time, founded theJin dynasty.Before his death in 1123, he also ended the Liao dynasty. Two years later, his brotherWanyan Wuqimaiinvaded theSong dynastyand conquered northern China in theJin–Song Wars.Thereafter theJurchensbecamesinicized;this can be seen in the sinicization of the surname "Wanyan" to "Wang"in the official Jurchen historical records.

Downfall and in the modern day

The Jin dynasty was destroyed in 1234 AD. After their victory, Mongol declared that people with the surname "Wanyan" were considered to be related to the royal line of the Jin dynasty, and therefore such individuals were to be executed immediately.For the sake of survival, those people with the surname "Wanyan" either changed the name to Wang or moved to a remote area to avoid capture and execution and used the Manchu format Wanggiyan. In present-day China, few descendants have kept the surname "Wanyan."

Notable figures

Males

• Aguda1115–1123, Emperor Taizu of Jin, founder of Jin dynasty
• Wuqimai1123–1135, Emperor Taizong of Jin
• Dan1135–1149, Emperor Xizong of Jin
• Liang1149–1161, fourth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty
• Yong1161–1189, Emperor Shizong of Jin
• Jing1189–1208, Emperor Zhangzong of Jin
• Yungong,Emperor Shizong's second son and heir apparent
• Xun1213–1224, Emperor Xuanzong of Jin
• Shouxu1224–1234, Emperor Aizong of Jin
• Chenglin1234, Emperor Mo of Jin
• Xongbi, military general and civil minister of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, also known as Wushu
• Yongji
• Heda
• Chenheshang
• Zhanhan
• Hafeng'a ( cáp phong a ), held a title of master commandant of light chariot ( khinh xa đô úy, pinyin: qingcheduwei)
• Qing'en ( khánh ân ), served as sixth rank literary official

Prince Consort

Date	Prince Consort	Princess
1609	Chuoheluo (Xước hòa lạc)	Šurhaci's seventh daughter (b. 1597) by secondary consort (Gūwalgiya)
1943	Ailan (Ái lan;1921–2005)	Zaifeng's sixth daughter (Yunyu; 1919–1982) by secondary consort (Denggiya)

Females

Imperial Consort

• Consort
  • Consort Shu (b. 1772), theJiaqing Emperor's secondary consort
  • Consort Zhuang (1781–1811), theJiaqing Emperor's consort

• Imperial Concubine
  • Imperial Concubine Jing, theKangxi Emperor's imperial concubine

Princess Consort

• Primary Consort
  • Yunti's primary consort, the mother of Hongming (1705–1767) and Hongkai (1707–1759)

• Secondary Consort
  • Yunreng's secondary consort, the mother of Hongtiao (1714–1774) and Hongbing (1720–1763)
  • Yongzhang's secondary consort, the mother of first son (1756)
  • Yongcheng's secondary consort, the mother ofMianhui(1764–1796), second son (1766), third son (1767–1769), Princess (1769–1787), fourth son (1771) and Princess (b. 1776)
  • Yicong's secondary consort, the mother of Zaijin (1859–1896)

• Concubine
  • Yunzhi's concubine, the mother of Hongyi (1715–1754)
  • Yuntang's concubine, the mother of first daughter (1701–1725), Lady (1704–1727) and Hongding (1711–1782)

See also

• Category:Wanyan family– Wanyan family members(in Chinese)
• List of Manchu clans
• Plain White Banner

References

• Visiting the Wanyan Village in Jingchuan, Gansu Province(inChinese language)

Bibliography

• Franke, Herbert(1981), "Jurchen Customary Law and the Chinese Law of the Chin Dynasty", in Dieter Eikemeier; Herbert Franke (eds.),State and Law in East Asia: Festschrift Karl Bünger,Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 215–233,ISBN3-447-02164-0.
• —— (1990), "The forest peoples of Manchuria: Kitans and Jurchens", in Denis Sinor (ed.),Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 400–423,ISBN0-521-24304-1.
• —— (1994), "The Chin Dynasty", in Herbert Franke and Denis Twitchett (ed.),Cambridge History of China,vol. 6, Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 215–320,ISBN978-0-521-24331-5.
• Kim, Alexander (2011b),On the Origin of the Jurchen People (A Study Based on Russian Sources)
• Mote, Frederick W.(1999),Imperial China (900–1800),Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,ISBN0-674-44515-5.