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Whitechapel

Coordinates:51°30′59″N0°4′9″W/ 51.51639°N 0.06917°W/51.51639; -0.06917
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This article is about the East London district. For the deathcore band, seeWhitechapel (band).For other uses, seeWhitechapel (disambiguation).

Whitechapel
Entrance to Whitechapel station
Whitechapel is located in Greater London
Whitechapel
Whitechapel
Location withinGreater London
Population14,862 (Whitechapel ward 2011)[1]
OS grid referenceTQ335815
London borough
Ceremonial countyGreater London
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townLONDON
Postcode districtE1
Dialling code020
PoliceMetropolitan
FireLondon
AmbulanceLondon
UK Parliament
London Assembly
List of places
UK
England
London
51°30′59″N0°4′9″W/ 51.51639°N 0.06917°W/51.51639; -0.06917

Whitechapelis an area in London, England, and is located in theLondon Borough of Tower Hamlets.It is ineast Londonand part of theEast End.It is the location ofTower Hamlets Town Halland therefore the borough town centre. Whitechapel is located 3.4 miles (5.5 km) east ofCharing Cross.

The district is primarily built aroundWhitechapel High StreetandWhitechapel Road,which extend from theCity of Londonboundary to just east ofWhitechapel station.These two streets together form a section of the originally Roman Road from theAldgatetoColchester,a route that later became known as theGreat Essex Road.Population growth resulting from ribbon development along this route, led to the creation of the parish of Whitechapel, a daughter parish ofStepney,from which it was separated, in the 14th century.

Whitechapel has a long history of having a high proportion of immigrants within the community. From the late 19th century until the late 20th century the area had a very high Jewish population, and it subsequently became a significant settlement for theBritish Bangladeshicommunity. Whitechapel and neighbouringSpitalfieldswere the locations of the infamous 11Whitechapel murders(1888–91), some of which were attributed to the unidentifiedserial killerknown asJack the Ripper.These factors and others have led to Whitechapel being seen by many as the embodiment of London's East End, and for that reason it is often used torepresent the East End in art and literature.[2]

Landmarks include Tower Hamlets Town Hall, theRoyal London Hospitaland theEast London Mosque.

History

[edit]

Origin and toponymy

[edit]
The daughter-parishes of Stepney that would evolve into the modernLondon Borough of Tower Hamlets

Whitechapel was originally part of theManor and Parish of Stepney,but population growth resulting from its position just outside theAldgateon the Roman Road toEssexresulted in significant population growth, so achapel of ease,dedicated toSt Marywas established so people did not have to make the longer journey to Stepney's parish churchSt Dunstans.The earliest known rector was Hugh de Fulbourne in 1329.

Whitechapel takes its name from that church,St Mary Matfelon,which like the nearbyWhite Towerof theTower of Londonwas at one time whitewashed to give it a prominent and attractive appearance. The etymology of theMatfelonelement is unclear and apparently unique.

Around 1338, Whitechapel became an independent parish, withSt Mary Matfelon,originally achapel of easewithin Stepney, becoming the parish church.

Geography of the ancient parish

[edit]

Whitechapel's spine is the old Roman Road, that ran from theAldgateonLondon's Wall,toColchesterinEssex(Roman Britannia'sfirst capital), and beyond. This road, which was later named theGreat Essex Road,is now designated theA11.This historic route has the names Whitechapel High Street and Whitechapel Road as it passes through, or along the boundary, of Whitechapel.[3]For many centuries travellers to and from London on this route were accommodated at the manycoaching innswhich lined Whitechapel High Street.[4]

The area of the parish extended around 1400 metres from the City of London boundary, originally marked byAldgate Barsaround 180 metres east of theAldgateitself, to vicinity of the junction with Cambridge Heath Road where it met the boundaries ofMile EndandBethnal Green.

The northern boundary included Wentworth Street and parts of Old Montague Street. The parish also included an area aroundGoodman's Fields,close to the City and south of St Mary's, the parish church.

Administrative history

[edit]
The parish of Whitechapel formed three of the wards, in the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney, which was created in 1900.

The area became an independent parish around 1338. At that time parish areas only had an ecclesiastical (church) function, with parallel civil parishes being formed in the Tudor period. The original purpose of the civil parishes was poor relief. The area was part of thehistoric (or ancient) countyofMiddlesex,but military and most (or all) civil county functions were managed more locally, by theTower Division (also known as the Tower Hamlets).

The role of theTower Divisionended when Whitechapel became part of the newCounty of Londonin 1889, and most civil parish functions were removed when the area joined theMetropolitan Borough of Stepneyin 1900.

In 1965 there was a further round of changes when theMetropolitan Borough of Stepneymerged with theMetropolitan Borough of Bethnal Greenand theMetropolitan Borough of Poplarto form the newLondon Borough of Tower Hamlets.The new borough of Tower Hamlets covered only part of the historic Tower Division (or Tower Hamlets). At the same time, the area became part of the newGreater London,which replaced the older, smallerCounty of London.

Early history

[edit]
Whitechapel High Street, and St Mary Matfelon, in 1905

Early development

[edit]

Whitechapel, along with areas such as neighbouringShoreditch,Holborn(west of the city) and Southwark (south of the Thames), was one of London's earlier extra-mural suburbs. Beyond controls of theCity of London Corporation,Whitechapel was used for more polluting and land-intensive industries the city market demanded, such as tanneries, builders' goods yards, laundries, clothes dyers,slaughterhouse-related work, soaperies, and breweries. Whitechapel was strongly notable for foundries, foremost of which was theWhitechapel Bell Foundry,which later castPhiladelphia'sLiberty Bell,Westminster'sBig Ben,Bow Bellsand more recently the LondonOlympic Bellin 2012. Population shifts from rural areas to London from the 17th century to the mid-19th century resulted in great numbers of more or less destitute people taking up residence amidst the industries, businesses and services ancillary to theCity of Londonthat had attracted them.

Whitechapel Mount

[edit]
Main article:Whitechapel Mount

TheWhitechapel Mountwas a large, probably artificial mound, of unknown origin, that stood on the south side of Whitechapel Road, about 1200 metres east of theAldgate,immediately west of the modern Royal London Hospital. The Mount is widely believed to have formed part of London's defences during theWars of the Three Kingdomsin the mid-17th century. This was either as part of a ring of fortifications known as theLines of Communicationwhich were in operation from 1642 to 1647,[5]or additionally or alternatively, as one of the three forts which replaced that system of defence immediately afterwards.

The mount was removed to allow residential development in 1807–1808.

TheLondon Hospital,Whitechapel in 1753. TheWhitechapel Mountstands immediately to the right (west).

Davenant Foundation School

[edit]
Main articles:Davenant Foundation SchoolandDavenant Centre

In 1680,Ralph Davenant(rector of the parish of Whitechapel), his wife and his sister-in-law bequeathed a large sum for a schoolmaster to teach literacy, numeracy and the "principles of the Church of England" to forty boys of the parish. In the same deed Henry and Sarah Gullifer undertook to provide for the education of thirty poor girls; namely a schoolmistress was to teach them the "catechism, reading, knitting, plain sewing, and any other useful work".[6]In 1701 an unknown donor gave the foundation £1,000 (equivalent to £190,000 in 2023) so the children might be suitably clothed as well as educated.[6]Between 1783 and 1830 the school received twenty gifts totalling over £5,000.[6]Typical income seems to have been about £500 per year, which was much more than most vicar's and rector's livings, net.[6]Supporting modern education, theDavenant Centrecontinues and theDavenant Foundation Schoolhas, since 1966, been based atLoughtoninEssex.[6]

Royal London Hospital

[edit]

The London Infirmary was established as avoluntary hospitalin 1740, and within a year soon moved fromFinsburyto Prescot Street, a very densely populated and deprived part of southern Whitechapel. Its aim was "The relief of all sick and diseased persons and, in particular, manufacturers, seamen in the merchant service and their wives and children".

The hospital moved to the then largely rural Whitechapel Road site in 1757, and was renamed the London Hospital. It became known as theRoyal London Hospitalon its 250th anniversary in 1990. The new building, adjacent to the old building it replaced, was opened in 2012.[7]

In 2023 the old hospital building became the newTower Hamlets Town Hall,replacing theMulberry Placesite inPoplar.

18th and 19th centuries

[edit]

In common with many other parts of theEast End of London,Whitechapel gained a reputation for severe poverty, overcrowding, and the social problems that came with it.[8][9]

Part of Charles Booth's map of Whitechapel, 1889. The red areas are "middle-class"; the black areas are "semi-criminal".
Colour key for Booth'spoverty map.

William Boothbegan hisChristian Revival Society,preaching the gospel in a tent, erected in theFriends Burial Ground,Thomas Street, Whitechapel, in 1865. Others joined hisChristian Mission,and on 7 August 1878 theSalvation Armywas formed at a meeting held at 272 Whitechapel Road.[10]A statue commemorates both his mission and his work in helping the poor.[11]

Plaque commemorating King Edward VII, with the inscription "erected with subscriptions raised by Jewish inhabitants of East London 1911"
Royal London Hospital's old building from the 18th century

The population grew quickly with migrants from the English countryside and further afield. Many of these incomers were Irish or Jewish. Western Whitechapel, and neighbouring areas of Wapping, became known asLittle Germanydue to the large numbers of German people who came to the area; many of these people, and their descendants, worked in the sugar industry. TheSt George's German Lutheran ChurchonAlie Streetis a legacy of that part of the community.[12]

Writing of the period 1883–1884,Yiddish theatreactorJacob Adlerwrote, "The further we penetrated into this Whitechapel, the more our hearts sank. Was this London? Never in Russia, never later in the worst slums of New York, were we to see such poverty as in the London of the 1880s."[13]

This endemic poverty drove many women to prostitution. In October 1888 theMetropolitan Policeestimated that there were 1,200 prostitutes "of very low class" resident in Whitechapel and about 62 brothels.[14]Reference is specifically made to them inCharles Booth'sLife and Labour of the People in London,especially to dwellings calledBlackwall Buildingsbelonging to Blackwall Railway. Such prostitutes were numbered amongst the 11Whitechapel murders(1888–91), some of which were committed by the legendary serial killer known as "Jack the Ripper".These attacks caused widespread terror in the district and throughout the country and drew the attention of social reformers to the squalor and vice of the area, even though these crimes remain unsolved today.[15]

London County Council,founded 1889, helped deliver investment in new housing andslum clearance;objectives which were a popular cause at the time.

The "Elephant Man"Joseph Merrick(1862–1890) became well known in Whitechapel – he was exhibited in a shop on the Whitechapel Road before being helped byFrederick Treves(1853–1923) at theRoyal London Hospital,opposite the actual shop. There is a museum in the hospital about his life.[16]

20th century

[edit]

In 1902, American authorJack London,looking to write a counterpart toJacob Riis's seminal bookHow the Other Half Lives,donned ragged clothes and boarded in Whitechapel, detailing his experiences inThe People of the Abyss.

Home Secretary Churchill observing the events at Sidney Street, Whitechapel

TheSiege of Sidney Street(also known as theBattle of Stepney,after theMetropolitan Borough of Stepneyof which Whitechapel was part) in January 1911 was a gunfight between police and military forces, and Latvian revolutionaries. Then Home SecretaryWinston Churchilltook over the operation, and his presence caused a political row over the level of his involvement during the time. His biographers disagreed and claimed that he gave no operational commands to the police,[17][18]but a Metropolitan Police account states that the events of Sidney Street were "a very rare case of a Home Secretary taking police operational command decisions".[a]

TheFreedom Press,a socialist publishing house, thought it worthwhile to explore conditions in the leading city of the nation that had invented modern capitalism. He concluded that English poverty was far rougher than the American variety. The juxtaposition of the poverty, homelessness, exploitative work conditions, prostitution, and infant mortality of Whitechapel and other East End locales with some of the greatest personal wealth the world has ever seen made it a focal point for leftist reformers and revolutionaries of all kinds, fromGeorge Bernard Shaw,whoseFabian Societymet regularly in Whitechapel, toVladimir Lenin,led rallies in Whitechapel during his exile from Russia.[20]The area is still home to Freedom Press, the anarchist publishing house founded byCharlotte Wilson.

On Sunday 4 October 1936, theBritish Union of Fascistsled byOswald Mosley,intended to march through the East End, an area with a large Jewish population. The BUF mustered on and aroundTower Hilland hundreds of thousands of local people turned out to block the march. There were violent clashes with the BUF around Tower Hill, but most of the violence occurred as police tried to clear a route through the crowds for the BUF to follow.

The police fought protesters at nearbyCable Street– the series of clashes becoming known as theBattle of Cable Street– and Tower Hill, but the largest confrontations took place atAldgateand Whitechapel, notably atGardiner's Corner,at the junction ofLeman Street,Commercial StreetandWhitechapel High Street.[21]

The Halal restaurant on the junction of St Mark Street andAlie Streetopened in 1939 to serve the many Indian seamen living in the area. It is now the oldest Indian restaurant in East London.[22]

Whitechapel was the centre of British Jewish refugee immigrant life in the late 19th and early 20th century.

Whitechapel remained poor through the first half of the 20th century, though somewhat less desperately so. It suffered great damage from enemy bombers duringthe Blitz,and from the subsequentGermanV-weaponattacks. The parish church,St Mary Matfelon,was badly damaged in a raid on 29 December 1940, a raid so damaging that it caused theSecond Great Fire of London.

The remains were demolished in 1952. St Mary's traced stone footprint and former graveyard remain, as part ofAltab Ali Park.[4][23]

On 4 May 1978, three teenagers murderedAltab Ali,a 24 year old Bangladesh-born clothing worker, in a racially motivated attack, as he walked home after work. The attack took place on Adler Street, by St Mary's Churchyard, where St Mary Matfelon had previously stood. The reaction to his murder provoked the mass mobilisation of the local Bengali community. The gardens of the former churchyard were later renamedAltab Ali Parkin his memory.[24][25]

TheMetropolitan linebetween Hammersmith and Whitechapel was withdrawn in 1990 and shown separately as a new line called theHammersmith & City line.[26][27]

21st century

[edit]
Bengali signage onWhitechapel station.

Crossrailcalls at Whitechapel station[28]on theElizabeth line.Eastbound services will be split into two branches after leaving the historic station which underwent a massive redevelopment that started in 2010.[29]

In order to prepare for Crossrail, in January 2016, the old Whitechapel station was closed for refurbishment and modernisation work in order to improve services and increase capacity in the station.[30]

The Royal London Hospital was closed and re-opened behind the original site in 2012 in a brand new building costing £650m.[31]The old site was then repurchased by the local council to open a new town hall,[32]replacing the existing Town Hall at Mulberry Place.

In March 2022,Whitechapel stationsigns had "হোয়াইটচ্যাপেল" inBengaliinstalled.[33]TheBritish-PakistaniMayor of LondonSadiq Khanwas "delighted" that the signage was installed ahead ofBangladesh Independence Dayon 26 March.[33]The installation was attended byBangladeshidiplomats andMamata Banerjee,theChief MinisterofWest Bengal.[34]

Also in 2022 a historical marker was placed in Whitechapel, on the site of the former Adler House at the junction of Adler and Coke Streets by theJewish American Society for Historic PreservationUK Branch. Adler House was named in honour of the Chief Rabbi of the British Empire, Herman Adler, 1891–1911. The marker recognises the significance of Whitechapel as the centre of British Jewish refugee life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[35]

Governance

[edit]
Main article:London Borough of Tower Hamlets

Local council facilities will be grouped within the oldRoyal London Hospitalbuilding as a civic centre. The locallibrary,now called anIdea Storeis located onWhitechapel Road.

Culture

[edit]
The distinctive tiled frontage of theWhitechapel Art Gallery
TheEast London Mosquewas one of the first in Britain to be allowed to use loudspeakers to broadcast theadhan.[36]

Whitechapel Road was the location of two 19th-century theatres: The Effingham (1834–1897) andThe Pavilion Theatre(1828–1935; building demolished in 1962).Charles Dickens Jr.(eldest child ofCharles Dickens), in his 1879 bookDickens's Dictionary of London,described the Pavilion this way: "A large East-end theatre capable of holding considerably over 3,000 persons. Melodrama of a rough type, farce, pantomime,&c."[37]In the early 20th century it became the home of Yiddish theatre, catering to the large Jewish population of the area, and gave birth to the Anglo-Jewish 'Whitechapel Boys' avant-garde literary and artistic movement.

Since at least the 1970s, Whitechapel and other nearby parts of East London have figured prominently in London's art scene. Probably the area's most prominent art venue is theWhitechapel Art Gallery,founded in 1901 and long an outpost of high culture in a poor neighbourhood. As the neighbourhood has gentrified, it has gained citywide, and even international, visibility and support. From 2005 the gallery underwent a major expansion, with the support of £3.26 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The expanded facility opened in 2009.

Whitechapel in the early 21st century has figured prominently in London's punk rock and skuzz rock scenes, with the main focal point for this scene being Whitechapel Factory and Rhythm Factory bar, restaurant, and nightclub. This scene includes the likes of The Libertines, Zap!,Nova,The Others,Razorlight, and The Rakes, all of whom have had some commercial success in the music charts.

Whitechapel Street Market at night

Demographics

[edit]

The total population of Whitechapel in 2021 was 18,841.[38] Bangladeshisare the largest ethnic group in the area, making up 40% of the Whitechapel ward total population.[39]TheEast London Mosqueat the end of Whitechapel Road is one of the largest mosques in Europe. The mosque group was established as early as 1910, and the demand for a mosque grew as theSylheticommunity grew rapidly over the years.

In 1985 this large, purpose built mosque with a dome and minaret was built in the heart of Whitechapel, attracting thousands of worshippers every week, and it was further expanded with theLondon Muslim Centrein 2004.[40]

A library, the WhitechapelIdea Store,constructed in 2005 at a cost of £12 million byWilliam Verryto a design byDavid Adjaye,was nominated for the 2006Stirling Prize.[41][42]

Whitechapel compared 2021[43] White BritishorOther White Asian Black
Whitechapel Population 18,841 34.6% 51.3% 4.9%
London Borough of Tower Hamlets 39.4% 44.4% 7.3%

In literature

[edit]
The Whitechapel Library with the word "বাংলা"illuminated in its front.

Whitechapel features inCharles Dickens'sPickwick Papers(chapter 22) as the location of the Bull Inn, where the Pickwickians take a coach toIpswich.En route, driving along Whitechapel Road,Sam Welleropines that it is "not a wery nice neighbourhood" and notes the correlation between poverty and the abundance of oyster stalls here.[44]One ofFagin's dens in Dickens'sOliver Twistwas located in Whitechapel, and Fagin himself was possibly based on a notorious local'fence'namedIkey Solomon(1785–1850).

Whitechapel is also the setting of several novels by Jewish authors such asChildren of the GhettoandThe King of SchnorrersbyIsrael ZangwillandJew BoybySimon Blumenfeld.Several chapters ofSholem Aleichem's classicYiddishnovelAdventures of Mottel the Cantor's Sontake place in early 20th-century Whitechapel, depicted from the point of view of an impoverished East European Jewish family fleeing the pogroms. The novelJourney Through a Small PlanetbyEmanuel Litvinoffvividly describes Whitechapel and its Jewish inhabitants in the 1920s and 1930s.

The prostitute and daughter of aLudditeleader Sybil Gerard, main character ofWilliam GibsonandBruce Sterling's novelThe Difference Enginecomes from Whitechapel. The novel's plot begins there.

One of the episodes inMichael Moorcock's novelBreakfast in the Ruinstakes place in 1905 Whitechapel, described from the point of view of an eleven year oldJewish refugee from Poland,working with his parents at asweatshop,who is caught up in the deadly confrontation between Russian revolutionaries and agents of theCzar's Secret Police.

Brick Lane,the 2003 novel byMonica Aliis based in Whitechapel and documents the life of a young Bangladeshi woman's experience of living inTower Hamletsin the 1990s and early 2000s.

Whitechapel is used as a location in mostJack the Ripper fiction.One such example is the bizarreWhite Chappel Scarlet Tracings(1987) byIain Sinclair.[45]It also features as the setting for the science fictionWebcomicFreakAngels,written by popular comics writerWarren Ellis.

Whitechapel is one of the worldwide locations referenced inEdith Piaf's songC'est à Hambourg[2],describing the harsh life of prostitutes.

In 2002, Whitechapel was used as the setting for aSherlock Holmesfilm,The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire,based on theArthur Conan DoylestoryThe Adventure of the Sussex Vampire.

Whitechapel serves as the setting for the television seriesRipper Street,which aired 2013–2016.

Education

[edit]
Main article:List of schools in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets

Transport

[edit]

Current railway stations

[edit]

Whitechapel has two underground stations:Aldgate EastandWhitechapel.Aldgate East is served by theDistrict lineand theHammersmith & City.Whitechapel is also served by these lines, as well by theElizabeth lineand the East and South London lines of theLondon Overground,soon to be renamed the Windrush line.[citation needed]

Historic railway stations

[edit]

Whitechapel station was originally calledWhitechapel (Mile End)to reflect its position just inside Whitechapel's boundary withMile Endand also its boundary with Bethnal Green.

Aldgate East station was originally 150 metres west of its current location and there was once an additional district line station immediately east of the modernEast London MosquecalledSt Mary's (Whitechapel Road).

In the 1930s, Aldgate East station was relocated 150 metres east of its original position, meaning there would then be three stations in very close proximity; as a result, the railway economised by closing St Mary's, in the middle of the three stations.

Other modes

[edit]

London Buses15,25,106,115,135,205,254,D3,N15,N205,N253,N550andN551all operate within the area.

Whitechapel is connected to theNational Road Networkby both theA11onWhitechapel Roadin the centre and, to the south, theA13andThe HighwayA1203 running east–west.

Cycle Superhighway CS2runs fromAldgatetoStratfordon the A11.

Nearest places

[edit]
Districts

Notable natives or residents

[edit]

In addition to the prominent figures detailed in the article:

Born in Whitechapel

[edit]

Resident in or otherwise associated with Whitechapel

[edit]

Future developments

[edit]

Whitechapel Market and the A11 corridor is currently the subject of a £20 million investment to improve the public spaces along the route. The London Boroughs of Tower Hamlets & Newham are working with English Heritage and Transport for London to refurbish the historic buildings at this location and improve the market.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Subsequent stories that a bullet passed through Churchill's top hat are apocryphal, and no reference to such an occurrence appears in either the official records, or Churchill's accounts of the siege.[19]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Census Information Scheme (2012)."2011 Census Ward Population figures for London".Greater London Authority.Retrieved17 October2023.
  2. ^Brewers Dictionary of London Phrase and Fable,Russ Willey, Chambers, 2009
  3. ^'Stepney: Communications', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green (1998), pp. 7–13Archived28 September 2007 at theWayback Machineaccessed: 9 March 2007
  4. ^abBen Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert (eds) (1983) "Whitechapel" inThe London Encyclopaedia:955-6
  5. ^Civil War London, David Flintham, Helion and Company, 2017
  6. ^abcdeA History of the County of Middlesex:Volume 1, Physique, Archaeology, Domesday, Ecclesiastical Organization, the Jews, Religious Houses, Education of Working Classes To 1870, Private Education From Sixteenth CenturySchools:Davenant Foundation Grammar School, editors: J S Cockburn, H P F King and K G T McDonnell (London, 1969), pages 293–294. British History Onlinehttp://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol1/pp293-294Archived31 December 2022 at theWayback Machine
  7. ^History section of the official websitehttps://www.bartshealth.nhs.uk/the-royal-london-our-historyArchived28 April 2023 at theWayback Machine
  8. ^Whitechapel CP through time: Housing Statistics: Total Houses, A Vision of Britain through Time, GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth,http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10071306/cube/HOUSESArchived31 December 2022 at theWayback Machine
  9. ^Whitechapel CP through time: Population Statistics: Total Population, A Vision of Britain through Time, GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth,http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10071306/cube/TOT_POPArchived31 December 2022 at theWayback Machine
  10. ^1878 Foundation Deed Of The Salvation Armyaccessed 15 February 2007Archived25 May 2012 at theWayback Machine
  11. ^"Whitechapel Road".Lonely Planet.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2019.Retrieved14 September2021.
  12. ^East London Record - No 13 - 1990https://www.mernick.org.uk/elhs/Record/ELHS%20RECORD%2013%20(1990).pdf
  13. ^Jacob Adler,A Life on the Stage: A Memoir,translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999,ISBN0679413510.p. 232–233
  14. ^Donald Rumbelow (2004)The Complete Jack the Ripper:12. Penguin
  15. ^Nicholas Connell (2005)Walter Dew: The Man Who Caught Crippen:7–55
  16. ^"Seven places in London connected with the Elephant Man".Time Out London.February 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 25 February 2021.Retrieved16 April2020.
  17. ^Addison, Paul(2014). "Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32413.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  18. ^Jenkins, Roy(2012).Churchill.London: Pan Macmillan. p. 195.ISBN978-0-330-47607-2.Archivedfrom the original on 31 August 2023.Retrieved28 August2022.
  19. ^Waldren, Mike (July 2013)."The Siege of Sidney Street"(PDF).Police Firearms Officers Association. p. 11. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 March 2016.Retrieved30 January2016.
  20. ^"First Thursday GALLERY 46".Whitechapelgallery.org.Archivedfrom the original on 29 October 2017.Retrieved6 January2018.
  21. ^"Fascist march stopped after disorderly scenes".Guardian newspaper. 5 October 1936.Archivedfrom the original on 2 November 2022.Retrieved2 November2022.
  22. ^INews article on publicity campaign to save the restaurant after Covid 19https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/food-and-drink/east-london-oldest-indian-restaurant-threat-city-workers-custom-572955Archived17 April 2023 at theWayback Machine
  23. ^Andrew Davies (1990)The East End Nobody Knows:15–16
  24. ^"Aldgate".London-footprints.co.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 4 February 2015.Retrieved29 April2014.
  25. ^"Brick Lane Tour:: Stop 10: Altab Ali Park".Worldwrite.org.uk. 4 May 1978.Archivedfrom the original on 31 October 2015.Retrieved29 April2014.
  26. ^Rose, Douglas (December 2007) [1980].The London Underground: A Diagrammatic History(8th ed.). Capital Transport.ISBN978-1-85414-315-0.
  27. ^"London Underground map 1990".The London Tube map archive.Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2012.Retrieved21 November2012.
  28. ^"Whitechapel station".Crossrail.co.uk.Archived fromthe originalon 22 January 2018.Retrieved6 January2018.
  29. ^"Route map".Crossrail.co.uk.Archived fromthe originalon 28 December 2017.Retrieved6 January2018.
  30. ^"Whitechapel Station to be modernised in preparation for Crossrail".Transport for London.Archivedfrom the original on 7 January 2018.Retrieved6 January2018.
  31. ^"New Royal London Hospital opens".BBC News.2 March 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2018.Retrieved6 January2018.
  32. ^Brooke, Mike (6 February 2015)."Old Royal London Hospital sold for £9m to Tower Hamlets council for a new town hall".Eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 7 January 2018.Retrieved6 January2018.
  33. ^ab"Whitechapel Station gets new Bengali signage ahead of Elizabeth line opening".London Borough of Tower Hamlets.16 March 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 24 September 2022.Retrieved16 March2022.
  34. ^"London Station Gets Bengali Signage. Mamata Banerjee Reacts".NDTV.India.14 March 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 16 March 2022.Retrieved16 March2022.
  35. ^"Whitechapel Historical Marker".Archivedfrom the original on 30 July 2022.Retrieved30 July2022.
  36. ^Eade, John (1996). "Nationalism, Community, and the Islamization of Space in London". In Metcalf, Barbara Daly (ed.).Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe.Berkeley: University of California Press.ISBN0520204042.Retrieved24 April2015.As one of the few mosques in Britain permitted to broadcast calls to prayer (azan), the mosque soon found itself at the center of a public debate about "noise pollution" when local non-Muslim residents began to protest.
  37. ^Dickens, Charles Jr.(1879)."Pavilion Theatre".Dickens's Dictionary of London.Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2007.Retrieved22 August2007.
  38. ^"Whitechapel Ward in London".2021.Retrieved23 July2024.
  39. ^UK Census(2011)."Local Area Report – Whitechapel 2011 Census Ward (1237320252)".Nomis.Office for National Statistics.Retrieved9 February2018.
  40. ^History of East London MosqueArchived10 February 2009 at theWayback MachineEast London Mosque & London Muslim Centre. Retrieved 24 April 2009.
  41. ^[1][dead link]
  42. ^"Idea Store website".Ideastore.co.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 16 April 2014.Retrieved29 April2014.
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