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Wealhtheow

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Queen Wealtheow as the hostess of the banquet

Wealhtheow(also renderedWealhþēoworWealthow;Old English:Ƿealhþēoƿ[ˈwæɑɫxθeːow]) is a queen of the Danes in theOld Englishpoem,Beowulf,first introduced in line 612.

Queen Wealhtheaow Pledges Beowulf(George T. Tobin,1909)

Character overview

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Wealhtheow is of theWulfingclan,[1]Queen of theDanes.She is married toHrothgar(Hrōðgār), the Danish king and is the mother of sons,Hreðric and Hroðmund,and a daughterFreawaru.

In her marriage to Hrothgar she is described asfriðusibb folca[2](l. 2017), 'the kindred pledge of peace between peoples', signifying interdynastic allegiance between Wulfing andScyldingachieved with her marriage to Hrothgar. She is both 'Lady of the Helmings' (l. 620) (by descent, of the Wulfing clan of Helm) and 'Lady of the Scyldings' (l. 1168), by marriage and maternity.

Two northern sources associate the wife of Hrothgar with England. TheSkjöldunga saga,inArngrímur Jónsson's abstract, chapter 3, tells that Hrothgar (Roas) married the daughter of an English king. TheHrolfs saga kraka,chapter 5, tells that Hrothgar (Hróarr) married Ögn who was the daughter of a king ofNorthumbria(Norðhymbraland) called Norðri.

The argument was advanced in 1897 that the Wulfing name may have been synonymous with theEast AnglianWuffingdynasty, and the family nameHelmingaswith the place-names 'Helmingham' inNorfolkandSuffolk,both of which lie in areas of 5th–6th century migrant occupation.[3]Although the theory was not favoured by some,[4]it has more recently resurfaced in a discussion of the identity of Hroðmund.[5]

Name

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See also:*Walhaz

The nameWealhtheowis unique toBeowulf.Like most Old English names, the nameWealhtheowis transparently recognisable as acompoundof two nouns drawn from everyday vocabulary, in this casewealh(which in early Old English meant "Roman, Celtic-speaker" but whose meaning changed during the Old English period to mean "Briton", then "enslaved Briton", and then "slave" ) andþēow(whose central meaning was "slave" ).[6]Whether this name was thought by the poet(s) or audiences ofBeowulfto have any literary meaning is disputed.[6]Since it can be translated as "foreigner-slave" or the like, the nameWealhtheowhas often been thought to indicate that the character Wealhtheow came to marry Hrothgar by being captured from another people.[7]Yet Old English names do not normally seem to have been understood as lexically meaningful compound nouns.[6]

In 1935,E. V. Gordonargued that the form of Wealhtheow's name in theBeowulf-manuscript reflectedscribal corruptionand that in the poem as originally composed, the name must have been an Old English form of a Germanic name reconstructable as *Wala-þewaz( "chosen servant" ), attested in other ancientGermanic languages.In this argument, at the point ofBeowulf's composition, Hrothgar's queen was called *Wælþēo.Though Gordon's argument was accepted by few scholars, it was supported and developed in 2017 byLeonard Neidorf,who saw the putative corruption of the character's name to be consistent with the widely accepted view thatBeowulforiginally included characters calledBēowandUnferþ,despite the manuscript consistently naming them asBeowulfandHunferþrespectively: Neidorf argued that a scribe had changed *Wælþēo's name because it was unfamiliar to him, substituting the familiar name-elementwealhand the later spellingþēow.[6]

Role in the poem

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A mention of Wealhtheow in the poem

Wealhtheow (likeHygd) fulfills the important role of hostess in the poem.[8]The importance of this cup carrying practice is emphasized in lines 1161–1231. Here Wealhtheow, anxious that Hrothgar secures the succession for her own offspring, gives a speech and recompensesBeowulffor slayingGrendelwith three horses and a necklace.

The necklace is calledBrosinga mene,and the name is held to be either a corruption or a misspelling ofOEBreosinga mene,ONBrisingamen,[9]Freyja's necklace. Richard North compares the gift of the necklace toBrosing,Freyja's Brisingamen[10]and he comments that,

The widerOld Norse-Icelandictradition attributes the Brisinga men or giroli Brisings (Brisinger's girdle c.900) to Freya who is at once the sister ofIngvi-freyrof theVanir,the leading Norse goddess of love, and awitchwith the power to revive the dead. Freya's acquisition of this necklace and its theft byLokiare the central incidents inSorlaþattr.[10]

Wealhtheow has also been examined as a representative of Hrothgar's kingdom and prestige and a fundamental component to the functioning of his court. According to Stacy Klein, Wealhtheow wore “elaborate garb” to demonstrate the “wealth and power” of the kingdom.[11]As queen, Wealhtheow represents the “female's duty to maintain peace between two warring tribes” and to “signify the status of the court.”[12]While her position may appear ritualistic, she also maintains “the cohesiveness of the unity of the warriors.”[12]The role of queens in the early Germania was to foster “social harmony through active diplomacy and conciliation.”[13]Wealhtheow inhabits this role by constantly speaking to each of the men in her hall and reminding them of their obligations – obligations to their country, their family, or their king.

In a grimly ironic passage that would not be lost on the Anglo-Saxon audience ofBeowulf[14]Wealhtheow commends her sons to Hroðulf's generosity and protection, not suspecting that he will murder her sons to claim the throne for himself.

All the qualities marking Wealhtheow as an ideal queen place her in contrast toGrendel's mother,who appears for the first time following a lengthy passage concerned with Wealhtheow and her sons.[15]The contrast between Wealhtheow and Grendel's mother echoes the parallels between Beowulf, Hrothgar, and Grendel.

Notes

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  1. ^Wealhtheow is identified as aHelmingin the poem, i.e. belonging to theclanof Helm, the chief of the Wulfings (Widsith,21)
  2. ^Heaney, Seamus. Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. 136
  3. ^Gregor Sarrazin 1897, Neue Beowulf-studien,Englische Studien23, 221–267, at p. 228-230. See also Fr. Klaeber (Ed.),Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburgh(Boston 1950), xxxiii, note 2.
  4. ^e.g. G. Jones,Kings, Beasts and Heroes(Oxford 1972), 132–134.
  5. ^S. Newton,The Origins of Beowulf and the pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia(D.S. Brewer, Woodbridge 1993), esp. p. 122-128.
  6. ^abcdNeidorf, Leonard (January 2018)."Wealhtheow and Her Name: Etymology, Characterization, and Textual Criticism".Neophilologus.102(1): 75–89.doi:10.1007/s11061-017-9538-4.ISSN0028-2677.
  7. ^Hill, Thomas D. "'Wealhtheow' as a Foreign Slave: Some Continental Analogues."Philological Quarterly69.1 (Winter 1990): 106-12.
  8. ^Porter, Dorothy (Summer–Autumn 2001)."The Social Centrality of Women in Beowulf: A New Context".The Heroic Age: A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe, heroicage.org, Issue 5. Archived fromthe originalon 2006-08-19.Retrieved2006-08-09.
  9. ^Old English editionedited by James Albert Harrison and Robert Sharp.
  10. ^abRichard North, "The King's Soul: Danish Mythology in Beowulf" in theOrigins of Beowulf: From Vergil to Wiglaf,(New York: Oxford University, 2006), 194
  11. ^Klein, Stacy S. “Reading Queenship in Cynewulf’sElene.”Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies.33.1 (2003): 47-89.Project Muse.
  12. ^abGardner, Jennifer. The Peace Weaver: Wealhþēow inBeowulf.Diss.Western Carolina University.March 2006.
  13. ^Butler, Francis. “A Woman of Words: Pagan Ol’ga in the Mirror of Germanic Europe.”Slavic Review.63.4 (Winter 2004): 771-793.JSTOR.
  14. ^Wright, David.Beowulf.Panther Books,1970.ISBN0-586-03279-7.page 14
  15. ^Trilling, Renée R. (2007)."Beyond Abjection: The Problem with Grendel's Mother Again".Australian and New Zealand Association of Medieval and Early Modern Studies (Inc.).24(1): 1–20 – via Project MUSE.

References

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  • Boehler, M. (1930). Die altenglischen Frauennamen, Germanische Studien 98. Berlin: Emil Ebering.
  • Damico, Helen.Beowulf's Wealhþēow and the Valkyrie Tradition.Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.
  • Damico, Helen."The Valkyrie Reflex in Old English Literature."New Readings on Women in Old English Literature.Eds. Helen Damico and Alexandra Hennessey Olsen. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990. 176-89.
  • Gordon, E. V.(1935). "Wealhpeow and related names".Medium Ævum(4): 168.
  • Klaeber, Frederick(1950).Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburgh(3rd ed.). Boston: tbs.
  • Newton, Sam.The Origins of Beowulf and the pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia.D. S. Brewer,Woodbridge 1993.
  • North, Richard.Origins of Beowulf: From Vergil to Wiglaf.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Osborn, Marijane(Summer–Autumn 2001)."The Wealth They Left Us:Two Women Author Themselves through Others' Lives in Beowulf".The Heroic Age: A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe, heroicage.org, Issue 5.
  • Porter, Dorothy (2001)."The Social Centrality of Women in Beowulf: A New Context".The Heroic Age: A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe(5 (Summer–Autumn 2001)). Archived fromthe originalon 2006-08-19.Retrieved2006-08-09.
  • Sarrazin, Gregor. "Neue Beowulf-studien," Englische Studien 23, (1897) 221-267.
  • Trilling, Renée R. (2007). "Beyond Abjection: The Problem with Grendel's Mother Again ".Australian and New Zealand Association of Medieval and Early Modern Studies (Inc). Volume 24, Number 1: 1-20 - via Project MUSE.
  • Jurasinski, Stefan.The feminine name Wealhtheow and the problem of Beowulfian anthroponymy,Neophilologus (2007)[1].
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