West Lake

For other uses, seeWest Lake (disambiguation).

West Lake
Tây hồ(Chinese)
Pagoda on Lake
West Lake
Location	Shangcheng District/Xiacheng District/Xihu District,Hangzhou,Zhejiang
Coordinates	30°14′49″N120°08′39″E
Type	Natural freshwater lake
Part of	Qiantang RiverBasin
Primary outflows	Grand Canal
Basincountries	China
Max. length	3.2 km (2.0 mi)
Max. width	2.8 km (1.7 mi)
Surface area	1,580 acres (6.4 km2)
Average depth	2.27 m (7.4 ft)
Shore length1	15 km (9.3 mi)
Surface elevation	10 metres (33 ft)
Settlements	Hangzhou
1Shore length isnot a well-defined measure.

West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria	Cultural: ii, iii, vi
Reference	1334
Inscription	2011 (35thSession)
Area	3,322.88 ha
Buffer zone	7,270.31 ha
Chinese name
Chinese	Tây hồ
Literal meaning	"West Lake"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xī Hú IPA [ɕí xǔ] Wu Romanization SiBìnhwuKhứ siɦu Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Sāi wùh Jyutping sai1wu4 IPA [sɐi˥ wuː˩] Southern Min Tâi-lô Se ôo

West Lake(Chinese:Tây hồ;Wu Chinese pronunciation:[siɦu]) is a freshwater lake inHangzhou,China. It is divided into five sections by three causeways. There are numeroustemples,pagodas,gardens,and natural/artificial islands within the lake. Gushan ( cô sơn ) is the largest natural island and three artificial islands: Xiaoyingzhou ( tiểu doanh châu ), Huixin Pavilion ( hồ tâm đình ), and Ruan Gongdun ( nguyễn công đôn ) stand at the middle of the lake.Leifeng Pagoda( lôi phong tháp ) andBaochu Pagoda( bảo thục tháp ) are separated by the lake. Mirroring each other, the basic pattern of "one mountain, two towers, three islands, three banks, and five lakes" is formed.

West Lake is located at No. 1 Longjing Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, in the west of Hangzhou City. The total area of the scenic spot is 49 square kilometers, the catchment area is 21.22 square kilometers, and the lake area is 6.38 square kilometers.

Map of the West Lake in Hangzhou, China

Leifeng Pagoda

West Lake has influencedpoetsandpaintersthroughoutChinese historyfor its natural beauty and historic relics, and it has also been among the most important sources of inspiration forChinese gardendesigners.It was made a UNESCOWorld Heritage Sitein 2011, described as having "influenced garden design in the rest of China as well asJapanandKoreaover the centuries "and reflecting "an idealized fusion between humans and nature".

The outline of the lake body of the West Lake is nearly oval, and the bottom of the lake is relatively flat. The natural surface water source of the lake is four streams: Jinsha River, Longhong River, Chishangrun (Huiyingrun) and Changqiao River. West Lake is located in the southeastern edge of China's hills and the northern edge of the subtropical zone. The annual total solar radiation is between 100-110 kcal/cm2, and the sunshine hours are between 1800-2100 hours.

History

The earliest recorded name for West Lake was the "Wulin Lakes"(Wǔlín Shuǐ). TheBook of Han's "Treatise on Geography" says, "Wulin Mountains (Wǔlín Shān) is the origin of the Wulin Lakes. The water flows eastward into the sea, it covers 830li"(roughly, 350 km or 220 mi). Other former names include the"Qian River","QiantangLake "," Mingsheng Lake "," Jinniu Lake "," Shihan Lake "," Shang Lake "," Lianyan Lake "," FangshengPond","Xizi Lake "," Gaoshi Lake "," Xiling Lake "," Meiren Lake "," Xianzhe Lake ", and" Mingyue Lake ". But only two names were widely accepted in history and recorded in historical documents. One is" Qiantang Lake ", due to the fact that Hangzhou was called" Qiantang "in ancient times. The other name is" West Lake ", due to the lake being west of the city. The name" West Lake "first appeared in two poems ofBai Juyi,"Bestowed on guests as returning from West Lake in the evening and looking back to Gushan Temple" (Tây hồ vãn quy hồi vọng cô sơn tự tặng chư khách) and "On the returning boat to Hangzhou" (Hàng châu hồi phảng). Since theNorthern Song dynasty,most poems and articles of scholars used the name "West Lake", while the name "Qiantang Lake" was gradually deprecated. "The request of dredging West Lake" written bySu Shiwas the first time that "West Lake" appeared in an official document.

Qin dynasty

Over 2,000 years ago, West Lake was still a part of theQiantang River.Due to soil sedimentation, the feet of Wu Mountain and Baoshi Mountains, the surrounding mountains on the northern and southern sides of the lake, gradually stretched to form shoal heads. Later, these sand spits slowly merged into a bank, to which a lagoon emerged to the west; this was the old West Lake of theQinandHandynasties. "West Lake Dream Searching"(Tây hồ mộng tầm),written byZhang Dai,relates the story thatQin Shi Huangvisited the area and moored his boat to a stone later developed into the Big Stone Buddhist Temple. The stone was located on Baoshi Mountain, north of the West Lake, and can still be seen.

The lake was once a lagoon tens of thousands of years ago. Silt then blocked the way to the sea and the lake was formed. A drill in the lake-bed in 1975 found the sediment of the sea, which confirmed its origin. Artificial preservation prevented the lake from evolving into a marshland.

Sui dynasty

The short-livedSui dynastyis noted for the great engineering works which it accomplished during its brief existence. After AD 610, theJiangnan Canalwas opened and connected to theNorth Canal.Thus, five major rivers of China (theHai,Yellow,Huai,Yangtze,andQiantang) were all connected: this facilitated transportation to and from Hangzhou and thus boosted the regional economy. Tourism in Hangzhou also started to boom.

Tang dynasty

In theTang dynasty,West Lake had an area of roughly 10.8 square kilometers. The western and southern parts of the lake all extended to the foot of West Hill. The northeastern part stretched to Wulin Gate area. Pilgrims could take the boat to the hill-foot and walk up to the hill to worship. Due to the ongoingaggradationof the lake, together with the virtual lack of any hydraulic projects, in those days, the lake would flood after heavy rains and dry up during long droughts.

Baochu Pagoda

West Lake at night

Aerial panorama of West Lake and its surrounding mountains. December 2023.

Aerial panorama of West Lake sunset and its lakeside district. December 2023.

The coastline of Hangzhou's West Lake during sunset. December 2023.

In September 781, the prominent statesmanLi Mi(Lý tiết) was appointed the governor of Hangzhou. In order to supply fresh water, he creatively induced the water into the city. He ordered six wells dug in populous areas like Qiantang Gate and Yongjin Gate, and set up a "shadow conduit" (underground clay and bamboo pipes) to introduce lake water into the city. The six wells have long vanished today. The only existing relic from that time is the Xiangguo Well, located west of Jinting Bridge on Jiefang Road. The other five wells were Xi Well (to the west of Xiangguo Well), Fang Well (or Four-eyed Well), Jinniu Well (northwest of Xi Well), Baigui Well (west of Longxiang Bridge), and Xiaofang Well (or Six-eyed Well, inside Qiantang Gate, now Xiaoche Bridge area).

In the middle of the Zhenyuan era (785–804) in the Tang dynasty, poet and government officialBai Juyiwas appointed the governor of Hangzhou. Already an accomplished and famous poet, his deeds at Hangzhou made him a great governor. He realized that the farmland nearby depended on the water of West Lake, but due to the negligence of previous governors, the olddykehad collapsed, and the lake so dried out that the local farmers were suffering from severedrought.He ordered the construction of a stronger and taller dyke, with adamto control the flow of water, providing water for irrigation and mitigating the drought problem. The livelihood of local people of Hangzhou improved over the following years. Bai Juyi used his leisure time to enjoy the beauty of West Lake, visiting the lake almost every day. He ordered the construction of a causeway to allow crossing part of the lake on foot, instead of requiring the services of a boat. A causeway, the Baisha Causeway, is now commonly referred to as Bai Causeway (Bạch đê) in Bai Juyi's honour, but the original Bai Causeway no longer exists.

Five Dynasties

The most prominent eras in Hangzhou's development history, theWuyue Kingdom(907–960) andSouthern Song dynasty,had great impacts on West Lake. The comprehensive development and fundamental layout of West Lake occurred in these two Dynasties. DuringFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period,the Wuyue Kingdom made Hangzhou its capital. It facilitated the transportation to coastal regions, and promoted trading with foreign countries like Japan and Korea. In the meantime, successive rulers in the Wuyue Kingdom paid great tribute to Buddhism, and built a number of temples, pagodas, shrines and grottos around the lake area. They expandedLingyin Temple,founded Zhaoqing Temple,Jingci Temple,Li'an Temple, Liutong Temple and Taoguang Temple, and builtBaochu Pagoda,Liuhe Pagoda,Leifeng Pagodaand White Pagoda. The area was thus acclaimed as "Buddhist Country".Lingyin Temple,Tianzhu Temple and the tide of Qiantang were the most famous scenic spots at that time. Due to the geological characteristics, earth deposited speedly in West Lake and dredging became a routine maintenance. Thus in AD 927, the king of Wuyue, Qian Liu, installed a lake-dredging army of 1,000 to mow grasses and deepen springs, and preserved the water body of the lake.

Song dynasty (The Northern Song and The Southern Song)

"The lovely Spring breeze has come Back to the Lake of the West. The Spring waters are so clear and Green they might be freshly painted. The clouds of perfume are sweeter Than can be imagined. In the Gentle East wind the petals Fall like grains of rice. "

—Ouyang Xiu(1007–1072), excerpts fromSpring Day on West Lake

Over one hundred years later, at the beginning of theSong dynasty's Yuanyou era (1086–1094), another great poet,Su Shi(also known as Su Dongpo), came to Hangzhou to serve as its governor. At that time, the farmers suffered greatly drought again, due to overgrowth of the weeds at the bottom of the lake clogging the irrigation ducts. He ordered dredging of the lake and piled up all the mud into another causeway, in the style of Bai Causeway, but much wider and nearly three times as long: he also planted willow trees along its banks. This causeway was later named after him as the "Su Causeway". There are six bridges along the 2.6 km (1.6 mi) Su Causeway (Tô đê), and they are called separately Yingbo (Ánh ba), Suolan (Tỏa lan), Wangshan (Vọng sơn), Yadi (Áp đê), Dongpu (Đông phổ), and Kuahong (Khóa hồng) Bridge, which all symbolize the characteristics of the bridge itself and also expose the structural beauty and its colorful connotation. "Dawn on the Su Causeway in SpringTô đê xuân hiểu"is one of the attractions.

Wu Zimu described the extravagance in his "Mengliang lu" (Dreaming Over a Bowl of Millet) (Mộng lương lục), "The life in Lin'an is luxurious in all seasons, full of delight and appreciation with no idle days. In the west there is a lovely lake with arresting scenes, and in the east the river tides are spectacular. Both are miracles." Besides pilgrims, the tourists in Hangzhou included envoys of foreign countries, businessmen, monks and scholar candidates of theimperial examination.The beauty of West Lake started to gain wide reputation. In those days, boating on the lake was a popular entertainment. According to records, there were hundreds of boats in the West Lake. All were delicately built, with exquisite carving and decorations, and glided gracefully on the water. Poet Lin Sheng vividly described the ostentation in his poem "On a hotel wall in Lin'an". In addition, poetYang Wanlialso acclaimed the engaging scenery of West Lake in the poem "Coming out of Jingci Temple at dawn to see Lin Zifang off", which greatly show how thriving this metropolis was at that time and how yearning it was for people at that time. The renowned painterMuqi Fachangcame here and refounded the abandoned monastery Liutong Temple in 1215.

Yuan dynasty

"Green mountains surround on all sides the still waters of the lake. Pavilions and towers in hues of gold and azure rise here and there. One would say a landscape composed by a painter. Only towards the east, where there are no hills, does the land open out, and there sparkle, like fishes' scales, the bright coloured tiles of a thousand roofs. "

—FromDaily life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276

In theYuan dynasty,West Lake was still socially thriving, with a population full of exuberance for singing and dancing. Volume 23 of theBook of Yuansays, in the 2nd year of the Zhida era (1309), "in Hangzhou, Jiang-Zhe area, during half a year there were more than 1,200 foreign visitors. Foreigners Sangwu and Baoheding brought lions, panthers, crows and falcons. They stayed for 27 days. People and animals ate meat of more than 1,300jin."Increasing number of businessmen and travelers from countries of Turkestan and western Europe came to visit Hangzhou. The most famous among them was Venetian explorerMarco Polo,who complimented Hangzhou in his travel notes as "the most splendid heavenly city in the world". In the late Yuan dynasty, there were "Qiantang Ten Scenic Spots", in addition to the "West Lake Ten Scenic Spots" of theSouthern Song dynasty;the existence of which expanded the scope of tourism.During the Zhiyuan era of the reign ofKublai Khan,the lake was dredged, and renamed "pond of freeing captive animals" ( phóng sinh trì ). Some of the lake area was gradually enriched and became cultivated zones. In the late Yuan dynasty, West Lake lacked governmental attention, and plutocrats and noblemen enclosed water zones, so that the lake deteriorated into a desolate state with most of its area silting up and turning into swampland.

Ming dynasty

Three Pools Mirroring the Moon in West Lake, Hangzhou, China.

In the later Yuan Dynasty and beginning of the Ming Dynasty, people attributed the collapse of the Southern Song Dynasty to the West Lake, because the upper class and emperors indulge themselves into the melody and wine with the sceneries of the lake. Therefore, people and the govern's did not want to make it clean and thriving in case that this kind of thing happened again.But later in theMing dynasty,Hangzhou began to restore its prosperity in theXuandeandZhengtongeras (1426–1449). Then, the local government kept a close watch on West Lake. In the 16th year of theHongzhi era(one source suggests it was the 3rd year of theZhengde era) the then governor Yang Mengying (Dương mạnh anh), with the support of special envoy Ju Liang (Xa lương), obtained approval to dredge the lake, despite much resistance from local magnates. This project was funded by the Engineering Department. TheWest Lake Visit Guide(Tây hồ du lãm chí) recorded, "The work commenced in February... It took 152 days, and 6,700,000 men at a cost of 23,607 silver taels, and the removal of 3,481 acres of illegal fields... Thus, West Lake was restored to its image in theTangandSongdynasties. "The dredging project extended the water surface from west of Su Causeway to Hongchun Bridge and Mao Jia Bu. The excavated silt was used to broaden Su Causeway, and also used to build a long causeway in western Inside Lake, called" Yanggong Causeway "(Dương công đê).

Both in the Ming and Qing dynasties, West Lake was dredged several times. The silt dug up was heaped to form two islands in the lake, "Huxin Island" and "Xiao Ying Zhou".

In 1607, the governor of Qiantang County, Nie Xintang (Nhiếp tâm thang), constructed a circular causeway from south to west outside the Fangsheng Pond of the island "Xiao Ying Zhou", which resulted in a unique view of "Island in Lake, Lake in Island". In 1611, Yang Wanli subsequently built the outer bank, and the whole plot was realized by 1620. Outside the pond were erect three small stony pagodas, called "Three Ponds (or Pools) Mirroring the Moon" (Tam đàm ấn nguyệt;sān tán yìn yuè), which often give also their name to the Xiao Ying island.

Qing Dynasty

Qian King Temple, one of the major attractions of Xī Hú: Listening Orioles Singing in the Willows

TheKangxiandQianlongemperors of theQing dynastytoured South China and stopping by Hangzhou many times; which helped to expedite the revamping and rehabilitation of West Lake. The Kangxi Emperor visited Hangzhou five times, and wrote the names of "Ten Scenic Spots of West Lake" selected in theSouthern Song dynasty.The local governor then inscribed the emperor's handwriting ontostelaeand built pavilions over them. Thereafter those scenes such as "Two Peaks Piercing the Clouds" and "Moon over the Peaceful Lake in Autumn" acquired fixed locations for appreciation. During the reign of theYongzheng Emperor,"Eighteen Scenic Sites of West Lake" had developed into a new nomenclature together with enriched tourism resources. The Qianlong Emperor visited Hangzhou six times, composing poems as well as erecting stelae for the "Ten Scenic Spots". He also wrote names for "Eight Scenic Spots of Dragon Well", bringing renown to the mountainous scenery of remote theDragon Wellregion (Longjing). In the Qianlong era, two Hangzhou natives, brothers Qu Hao and Qu Han, co-authored a book called "A Glance at Lakes and Hills", recording as many as 1,016 tourist spots around West Lake. This is the earliest known travel guide in Hangzhou.

During the reign of theYongzheng Emperor,West Lake still preserved a water area of 7.54 square kilometers, but more than 20 acres (81,000 m²) were shoals. Due to extensive dredging projects, the lake area spread beyond the west of now Xishan Road to the neighborhood of Hongchun Bridge, Maojia Bu, Turtle Pond, and Chishan Bu. In the fifth year of the Yongzheng era, the governor ofZhejiangand Right Vice Director of the Court of Censors,Li Wei,spent 42,742 silvertaelsto dredge the lake. He built stone weirs in Jinsha Harbor, Chishan Bu, Jingjia Hill and Maojia Bu in order to store water and to flush out the lake silt. In 1800, Yan Jian (Nhan kiểm), the governor of Zhejiang, beseeched the imperial court to support a hydraulic project in West Lake. The project was supervised by the governor of Zhejiang,Ruan Yuan,who had the excavated silt piled into a mound, which was then named "Ruan Gong Dun" (Nguyễn công đôn;'Lord Ruan's Pier'). By then, the modern configuration of West Lake was determined. In 1864, the West Lake Dredging Bureau was founded, and a Qiantang native, Ding Bin, was appointed as director.

Republican era to the end of the 20th century

From the end of theQing dynastyto theRepublican era,the Shanghai–Hangzhou–Ningbo and the Zhejiang–Jiangxi railways as well as the Hangzhou–Shanghai, Hangzhou–Nanjing, and Hangzhou–Ningbo highways were built. This facilitation of transportation encouraged the development of Hangzhou's tourism industry. Besides traditional pilgrims, more and more travelers came from domestic cities like Shanghai and Nanjing as well as from Europe, the United States and Japan. "The special memorial edition of Hangzhou government 10th anniversary" says, from 1930 to 1936, the recorded tourists to Hangzhou were counted to 32,845.

Cloud-Sustained Path in a Bamboo Grove

Hangzhou's tourism resources became more abundant in the Republican era, as scenic spots and cultural relics were steadily added around West Lake. The government converted the imperial garden of the imperial palace remaining from the Qing dynasty into a park, on Solitary Hill. In 1927, the park was renamed "Zhongshan Park" or "Sun Yat-sen Park". On the left side of the park, the Zhejiang Martyrs' Memorial was built, honoring those deceased when the Zhejiang army captured Jinling. In addition, tombs forXu XilinandQiu Jinwere constructed near Xiling Bridge. In 1917, the Dabei Pavilion inLingyin Templewas erected, and the Yue Wang Temple and Yue Fei's tomb were renovated several times. From 1923 to 1931, the Huanglong Dong was built. From 1923 to 1924, the deserted Qian King Temple was renovated and converted to a garden. In 1933, the leaning Baochu Pagoda was revamped.

The construction of parks in Hangzhou started with Lakeside Park in the Republican era. In 1912, the military government of Zhejiang demolished the city walls from Qiantang Gate to Yongjin Gate as well as the fortress of banners, and built Hubing Rd along the lakeside. Hurdles were put up 20 meters from the lake and flowers and trees were planted. The area was called "Lakeside Park", covering around one Chinese mile and was divided into five parks, first to fifth. In the spring of 1930, the city government paved a land of around 21muwith mud dredged out of the lake from north of Changsheng Rd to Qiantang Gate, and founded Sixth Park. From 1928 to 1933, Zhejiang's provincial government erected "Chen Yingshi Statue", "North Expedition Martyr Memorial Tower" and "Martyrs of 88 Division in Songhu Campaign Memorial Stela" at the piers of Third Park, Second Park and Fifth Park, respectively.

Due to continuous digging by stealth on its base, Leifeng Pagoda, after lasting nearly a thousand years, collapsed suddenly on September 25, 1924. It was shocking news in media.Lu Xunpurposely wrote "Comment on the Collapse of Leifeng Pagoda" and "Second Comment on the Collapse of Leifeng Pagoda", making a remark on this incident. The fall of Leifeng Pagoda also put an end to one of "Ten Scenes of West Lake", "Leifeng Pagoda in the Sunset" (Lôi phong tịch chiếu).

From June 6 to October 20, 1929, the government of Zhejiang hosted the first "West Lake Expo", and total participants numbered over 20 million. The location of West Lake Expo was set at areas around the lakeside, such as Broken Bridge, Solitary Hill, Yue-Wang Temple, and North Hill. The primary purpose of the expo was to promote national products and encourage enterprises. Besides over 1,000 delegate groups from nationwide, involved included delegates from America, Japan, Britain, Indonesia and other countries. It was the largest and longest pageant in Hangzhou during the Republican era.

Misty Trees by Nine Streams

After the establishment of thePeople's Republic of Chinain 1949, Hangzhou was among the first places opened to tourism. The city government preserved the mountain area around the lake and planted a large number of trees. Meanwhile, West Lake was extensively dredged. Within West Lake scenery zone, a new botanical garden and flower garden was opened. Fish Viewing at the Flower Pond (Hoa cảng quan ngư) park, and Orioles Singing in the Willows (Liễu lãng văn oanh) park were constructed. Fish Viewing at the Jade Springs and Yongjin Park were rebuilt.Lingyin Temple,Jingci Temple,Yue-Wang Temple, Three Ponds Mirroring the Moon (Tam đàm ấn nguyệt), Lake-heart Pavilion and other spots were renovated. In addition, West Huanhu Rd (Xishan Rd), Longjin Rd and Jiuxi Rd were newly built. In 1959, West Lake of Hangzhou received over 1,400 foreign tourists, over 2,300 tourists fromHong KongandMacaoand over five million domestic visitors.

During theCultural RevolutionLiutong Temple and another temple were destroyed.

After the Cultural Revolution, the number of tourists to West Lake increased again. In 1978, it received 53,000 tourists from overseas and Hong Kong and Macao combined, in addition to about six million domestic travelers.

In May 1983, the state council named Hangzhou "Famed Historical and Cultural City" and "National Key Scenic Tourism City". In September 1984, the executive office of state council instructed that Hangzhou evolve to the tourism center of Southeast China and a first-class international scenic tourism city. Thereafter Hangzhou government refurbishedLingyin Temple,Tianzhu Temple,Jingci Temple,Yue-Wang Temple, Dacheng Hall, stela pavilions of "Ten Scenes" and other relics. Resorts such as Galloping Tiger Spring were expanded. Curved Yard and Lotus Pool in Summer (Khúc viện phong hà) park was founded. New spot "Exploring Plum Blossoms at Ling Peak" (Linh phong tham mai) was opened. Archaizing carnivals were held in Huanglong Dong and Ruangong Dun. There were also night gardens and music night markets for amusement.

In 1949, West Lake silted up, with average depth of merely 0.55 meters and capacity only 4 million cubic meters. Marshy weeds blanketed the lake bed so that large boat could only make their ways through specific channels. In 1950, the government listed West Lake dredging as a national investment project. Hangzhou launched the West Lake Dredging Project in 1951 to excavate the silt thoroughly. By 1954, all the work had been mechanized. The project concluded in 1959. As a result, the achieved average depth was 1.808 meters with nadir of 2.6 meters. The capacity elevated to 10,271,900 cubic meters. The silt was used to fill 18 ponds or lacunae in surrounding areas including Zhaoqing Temple and Qingbo Park. However, because of the erosion and sediment on lake bed afterward, the depth of the water lessened to 1.47 meters. The government thus invested two million yuan in 1976 to dredge the lake again. By 1980, the depth increased to 1.5 meters. Besides dredging work, the city government substantially fortified the lake shore, resulting in a bank of total length of 29,800 meters. That was the largest bank enhancement project in the history of West Lake. Along with the project, more than 10 piers for mooring the boats were renovated or newly built in Lakeside Park, Zhongshan Park, Yue Fei's tomb and both sides of Su Causeway.

The West Lake Diversion Project was inaugurated on 1 February 1985. The project built a pump at Zhakou section ofQiantang River,and drew 300,000 cubic meters of water daily, equivalent to one thirty-third of total capacity of the lake. As a consequence, the lake's water body transparency was increased by 5 to 7 cm. Other the other hand, The lake-wide sewage interception project was launched in 1978, and was finished in 1981. It was divided into three branches, southern, western and northern, buried sewage tunnels of over 17 kilometers, and was equipped with 10 pumping stations.

The Back of the One Yuan Bill of RMB, 5th Version

In 1984, five organizations including Hangzhou Daily newspaper sponsored voting for the "New Ten Scenes in West Lake". The elected new scenes are Cloud-Sustained Path in a Bamboo Grove (Vân tê trúc kính), Misty Trees by Nine Streams (Cửu khê yên thụ), Dreams at Galloping Tiger Spring (Hổ bào mộng tuyền), Yellow Dragon Cave Dressed in Green (Hoàng long thổ thúy), Sweet Osmanthus Rain at Manjuelong Village (Mãn lũng quế vũ), Clouds Scurrying over Jade Emperor Hill (Ngọc hoàng phi vân), Inquiring about Tea at Dragon Well (Long tỉnh vấn trà), Precious Stone Hill Floating in Rosy Clouds (Bảo thạch lưu hà), Heavenly Wind over Wushan Hill (Ngô sơn thiên phong), and Ruan's Mound Encircled by Greenness (Nguyễn đôn hoàn bích). While embracing both exquisite natural beauty and abundant cultural deposits, West Lake of Hangzhou was among the first "National Key Scenic Tourist Resorts" in 1982, and elected one of "Ten Chinese Scenic Sites" in 1985.

After 71 years, the West Lake Expo was launched in Xi Hu in 2000. The new exhibition was held from October 20 to November 10, attracting 1,400,000 tourists domestic and overseas. The tourism industry brought in 1.12 billion RMB. The Expo greatly enhanced the reputation of West Lake domestically and internationally. Thereafter the West Lake Expo was made a conventional annual celebration.

Images of the West Lake have appeared various times on Chinese currency. The picture of "Three Ponds Mirroring the Moon" was printed on the backs of both the foreign exchange certificate one yuan bill issued by the government in 1979 and the fifth version of RMB one yuan bill issued in 2004.

Literary works

Over the centuries, the beauty and culture of West Lake has attracted numerous literati, who left behind works of literature and poetry to describe the lake. For example,Dream in West LakeandThe Enchiridion of Lake and Mountainrecorded a lot about West Lake and ancient Hangzhou historic anecdotes. Poets such asBai Juyi,Su Shi,Xu ZhimoandHu Shihalso wrote countless poems about West Lake. The Chinese legendLegend of the White Snakeis also set in West Lake in Hangzhou and has been adapted into films and television series over the years.

West Lake Southern Side Renovation Project

Entering the 21st century, West Lake witnessed several environmental renovation projects. First of them was "West Lake Southern Side Renovation Project". From February to October 2002, Hangzhou government incorporated four large parks on the southern side of the lake, and these four parks have been free to public 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. On October 25, 2002, on the old site of the Leifeng Pagoda which collapsed 78 years ago, a new pagoda with height of 71.7 meters was erected.

Geography

About the formation of West Lake, there are few records in ancient documents. The "West Lake Sight-Seeing Record" (Tây hồ du lãm chí) says, "West Lake is surrounded by mountains on three sides. Streams wander down the hills into the pond. There're hundreds of springs underneath. Accumulated water forms the lake." (Tây hồ tam diện hoàn sơn, khê cốc lũ chú, hạ hữu uyên tuyền bách đạo, trư nhi vi hồ.) Modern scholars studied topography, geology, sediment and hydrodynamics, and generally held that West Lake was a lagoon formed gradually from a gulf. In 1920, scientistZhu Kezhenpublished "The Cause of Formation of West Lake in Hangzhou" (Hàng châu tây hồ sinh thành đích nguyên nhân) after examining the topography around the lake. He claimed, "West Lake originally was a little bay on left side of Qiantang River. Later the earth in the river sedimented and slowly corked the mouth of the bay, hence a lagoon formed." Zhu postulated, based on the calculation of the rate of sedimentation, that West Lake was formed about 12,000 years ago, when the lake would have been significantly larger than now; and, that the lake's water area had gradually shrunk, due to its being filled by sediments carried down from the creeks in the hills which surround it on three sides. West Lake would no longer exist today without all the dredging work done in the historical period. In 1924, geologist Zhang Hongzhao (Chương hồng chiêu) published "One Explanation of the Formation of West Lake". While supporting Zhu's arguments, he supplemented that the formation of West Lake started with tidal force building the lake bank. Later, the alterations of the beach helped to maintain the water level. These were two prerequisites to the formation of the lake.

Hydrological characteristics

The outline of the lake body of the West Lake is almost oval, the bottom of the lake is relatively flat. The catchment area of the west lake is 21.22 square kilometers, with annual runoff of 14 million cubic meters and storage of nearly 14 million cubic meters. The west lake draws water from the Qiantang River, about 120 million cubic meters per year. The natural surface water sources of the lake are Jinsha stream( kim sa giản ), long hong stream( long hoằng giản ), Qishan stream (huiyin stream)( xích sơn giản ( tuệ nhân giản ) ) and changqiao stream( trường kiều khê ).

The storage capacity is about 14.294 million cubic meters. The average depth of the lake is 2.27 meters, with the deepest being about 5 meters and the shallowest being less than 1 meter. The average annual precipitation on the lake is 5.629 million cubic meters. The scour coefficient of the water system is 1.49. When the gate of the reservoir is closed in a dry season, the flow rate is equal to 0. Even in the flood period, the general flow rate is only below 0.05 m/s.

The water level of the lake is maintained at the yellow sea level of 7.15 meters, ±0.05 meters. The highest water level of 7.70 meters and the lowest water level of 6.92 meters, with a difference of 50 centimeters.

Ecology

Flora

Lotus in West Lake

Plum blossoms

Around the west lake, there are 184 families 739 genera 1369 species of seed plants, including 28 species of gymnosperms in 19 genera and 7 families, 1273 species of angiosperms in 675 genera and 150 families, 68 species of ferns in 45 genera and 27 families. Currently, there are 21 species of rare plants are listed in the first-grade state protection, including Zhejiang nan, wild soybean and short spike bamboo, and 63 species are listed the second-grade state protection.

Peach Blossom:On the lake banks and Su and Bai Causeways a large number of willows and peach trees are planted. It is said one willow is accompanied by one peach tree. Other horticultural plants include magnolia, cherry,Confederate rose,etc. The blooming season of peach tree in Hangzhou usually ranges from end of February to middle of April.

Lotus:Some sites in Hangzhou were named after lotus, such as lotus pond (Hà hoa trì đầu) and lotus lane (Hà hoa đường lộng). There is traditional food called "lotus cake". The fossil of lotus seeds was unearthed atKuahuqiaosite in Xiaoshan, which indicates at least before theTang dynastythere was cultivated lotus. Yang Wanli of theSong dynastywrote poem, "Lotus leaves grow to the sky with endless green, lotus blossoms bathed in the sunlight appear especially red. (Tiếp thiên liên diệp vô cùng bích, ánh nhật hà hoa biệt dạng hồng), which brought high reputation to the lotus in West Lake. Nowadays, there are 14 lotus cultivation areas in the lake, totally 130 Chinese acres. Most are in "North Inside Lake" and "Yue Lake". According to statistics, West Lake lotus starts to bloom in early June, and reaches peak blossom time in late June. It can last till late August or early September.

Osmanthus:As the city flower,osmanthusis one of representative plants of Hangzhou. PoetBai Juyiwrote "search osmanthus around the temple on hill in the middle of Autumn", indicating osmanthus had been cultivated as early as in the Tang dynasty.Osmanthustrees have been massively planted in parks around the lake, and the best-known locations to appreciate are "Sweet Osmanthus Rain at Manjuelong Village", one of "New Ten Scenes of West Lake", andHangzhou Botanical Garden.Osmanthuscan be divided into four major species,Thunbergii group (Kim quế), Latifolius Group (Ngân quế), Aurantiacus Group (Đan quế) and Fragrans Division (Tứ quý quế). Among them, the Thunbergii and Latifolius are the best. Every year around mid-autumn, the sweet-scented osmanthus blossoming is a highlight of tourism in Hangzhou. In addition to its elegant looks, osmanthus is also edible. Thunbergii and Latifolius boast intensive sweet scent, and are natural ingredients for seasoning. Pickled osmanthus blossoms mixed with white sugar became a traditional food of Hangzhou, "Sweet Osmanthus" (Đường quế hoa). West LakeOsmanthusblooming period commences from early September, lasting till early November.

Plum blossom:Lin Bu (Lâm bô), a famous recluse in the Song dynasty, lived on Solitary Hill. His poemLittle Plum Blossom of Hill Garden(Sơn viên tiểu mai) became the best known poem praising the flower and enriched the cultural contributions of the plum blossoms of West Lake. The opening line of the poem says, "When everything has faded they alone shine forth, encroaching on the charms of smaller gardens" (Chúng phương diêu lạc độc huyên nghiên, chiêm đoạn phong tình hướng tiểu viên).Ling Peak, Solitary Hill and West Creek have long been the three finest spots of plum blossom cherishing in Hangzhou. The flowering season is typically around theSpring Festival,from late January to middle February.

Tulip:The "Prince Bay Park" (Thái tử loan công viên) of Hangzhou imported almost all species of tulips from Netherlands in 1992, and held annual tulips exhibition ever since. It has become a new scenic spot on the lake bank. The normal tulips blossom season spans from middle of March to end of April.

Fauna

View of Xī Hú from a row boat

Mallards,halcyonsandkoi carpare among the most frequently spotted animals in the lake. Squirrels loiter among the trees on the bank.

Influences

"I've never traveled to Hangzhou's West Lake But seem to have met it in my dreams someplace: A vague and indistinct expanse of water and clouds Where lotus leaves merge with weeping-willow branches. "

—Huang Zunxian(1848–1905), excerpts fromA Trip to Lake Abundant(translation by Jerry Dean Schmidt)

A miniature replica of the West Lake inside theGifu ParkinGifu,Japan

West Lake is said to be the incarnation ofXi Shi,one of theFour Beautiesof ancient China. Since ancient times, West Lake was associated with a large number of romantic poets, profound philosophers, national heroes and heroines. West Lake was also the retreat for many Chinese writers of the past. The Northern Song Dynasty poetLin Bu,shunning the life of being an official, lived in seclusion by West Lake for twenty years, and dedicated himself to the cultivation of peach and plum blossoms.The greatMing dynastyessayistZhang Dai,wrote a number of essays about West Lake inReminiscence and Dream of Tao'an(Đào am mộng ức), and a whole book:Search for West Lake in Dreams(Tây hồ mộng tầm). West Lake has had a profound impact on Far Eastern landscape designs,and its features have often been imitated by other palaces and gardens, such asKunming Lakeat theSummer PalaceinBeijing,the central ponds of theKyu Shiba Rikyu GardenandKoishikawa Kōrakuen GardeninTokyo,Japan,among others.

Due to its prominent historical and cultural status, West Lake was selected as a National Key Scenic Resort in 1982, one of Ten Scenic Resorts in 1985 and a national 5A tourist resort in 2006.

Along with its cultural importance, West Lake historically was also of value for local commercial fishermen. According to statistics from 1977, the lake had an annual fish yield of 1300 kg/hectare, quite a bit more than for some larger lakes (that is,East Lake of Wuhanhad a yield of only 450 kg/ha).

Attractions

Yue Fei Memorial Hall

Other attractions include:

• Yue Fei Temple,the tomb and memorial hall to Yue Fei.
• Lingyin Temple,a Buddhist monastery and surrounding hills.
• Long Jingtea farms(Long tỉnh trà viên), an area renowned for the quality of Tea.
• Jingci Temple
• Galloping Tiger Spring(Hổ bào mộng tuyền), a spring famous for its mineral water
• Tomb ofSu Xiao Xiao(Tô tiểu tiểu mộ)
• TheWest Lake Museum(located on the lake shore) is dedicated to the cultural heritage of the West Lake.
• Former Residence of Chiang Ching-kuo

Ten Scenes of West Lake

Traditionally, there are ten best-known scenic spots on the West Lake, each remembered by a four-characterepithet.Collectively, they are known as the "Ten Scenes of West Lake" (10 Scenic Spots in West LakeTây hồ thập cảnh). Each is marked by astelewith an epithet written in the calligraphy of theQianlong Emperor.They are:

• Curved Yard and Lotus Pool in Summer (Khúc viện phong hà)
• Moon over the Peaceful Lake in Autumn (Bình hồ thu nguyệt)
• Remnant Snow on the Bridge in Winter (Đoạn kiều tàn tuyết)
• Leifeng Pagodain the Sunset (Lôi phong tịch chiếu)
• Two Peaks Piercing the Clouds (Song phong sáp vân)
• OriolesSinging in the Willows (Liễu lãng văn oanh)
• Fish Viewing at the Flower Pond (Hoa cảng quan ngư)
• Three Ponds Mirroring the Moon (Tam đàm ấn nguyệt)
• Evening Bell Ringing at the Nanping Hill (Nam bình vãn chung)
• Spring Dawn at SuCauseway( tô đê xuân hiểu )

Gallery

• 
  Galloping Tiger Spring
• 
  A traditional Xī Hú entrance
• 
  The Guozhuang Garden, one of many historic gardens in the West Lake
• 
  Lotus in the Breeze at the Winding Courtyard
• 
  View of the Su Causeway
• 
  Statue ofQian Liu,the founder and first king of the Kingdom ofWuyue,near the West Lake
• 
  Statue ofYue Fei,a patriotic military general from theSouthern Song dynasty,near the West Lake
• 
  Lotus at the West Lake during summer

See also

• Slender West Lake
• West Lake (Huizhou)

External links

• Hangzhou Government website
• TRAVELZHEJIANG
• Ten Classic Scenes of West Lake in History
• Official Travel Guide of West Lake– Hangzhou Tourism Commission
• Hangzhou West Lake: Too many places, too little time