Vienna

Vienna

*Wien*(German)
*Wean*(Bavarian)
Vienna Wien(German); Wean(Bavarian)
Capital city,federal stateandmunicipality
	Schönbrunn Palace Stephansdom Vienna State Opera Vienna City Hall Neue Hofburg Karlskirche Upper Belvedere
	Flag Seal Coat of arms Logo
	Map of Vienna
	Vienna highlighted in Austria
	Vienna Location within Austria Vienna Location within Europe
	Coordinates:48°12′30″N16°22′21″E/ 48.20833°N 16.37250°E
Country	Austria
Federal state	Vienna
Government
• Body	State and Municipality
•Mayor and Governor	Michael Ludwig(SPÖ)
Area
•Capital city,federal stateandmunicipality	414.78 km2(160.15 sq mi)
• Land	395.25 km2(152.61 sq mi)
• Water	19.39 km2(7.49 sq mi)
Elevation	151 (Lobau) – 542 (Hermannskogel) m (495–1,778 ft)
Population (2024)	1,911,191
• Rank	10thin Europe; 1stin Austria
•Urban	2,223,236 ( "Kernzone" )
•Metro	2,890,577
• Ethnicity	46% Austrian; 54%Other;
Demonyms	German:Wiener (m), Wienerin (f); Viennese
GDP
•Capital city,federal stateandmunicipality	€110.922 billion (2022)
Time zone	UTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2(CEST)
Postal code	1xx0 (xx = district number); 1300 (airport); 1400 (United Nations); other 1yyy (postal boxes);
ISO 3166 code	AT-9
Vehicle registration	W
HDI(2021)	0.942; very high·1st of 9
Seats in theFederal Council	10 / 60
GeoTLD	.wien
Website	wien.gv.at(in German)
	;
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Historic Centre of Vienna
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iv, vi
Designated	2001 (25thsession)
Reference no.	1033
UNESCO Region	Europe and North America
Endangered	2017–present

Vienna(/viˈɛnə/^ⓘvee-EN-ə;^[9]^[10]German:Wien[viːn]^ⓘ;Austro-Bavarian:Wean[veɐ̯n]) is the capital,most populous city,and one ofnine federal statesofAustria.It is Austria'sprimate city,with just over two million inhabitants.^[11]^[12]Its largermetropolitan areahas a population of nearly 2.9 million,^[13]representing nearly one-third of the country's population. Vienna is thecultural,economic,andpoliticalcenter of the country, thefifth-largest city by populationin theEuropean Union,and the most-populous of thecities on the Danube river.

The city lies on the eastern edge of theVienna Woods(Wienerwald), the northeasternmost foothills of theAlps,that separate Vienna from the more western parts of Austria, at the transition to thePannonian Basin.It sits on theDanube,and is traversed by the highly regulatedWienfluss(Vienna River). Vienna is completely surrounded byLower Austria,and lies around 50 km (31 mi) west ofSlovakiaand its capitalBratislava,60 km (37 mi) northwest ofHungary,and 60 km (37 mi) south ofMoravia(Czech Republic).

The onceCelticsettlement ofVeduniawas converted by theRomansinto thecastrumandcanabaVindobona(province ofPannonia) in the 1st century, and was elevated to amunicipiumwith Roman city rights in 212. This was followed by a time in the sphere of influence of theLombardsand later thePannonian Avars,whenSlavsformed the majority of the region's population.^[a]From the 8th century on, the region was settled by theBaiuvarii.In 1155, Vienna was established as the seat of theBabenbergs,the lords of Austria from 976 to 1278, and, in 1221, Vienna was granted city rights. In the 16th century, the subsequent lords of Austria, theHabsburgs,established Vienna as the seat of the emperors of theHoly Roman Empire,with a short exception, until its dissolution in 1806. With the formation of theAustrian Empirein 1804, Vienna became the capital of it and all its successor states.

Throughout themodern eraVienna has been among the largestGerman-speaking cities in the world, being the largest in the 18th and 19th century, peaking at two million inhabitants before it was overtaken byBerlinat the beginning of the 20th century.^[14]^[15]^[16]Vienna is host to many majorinternational organizations,including theUnited Nations,OPECand theOSCE.In 2001, the city center was designated aUNESCO World Heritage Site.In July 2017, it was moved to the list ofWorld Heritage in Danger.^[17]

Vienna has been called the "City of Music"^[18]due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such asBeethoven,Brahms,Bruckner,Haydn,Mahler,Mozart,Schoenberg,Schubert,Johann Strauss IandJohann Strauss IIlived and worked there.^[19]It played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age ofViennese Classicismthrough the early part of the 20th century. Vienna was home to the world's first psychoanalyst,Sigmund Freud.^[20]The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-centuryRingstraße,which is lined with grand buildings, monuments, and parks.^[21]

Etymology

The place is mentioned asΟϋι[νδ]όβονα (Oui[nd]obona)in the 2nd century AD (Ptolemy,Geography,II, 14, 3);Vindobonain the 3rd century (Itinerarium Antonini Augusti233, 8);Vindobonain the 4th century (Tabula Peutingeriana,V, 1);Vindomanaab. 400 (Notitia Dignitatum,145, 16);Vindomina, Vendominain the 6th century (Jordanes,De origine actibusque Getarum,50, 264).

The English nameViennais borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The German nameWiencomes from the name of the riverWien,mentionedad UUeniamin 881 (Wenia-in modern writing).^[22]^[23]^[24]

The name of the Roman settlement on the same emplacement is of Celtic extractionVindobona,probably meaning "white village, white settlement" from Celtic roots,vindo-,meaning "white" (Old Irishfind"white", Welshgwyn/gwenn,Old Bretonguinn"white, bright" > Bretongwenn"white" ), and-bona"foundation, settlement, village",^[25]^[26]related to Old Irishbun"base, foundation" and Welshbon,same meaning.^[26]The Celtic wordvindosmay reflect a widespread prehistoricalcult of Vindos,a Celticdeitywho survives inIrish mythologyas the warrior andseerFionn mac Cumhaill.^[27]^[28]A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in theCzech,Slovak,PolishandUkrainiannames of the city (Vídeň,Viedeň,WiedeńandВіденьrespectively) and in that of the city's districtWieden.^[29]

The name of the city inHungarian(Bécs),Serbo-Croatian(Beč,Беч) andOttoman Turkish(بچ,Beç) has a different, probablySlavonicorigin, and originally referred to anAvarfort in the area.^[30]Slovenespeakers call the cityDunaj,which in other Central European Slavic languages means the riverDanube,on which the city stands.

History

Early history

Evidence has been found of continuous habitation in the Vienna area since 500 BC, whenCeltssettled the site on the Danube.^[31]In 15 BC, theRomansfortified the frontier city they calledVindobonato guard the empire againstGermanic tribesto the north.

Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monkSaint Colman(or Koloman, IrishColmán,derived fromcolm"dove" ) is buried in Melk Abbey andSaint Fergil(Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's greatSchottenstiftmonastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.

In 976,Leopold I of Babenbergbecame count of theEastern March,a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier ofBavaria.This initial district grew into theduchy of Austria.Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1155,Henry II, Duke of Austriamoved the Babenberg family residence with the founding of theSchottenstiftfromKlosterneuburgin Lower Austria to Vienna.^[32]From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.^[33]Hungaryoccupied the city between 1485 and 1490.

Vienna became at the turn to the 16th century the seat of theAulic Council^[34]and subsequently later in the 16th century of theHabsburgemperors of theHoly Roman Empirewith an interruption between at the turn to the 17th century until 1806, becoming an important center in the empire.^[35]

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Christian forces twice stoppedOttomanarmies outside Vienna, in the 1529siege of Viennaand the 1683Battle of Vienna.TheGreat Plague of Viennaravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.^[36]

Austrian Empire and early 20th century

In 1804, during theNapoleonic Wars,Vienna became the capital of the newly formedAustrian Empire.The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting theCongress of Viennain 1814–15. The city also saw major uprisings against Habsburg rule in1848,which were suppressed. After theAustro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867,Vienna remained the capital of what became theAustro-Hungarian Empire.The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of theFirst Viennese School(Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.

During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been thebastionsandglacisinto theRingstraße,a newboulevardsurrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, afterWorld War I,Vienna became capital of theRepublic of German-Austria,and then in 1919 of theFirst Republic of Austria.

From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and ofmodernism.A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such asJohannes Brahms,Anton Bruckner,Gustav Mahler,andRichard Strauss.

The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, theVienna Secessionmovement in art, theSecond Viennese School,the architecture ofAdolf Loos,the philosophy ofLudwig Wittgenstein,and theVienna Circle.

Red Vienna

The city of Vienna became the center ofsocialistpolitics from 1919 to 1934, a period referred to asRed Vienna(Das rote Wien). After a new breed of socialist politicians won the local elections they engaged in a brief but ambitious municipal experiment.^[37]Social democrats had won an absolute majority in the May 1919 municipal election and ruled the city council with 100 of the 165 seats.Jakob Reumannwas appointed by the city council as city mayor.^[38]The theoretical foundations of so-calledAustromarxismwere established byOtto Bauer,Karl Renner,andMax Adler.^[39]

In theAustrian Civil Warof 1934 ChancellorEngelbert Dollfusssent theAustrian Armed Forcesto shell civilian housing such as theKarl Marx-Hofoccupied by theRepublikanischer Schutzbund,thesocialistmilitia.

Anschluss and World War II

In 1938, after a triumphant entry into Austria, the Austrian-bornGerman Chancellor Adolf Hitlerspoke to AustrianGermansfrom the balcony of the Neue Burg, a part of theHofburgat theHeldenplatz.In the ensuing days the new Nazi authorities oversaw the harassment of Viennese Jews, the looting of their homes, and their on-going deportation and murder.^[40]^[41]Between 1938 (after theAnschluss) and the end of theSecond World Warin 1945, Vienna lost its status as a capital toBerlin,because Austria ceased to exist and became part ofNazi Germany.

During the November pogroms on 9 November 1938, 92 synagogues in Vienna were destroyed. Only the city temple in the 1st district was spared, as the data of all Jews in Vienna were collected in the adjacent archives.Adolf Eichmannheld office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was only about 5,000.^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]

Vienna was also the center of the important resistance group aroundHeinrich Maier,which provided the Allies with plans for V-1,V-2 rockets,Peenemünde,Tiger tanks,Messerschmitt Bf 109,Messerschmitt Me 163 Kometand other aircraft. The information was important toOperation CrossbowandOperation Hydra,both preliminary missions forOperation Overlord.In addition, factory locations for war-essential products were communicated as targets for the Allied Air Force. The group was exposed and most of its members were executed after months of torture by the Gestapo in Vienna.^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]The group around the later executedKarl Burianeven tried to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in the Hotel Metropole.^[50]

On 2 April 1945, theSoviet Red Armylaunched theVienna Offensiveagainst the Germans holding the city and besieged it. British and American air-raids, as well as artillery duels between the Red Army and theSSandWehrmacht,crippled infrastructure, such as tram services and water- and power-distribution, and destroyed or damaged thousands of public and private buildings. The Red Army was helped by an Austrian resistance group in the German Wehrmacht. The group tried under the code name Radetzky to prevent the destruction and fighting in the city. Vienna fell eleven days later.^[51]At the end of the war, Austria again became separated from Germany, and Vienna regained its status as the capital city of the Republic of Austria, but the Soviet hold on the city remained until 1955,^[52]^[53]when Austria regained full sovereignty.

Four-power Vienna

After the war, Vienna was part ofSoviet-occupied Eastern Austriauntil September 1945. In September 1945, Vienna was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and theSoviet Unionand supervised by anAllied Commission.The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted aninternational zonein which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The control was policed by the four powers on ade factoday-to-day basis, the famous "four soldiers in a jeep" method.^[54]TheBerlin Blockadeof 1948 raised Western concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna. The matter was raised in the UKHouse of Commonsby MPAnthony Nutting,who asked: "What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna? Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin."^[55]

There was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade. Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn. The Soviets did not blockade the city. ThePotsdam Agreementincluded written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin. Also, there was no precipitating event to cause a blockade in Vienna. (In Berlin, the Western powers had introduced a new currency in early 1948 to economically freeze out the Soviets.) During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hotbed for international espionage between theWesternandEastern blocs.In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, theCold Warin Vienna took on a different dynamic. While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna. Here, the Soviet forces controlled districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21, and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938.

Barbed wire fences were installed around the perimeter ofWest Berlinin 1953, but not in Vienna. By 1955, the Soviets, by signing theAustrian State Treaty,agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna. In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country. Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member ofNATOand that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy andWest Germany.

The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background forGraham Greene's screenplay for the filmThe Third Man(1949). The film'stheme musicwas composed and performed by Viennese musicianAnton Karasusing azither.Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991Philip Kerrnovel,A German Requiem.

Austrian State Treaty and subsequent sovereignty

The four-power control of Vienna lasted until theAustrian State Treatywas signed in May 1955. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, theState Operaand theBurgtheater,both on theRingstraße,reopened to the public. The Soviet Union signed the State Treaty only after having been provided with a political guarantee by the federal government to declare Austria's neutrality after the withdrawal of the allied troops. This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neitherNATOnor theSoviet bloc,and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayedentry into the European Union in 1995.

In the 1970s,Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreiskyinaugurated theVienna International Center,a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organizations, such as the United Nations (United Nations Industrial Development Organization,United Nations Office at ViennaandUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), thePreparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,theInternational Atomic Energy Agency,theOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries,and theOrganization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.

Demographics

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1637	60,000	—
1683	90,000	+50.0%
1710	113,800	+26.4%
1754	175,460	+54.2%
1783	247,753	+41.2%
1793	271,800	+9.7%
1830	401,200	+47.6%
1840	469,400	+17.0%
1850	551,300	+17.4%
1857	683,000	+23.9%
1869	900,998	+31.9%
1880	1,162,591	+29.0%
1890	1,430,213	+23.0%
1900	1,769,137	+23.7%
1910	2,083,630	+17.8%
1916	2,239,000	+7.5%
1923	1,918,720	−14.3%
1934	1,935,881	+0.9%
1939	1,770,938	−8.5%
1951	1,616,125	−8.7%
1961	1,627,566	+0.7%
1971	1,619,885	−0.5%
1981	1,535,145	−5.2%
1990	1,492,636	−2.8%
2000	1,548,537	+3.7%
2005	1,632,569	+5.4%
2010	1,689,995	+3.5%
2015	1,797,337	+6.4%
2020	1,911,728	+6.4%
2024	2,014,614	+5.4%

Significant foreign resident groups^[56]
Country of birth	Population as of 31 December 2022
Serbia	88,715
Turkey	65,650
Germany	60,513
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50,036
Poland	48,741
Syria	40,054
Romania	39,327
Ukraine	34,285
Afghanistan	25,084
Hungary	24,145

Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital ofAustria-Hungary(1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants, and was the thirdlargest cityin Europe after London and Paris.^[57]Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largestCzechpopulation in the world (afterPrague).^[58]After World War I, manyCzechsandHungariansreturned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy.^{[citation needed]}The population of Vienna generally stagnated or declined through the remainder of the 20th century, not demonstrating significant growth again until the census of 2000. In 2020, Vienna's population remained significantly below its reported peak in 1916.

Under the Nazi regime, 65,000Jewswere deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.^[59]

By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from formerYugoslavia;^[60]^[61]the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna wereTurks(39,000; 2.5%),Poles(13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%).

As of 2012^[update],an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary.^[12]^[62]

From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%.^[63]According toUN-Habitat,Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010.^[64]

Population by migration background (2023)^[65]
Background	Nos.
Native born	970,900
1st generation migration background	739,500
2nd generation migration background	242,900
Total	1,953,300

Religion

Religion in Vienna (2021)^[66]

Unaffiliated (34%)

Catholic Church(32%)

Eastern Orthodoxy(11%)

Islam(15%)

Other (8%)

According to the 2021 census, 49.0% of Viennese wereChristian.Among them, 31,8% wereCatholic,11,2% wereEastern Orthodox,and 3,7% wereProtestant,mostlyLutheran,34.1% had no religious affiliation, 14.8% wereMuslim,and 2% were of other religions, includingJewish.^[67]One sources estimates that Vienna's Jewish community is of 8,000 members meanwhile another suggest 15,000.^[68]^[69]

Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 200,000 (10.4%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions.^[70]A study conducted by theVienna Institute of Demographyestimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions.^[71]^[72]

As of the spring of 2014, Muslims made up 30% of the total proportion of schoolchildren in Vienna.^[73]^[74]

Vienna is the seat of the MetropolitanRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna,in which is also vested the exemptOrdinariatefor Byzantine-Rite Catholics in Austria; itsArchbishopisCardinal Christoph Schönborn.ManyCatholic Churchesin central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including theSt. Stephen's Cathedral(Stephansdom),Karlskirche,Peterskircheand theVotivkirche.On the banks of the Danube, there is a BuddhistPeace Pagoda,built in 1983 by the monks and nuns ofNipponzan Myohoji.

Geography

Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of theAlpsin theVienna Basin.The earliest settlement, at the location of today'sinner city,was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from 151 to 542 m (495 to 1,778 ft). The city has a total area of 414.65 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area.

Climate

Vienna has a borderlineoceanic(Köppen:Cfb) andhumid continental climate(Köppen:Dfb), with some parts of the urban core being warm enough for ahumid subtropical(Köppen:Cfa) classification.

The city has warm, showery summers, with average high temperatures ranging between 25 to 27 °C (77 to 81 °F) and a record maximum exceeding 38 °C (100 °F). Winters are relatively dry and cold with average temperatures at about freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with a chance of snow in November.

Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around 600 mm (23.6 in) annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part (700 to 800 mm (28 to 31 in) annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part (500 to 550 mm (20 to 22 in) annually). Snow in winter is common, even if not so frequent compared to the Western and Southern regions of Austria.

Climate data for Vienna (Hohe Warte) 1991–2020, extremes 1775–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	18.7 (65.7)	20.6 (69.1)	25.5 (77.9)	29.5 (85.1)	34.0 (93.2)	36.5 (97.7)	39.5 (103.1)	38.4 (101.1)	34.0 (93.2)	27.8 (82.0)	21.7 (71.1)	18.6 (65.5)	39.5 (103.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	3.5 (38.3)	6.5 (43.7)	10.7 (51.3)	17.2 (63.0)	20.7 (69.3)	25.1 (77.2)	26.4 (79.5)	26.1 (79.0)	21.1 (70.0)	14.3 (57.7)	8.8 (47.8)	4.0 (39.2)	15.4 (59.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)	1.1 (34.0)	2.8 (37.0)	6.9 (44.4)	11.9 (53.4)	16.3 (61.3)	20.0 (68.0)	21.9 (71.4)	21.6 (70.9)	16.6 (61.9)	11.2 (52.2)	6.2 (43.2)	1.8 (35.2)	11.5 (52.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−1.3 (29.7)	−0.5 (31.1)	2.6 (36.7)	6.7 (44.1)	10.7 (51.3)	14.7 (58.5)	15.9 (60.6)	15.6 (60.1)	12.0 (53.6)	7.3 (45.1)	3.7 (38.7)	−0.4 (31.3)	7.2 (45.0)
Record low °C (°F)	−23.8 (−10.8)	−26.0 (−14.8)	−16.3 (2.7)	−8.1 (17.4)	−1.8 (28.8)	3.2 (37.8)	6.9 (44.4)	6.5 (43.7)	−0.6 (30.9)	−9.1 (15.6)	−14.3 (6.3)	−20.7 (−5.3)	−26.0 (−14.8)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches)	42.1 (1.66)	38.1 (1.50)	51.6 (2.03)	41.8 (1.65)	78.9 (3.11)	70.0 (2.76)	77.7 (3.06)	69.1 (2.72)	64.1 (2.52)	46.9 (1.85)	46.0 (1.81)	46.8 (1.84)	673.1 (26.50)
Average snowfall cm (inches)	15.9 (6.3)	13.6 (5.4)	5.2 (2.0)	1.1 (0.4)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.4 (0.2)	3.2 (1.3)	10.8 (4.3)	50.2 (19.9)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm)	8.7	7.1	8.7	6.5	9.4	8.4	8.9	7.9	7.4	7.2	7.6	8.6	96.4
Average snowy days(≥ 1.0 cm)	11.4	8.8	3.4	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	1.6	6.2	31.8
Averagerelative humidity(%)(at 14:00)	73.4	64.9	57.7	51.6	54.6	54.4	53.3	52.8	58.4	66.2	74.3	76.6	61.5
Mean monthlysunshine hours	70.2	104.9	155.1	216.5	248.3	260.5	273.6	266.3	191.7	129.9	67.7	57.1	2,041.8
Percentpossible sunshine	26.4	37.5	43.0	54.1	54.4	56.3	58.6	62.1	52.2	40.0	25.1	22.6	44.4
Source 1:Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics^[75]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows),^[76]wien.orf.at^[77]

Climate data for Vienna (Innere Stadt) 1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	19.5 (67.1)	20.0 (68.0)	25.4 (77.7)	31.2 (88.2)	34.1 (93.4)	37.7 (99.9)	38.4 (101.1)	39.5 (103.1)	34.5 (94.1)	28.5 (83.3)	21.3 (70.3)	16.4 (61.5)	39.5 (103.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	4.2 (39.6)	7.0 (44.6)	11.0 (51.8)	17.4 (63.3)	21.1 (70.0)	25.7 (78.3)	26.9 (80.4)	26.6 (79.9)	21.6 (70.9)	15.0 (59.0)	9.5 (49.1)	4.7 (40.5)	15.9 (60.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	2.1 (35.8)	3.8 (38.8)	7.7 (45.9)	13.0 (55.4)	17.3 (63.1)	21.0 (69.8)	23.0 (73.4)	22.8 (73.0)	17.7 (63.9)	12.3 (54.1)	7.2 (45.0)	2.8 (37.0)	12.6 (54.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−0.1 (31.8)	1.1 (34.0)	4.0 (39.2)	8.6 (47.5)	12.3 (54.1)	16.4 (61.5)	17.7 (63.9)	17.5 (63.5)	13.8 (56.8)	8.9 (48.0)	5.0 (41.0)	0.7 (33.3)	8.8 (47.8)
Record low °C (°F)	−17.6 (0.3)	−16.4 (2.5)	−11.0 (12.2)	−2.4 (27.7)	3.0 (37.4)	6.8 (44.2)	10.9 (51.6)	10.1 (50.2)	5.1 (41.2)	−2.1 (28.2)	−7.0 (19.4)	−15.4 (4.3)	−17.6 (0.3)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches)	37.6 (1.48)	33.5 (1.32)	46.3 (1.82)	39.6 (1.56)	78.3 (3.08)	82.0 (3.23)	80.3 (3.16)	73.8 (2.91)	67.3 (2.65)	47.7 (1.88)	42.9 (1.69)	39.9 (1.57)	669.2 (26.35)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm)	7.5	6.3	7.7	6.4	9.3	9.0	8.9	8.0	7.2	7.0	6.9	7.7	91.9
Averagerelative humidity(%)(at 14:00)	75.0	67.6	62.1	53.9	54.3	56.9	54.4	54.4	61.0	64.9	74.9	78.4	63.2
Mean monthlysunshine hours	70.4	103.7	154.9	216.6	248.5	259.1	273.3	266.3	194.0	133.3	70.7	57.1	2,047.9
Percentpossible sunshine	26.7	37.1	42.8	53.8	53.9	55.2	57.9	61.7	52.6	40.9	26.4	23.0	44.3
Source:Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics^[75]^[78]

Climate data for Vienna (Hohe Warte) 1961–1990^[i]
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean maximum °C (°F)	10.2 (50.4)	11.9 (53.4)	19.6 (67.3)	23.5 (74.3)	26.6 (79.9)	30.1 (86.2)	31.8 (89.2)	31.5 (88.7)	27.6 (81.7)	21.6 (70.9)	16.0 (60.8)	11.3 (52.3)	31.8 (89.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	2.9 (37.2)	5.1 (41.2)	10.3 (50.5)	15.2 (59.4)	20.5 (68.9)	23.4 (74.1)	25.6 (78.1)	25.4 (77.7)	20.3 (68.5)	14.2 (57.6)	7.5 (45.5)	4.0 (39.2)	14.5 (58.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−0.6 (30.9)	1.6 (34.9)	5.8 (42.4)	10.5 (50.9)	15.1 (59.2)	18.2 (64.8)	20.1 (68.2)	19.7 (67.5)	16.0 (60.8)	10.6 (51.1)	5.1 (41.2)	1.2 (34.2)	10.3 (50.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−2.0 (28.4)	−0.9 (30.4)	2.4 (36.3)	5.8 (42.4)	10.5 (50.9)	13.5 (56.3)	15.4 (59.7)	15.3 (59.5)	11.7 (53.1)	7.0 (44.6)	2.4 (36.3)	−0.5 (31.1)	6.7 (44.1)
Mean minimum °C (°F)	−10.2 (13.6)	−8.3 (17.1)	−4.8 (23.4)	0.0 (32.0)	4.2 (39.6)	8.0 (46.4)	10.3 (50.5)	9.6 (49.3)	5.9 (42.6)	0.3 (32.5)	−3.8 (25.2)	−9.1 (15.6)	−10.2 (13.6)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches)	38.0 (1.50)	42.0 (1.65)	41.0 (1.61)	51.0 (2.01)	61.0 (2.40)	74.0 (2.91)	63.0 (2.48)	58.0 (2.28)	45.0 (1.77)	41.0 (1.61)	50.0 (1.97)	43.0 (1.69)	607 (23.88)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm)	8	8	8	8	9	9	9	8	6	6	8	8	95
Averagerelative humidity(%)	79	76	69	64	66	66	64	68	74	78	80	80	72
Average afternoonrelative humidity(%)	73	68	57	51	53	55	52	53	58	64	72	75	61
Averagedew point°C (°F)	−3.5 (25.7)	−2.3 (27.9)	−0.2 (31.6)	3.1 (37.6)	8.2 (46.8)	11.4 (52.5)	12.6 (54.7)	12.7 (54.9)	10.4 (50.7)	6.3 (43.3)	1.5 (34.7)	−1.8 (28.8)	4.9 (40.8)
Mean monthlysunshine hours	56	78	126	170	221	223	246	228	171	137	63	52	1,771
Source 1:Deutscher Wetterdienst^[79]
Source 2:NOAA(mean monthly max/min-Sun-Dew Point)^[80]

^Afternoon humidity measured at 14:00 local time

Districts and enlargement

Districts

No.	District	Area (km²)	Population (2023)	Density per km²
1	Innere Stadt	2.869	16,538	5,764
2	Leopoldstadt	19.242	110,100	5,707
3	Landstraße	7.403	98,398	13,292
4	Wieden	1.776	33,155	18,668
5	Margareten	2.012	54,400	27,038
6	Mariahilf	1.455	31,386	21,571
7	Neubau	1.608	31,513	19,598
8	Josefstadt	1.090	24,499	22,476
9	Alsergrund	2.976	41,631	13,989
10	Favoriten	31.823	220,324	6,923
11	Simmering	23.256	110,559	4,754
12	Meidling	8.103	101,714	12,556
13	Hietzing	37.713	55,505	1,472
14	Penzing	33.760	98,161	2,908
15	Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus	3.918	76,381	19,495
16	Ottakring	8.673	102,770	11,849
17	Hernals	11.396	56,671	4,973
18	Währing	6.347	51,395	8,098
19	Döbling	24.944	75,400	3,023
20	Brigittenau	5.710	85,930	15,049
21	Floridsdorf	44.443	186,233	4,190
22	Donaustadt	102.299	220,794	2,158
23	Liesing	32.061	121,303	3,784

Vienna is composed of 23 districts (Bezirke). Administrative district offices in Vienna, called Magistratische Bezirksämter, serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision.

District residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung). City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that the districts are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councilor (amtsführender Stadtrat).

Enlargement

The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today'sInnere Stadt,was a fortress surrounded by fields to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages,^[81]called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently, the walls were razed after 1857,^[82]making it possible for the city center to expand.

In their place, a broad boulevard called theRingstraßewas built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include theRathaus(town hall), theBurgtheater,theUniversity,theParliament,the twin museums ofnatural historyandfine art,and theStaatsoper.It is also the location of New Wing of theHofburg,the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainlyGothic Stephansdomis located at the center of the city, onStephansplatz.The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works.

From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall calledLinienwallat which aroad tollcalled theLiniengeldwas charged. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards aring roadcalledThe Gürtelwas built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892^[83]and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894.^[84]In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district.

From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the eastern bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938 the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surroundingLower Austriain 1954.^[83]Since then Vienna has had 23 districts.

Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. TheInnere Stadtis situated away from the main flow of theDanube,but is bounded by theDonaukanal( "Danube canal" ). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the Danube. Across the Danube, where the Vienna International Center is located (districts 21–22), and in the southern areas (district 23) are the newest parts of the city.

Politics

Political history

In the 20 years prior toWorld War Iuntil 1918, Viennese politics were shaped by theChristian Social Party.Long-term mayorKarl Luegerwas able to not apply the general voting rights for men introduced by and for the parliament of imperial Austria, theReichsrat,in 1907, which excluded most of the working class from taking part in decisions. ForAdolf Hitler,who spent some years in Vienna, Lueger was a teacher of how to useantisemitismin politics.

Vienna is today considered the center of theSocial Democratic Party(SPÖ). During the period of theFirst Republic(1918–1934), the Vienna Social Democrats undertook many social reforms. At the time, Vienna's municipal policy was admired bySocialiststhroughout Europe, who therefore referred to the city asRed Vienna(Rotes Wien). In February 1934, troops of the Austrian federal government underEngelbert Dollfuss,who closed down the first chamber of the federal parliament, theNationalrat,in 1933, and paramilitary socialist organizations were engaged in the Austrian Civil War, which led to the ban of the Social Democratic party.

The SPÖ has held the mayor's office and control of the city council/parliament at every free election since 1919. The only break in this SPÖ dominance came between 1934 and 1945, when the Social Democratic Party was illegal, mayors were appointed by theAustrofascistand later by theNaziauthorities. The current mayor of Vienna isMichael Ludwigof the SPÖ.

The city has enacted many social democratic policies. TheGemeindebautenare social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or "inner" district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built afterWorld War IIon vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard. The social housing in Vienna provides living for more than 500,000 people.^[85]

Government

Since Vienna obtainedfederal state(Bundesland) status of its own by the federal constitution of 1920, the city council also functions as the state parliament (Landtag), and the mayor (except 1934–1945) also doubles as theLandeshauptmann(governor/minister-president) of the state of Vienna. The Rathaus accommodates the offices of the mayor (de:Magistrat der Stadt Wien) and the state government (Landesregierung). The city is administered by a multitude of departments (Magistratsabteilungen), politically supervised byAmtsführende Stadträte(members of the city government/parliament leading offices; according to the Vienna constitution opposition parties have the right to designate members of the city government not leading offices).

Under the city constitution of 1920, municipal and state business must be kept separate. Hence, the city council and state parliament hold separate meetings, with separate presiding officers–the chairman of the city council or the president of the state Landtag–even though the two bodies' memberships are identical. When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with the affairs of the city of Vienna; when meeting as a state parliament, they can only deal with the affairs of the state of Vienna.

In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. The SPÖ had held an outright majority at every free municipal election since 1919. In 1996, theFreedom Party of Austria(FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996 to 2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005, this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In course of the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with theGreen Party– the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria.^[86]This coalition was maintained following the 2015 election. Following the 2020 election, the SPÖ forged a coalition withNEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum.^[87]

Economy

Vienna generates 28.6% of Austria'sgross domestic product(GDP). The service sector dominates Vienna's economy. The average unemployment rate in Vienna is 4.9% and the private service sector provides 75% of all jobs.^[88]The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the listing in 2015.^[89]^[90]Of the top 500 Austrian firms measured byturnover203 are headquartered in Vienna.^[88]The number of international businesses in Vienna is growing. As of 2015, 175 international firms maintained offices in Vienna.^[91]

Since thefall of the Iron Curtainin 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as gateway to Eastern Europe. 300 international companies have theirEastern Europeanheadquarters in Vienna, includingHewlett-Packard,Henkel,Baxalta,andSiemens.^[92]

Annually since 2004, approximately 8,300 new companies have been founded in Vienna.^[93]The majority of these companies are operating in fields of industry-oriented services, wholesale trade as well as information and communications technologies and new media.^[94]Vienna makes effort to establish itself as a start-up hub.

Since 2012, the city hosts the annual Pioneers Festival, the largest start-up event in Central Europe with 2,500 international participants taking place atHofburg Palace.Tech Cocktail, an online portal for the start-up scene, has ranked Vienna sixth among the top ten start-up cities worldwide.^[95]^[96]^[97]

The cultivation and production of wines within the city borders have a high socio-cultural value.

Research and development

Life sciences are a major research and development sector in Vienna. The Vienna Life Science Cluster is Austria's major hub for life science research, education and business. Throughout Vienna, five universities and several basic research institutes form the academic core of the hub with more than 12,600 employees and 34,700 students. Here, more than 480 medical device,biotechnologyandpharmaceutical companieswith almost 23,000 employees generate around 12 billion euros in revenue (2017). This corresponds to more than 50% of the revenue generated by life science companies in Austria (22.4 billion euros).^[98]^[99]^{[needs update]}

Vienna is home toBoehringer Ingelheim,Octapharma,OttobockandTakeda Pharmaceutical Company.^[100]However, there is also a growing number of start-up companies in the life sciences and Vienna was ranked first in the 2019 PeoplePerHour Startup Cities Index.^[101]Companies such as Apeiron Biologics, Hookipa Pharma, Marinomed, mySugr, Themis Bioscience and Valneva operate a presence in Vienna and regularly hit the headlines internationally.^[102]Vienna also houses the headquarters of theCentral European Diabetes Association,a cooperative international medical research association.

To facilitate tapping the economic potential of the multiple facettes of the life sciences at Austria's capital, the AustrianFederal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairsand the local government of City of Vienna have joined forces. Since 2002, the LISAvienna platform is available as a central contact point. It provides free business support services at the interface of the Austrian federal promotional bank, Austria Wirtschaftsservice and the Vienna Business Agency and collects data that inform policy making.^[103] The main academic hot spots in Vienna are the Life Science Center Muthgasse with theUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU),theAustrian Institute of Technology,theUniversity of Veterinary Medicine,theAKH Viennawith theMedUni Viennaand theVienna Biocenter.^[104]Central European University,a graduate institution expelled from Budapest in the midst of a Hungarian government steps to take control of academic and research organizations, welcomes the first class of students to its new Vienna campus in 2019.^[105]

Information technologies

The Viennese sector for information and communication technologies is comparable in size with the sector inHelsinki,Milan,orMunich,and rank among Europe's largest locations for information technology. In 2012 8,962 information technology businesses with a workforce of 64,223 were located in the Vienna Region. The main products are instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation as well as electronic components. More than ⅔ of the enterprises provide IT services. Among the biggest IT firms in Vienna areKapsch,BekoEngineering & Informatics, air traffic control expertsFrequentis,Cisco SystemsAustria,Hewlett-Packard,MicrosoftAustria,IBMAustria andSamsung ElectronicsAustria.^[106]^[107]

The U.S. technology corporationCiscoruns itsEntrepreneurs in Residenceprogram for Europe in Vienna in cooperation with the Vienna Business Agency.^[108]^[109]

The British companyUBMhas rated Vienna one of theTop 10 Internet Citiesworldwide, by analyzing criteria like connection speed, WiFi availability, innovation spirit and open government data.^[110]

Conferences

In 2022, theInternational Congress and Convention Association (ICCA)ranked Vienna 1st in the world for association meetings.^[111]The Union of International Associations (UIA) ranked Vienna 5th in the world for 2019 with 306 international meetings, behind Singapore, Brussels, Seoul and Paris.^[112]The city's largest conference center, the Austria Center Vienna (ACV) has a total capacity for around 22,800 people and is situated next to theUnited Nations Office at Vienna.^[113]Other centers are the Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress Center (up to 3,000 people) and the Hofburg Palace (up to 4,900 people).

Tourism

There were 17.3 million overnight stays in Vienna in 2023. The top ten incoming markets in 2023 wereGermany,the rest ofAustria,theUnited States,Italy,theUnited Kingdom,Spain,France,Poland,Switzerland,andRomania.^[114]

Rankings

A 2005 study of 127world citiesby theEconomist Intelligence Unitranked Vienna tied for first withVancouverandSan Franciscoas theworld's most livable cities.Between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second behindMelbourne.^[115]Monocle's 2015 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within".^[116]Monocle's2012 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna fourth on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within" (up from sixth in 2011 and eighth in 2010).^[117]

In 2012–2013, theUN-Habitatclassified Vienna as the most prosperous city in the world.^[118]The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008, and sixth globally (out of 256 cities) in the 2014 Innovation Cities Index, which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas: culture, infrastructure, and markets.^[119]^[120]^[121]Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the world's number-one destination for international congresses and conventions.^[122]It attracts over 6.8 million tourists a year.^[123]

Vienna was ranked top in the2019 Quality of Living Rankingby the internationalMercer Consulting Groupfor the tenth consecutive year.^[124]In the 2015 liveability report by theEconomist Intelligence Unitas well as in theQuality of Life Survey 2015of London-basedMonocle magazineVienna was equally ranked second most livable city worldwide.^[125]^[126]

The United Nations Human Settlements ProgrammeUN-Habitathas ranked Vienna the most prosperous city in the world in its flagship reportState of the World Cities 2012/2013.^[127]

According to the 2014 City RepTrack ranking by theReputation Institute,Vienna has the best reputation in comparison with 100 major global cities.^[128]

TheMori Memorial Institute for Urban Strategiesranked Vienna 14th of theirGlobal Power City Index 2023.^[129]

Urban planning

Vienna regularly hostsurban planningconferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners.^[130]The highestwooden skyscraperin the world, "HoHo Wien", was built within 3 years, starting in 2015.^[131]In recent years asyndicatehousing movement has established itself in Vienna,Linz,Salzburg,andInnsbruck.^[132]

In 2011, 74.3% of Viennese households were connected with broadband, 79% were in possession of a computer. According to the broadband strategy of the city, full broadband coverage will be reached by 2020.^[106]^[107]

Vienna Central Station

The new Vienna Central Station (Hauptbahnhof) was opened in October 2014.^[133]Construction began in June 2007 and was due to last until December 2015. The station is served by 1,100 trains with 145,000 passengers. There is a shopping center with approximately 90 shops and restaurants.

In the vicinity of the station, a new district is emerging with 550,000 m²(5,920,000 sq ft) office space and 5,000 apartments until 2020.^[134]^[135]^[136]

Smart City Wien

The mayor of Vienna announced theSmart City Wieninitiative in March 2011 after the Austrian Climate and Energy Fund decided to fund a project under the same heading. The Vienna city administration engaged with a broad range of stakeholders and published theSmart City Wien action plan.^[137]

Seestadt Aspern

Seestadt Aspernin Vienna'sDonaustadtdistrict is one of the largest urban expansion projects of Europe. A 5 hectare artificial lake, offices, apartments, and a subway station within walking distance are supposed to attract 20,000 new citizens when construction is completed in 2028.^[138]^[139]

Culture

Music, theater, and opera

Famous composers includingWolfgang Amadeus Mozart,Joseph Haydn,Ludwig van Beethoven,Franz Schubert,Johannes Brahms,Gustav Mahler,Robert Stolz,andArnold Schoenberghave worked in Vienna.

Art and culture have had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. TheBurgtheateris considered one of the premier theaters in theGerman-speaking world alongside its branch, theAkademietheater.TheVolkstheaterand theTheater in der Josefstadtalso enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern or experimental plays, as well ascabaret.

The city is also home to a number of opera houses, including theTheater an der Wien,theStaatsoperand theVolksoper,the latter being devoted to the typical Vienneseoperetta.Classical concerts are performed at venues such as theWiener Musikverein,home of theVienna Philharmonic Orchestraknown across the world for its annual, widely broadcast "New Year's Concert",as well as theWiener Konzerthaus,home of the internationally renownedVienna Symphony.Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works ofWolfgang Amadeus Mozart,Johann Strauss I,andJohann Strauss II.

Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien hosted premieres of musicals, but since 2006 (a year dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth), has devoted itself to opera again, becoming a stagione opera house offering one new production each month. Since 2012, Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical wasElisabeth,which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. TheWiener Taschenoperis dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. TheHaus der Musik( "House of Music" ) opened in the year 2000.

TheWienerliedis a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.^[140]

Multiple popular songs have been written about Vienna, such asVienna(1977)byBilly Joel,Vienna(1981)byUltravox,andVienna CallingbyFalco.

TheVienna's English Theatre(VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.

Musicians from Vienna

Notable musicians born in Vienna includeLouie Austen,Alban Berg,Falco,Lily Greenham,Fritz Kreisler,Joseph Lanner,Arnold Schönberg,Franz Schubert,Johann Strauss I,Johann Strauss II,Anton Webern,andJoe Zawinul.

Famous musicians who moved to Vienna to work wereKurt Adler,Johann Joseph Fux,Joseph Haydn,Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,Ludwig van Beethoven,Ferdinand Ries,Johann Sedlatzek,Antonio Salieri,Carl Czerny,Johann Nepomuk Hummel,Franz Liszt,Franz von Suppé,Anton Bruckner,Johannes Brahms,Gustav Mahler,andRainhard Fendrich.

Cinema

Films set in Vienna includeAmadeus,Before Sunrise,The Third Man,The Living DaylightsandMission: Impossible – Rogue Nation.

Notable actors born in Vienna includeHedy Lamarr,Christoph Waltz,John Banner,Christiane Hörbiger,Eric Pohlmann,Boris Kodjoe,Christine Buchegger,Mischa Hausserman,Senta Bergerand,Christine Ostermayer.

Vienna's cinemas include the Apollo Kino andCineplexx Donauzentrumand manyEnglish languagecinemas, including the Haydn Kino, Artis International and the Burg Kino, which is known for showingThe Third Man,a 1949 film set in Vienna, three times a week.

Writers from Vienna

Notable writers from Vienna includeKarl Leopold von Möller,Carl Julius Haidvogel,andStefan Zweig.

Writers who lived and worked in Vienna includeFranz Kafka,Arthur Schnitzler,Elias Canetti,Ingeborg Bachmann,Robert Musil,Karl Kraus,Ernst von Feuchtersleben,Thomas Bernhard,andElfriede Jelinek.

Museums

The majority of museums in Vienna are located in an area on the border of Innere Stadt and Neubau in the center of the city, from the museums inside theHofburgto the Museumsquartier, with the twin Naturhistorisches and Kunsthistorisches Museum in between.

The Hofburg is the location of theImperial Treasury(Schatzkammer), which holds imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted toEmpress Elisabeth of Austria) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. TheWeltmuseum Wien,an anthropological museum, houses many ethnographic objects from Africa, America, Asia and Oceania.

TheKunsthistorisches Museumand theNaturhistorisches Museumare two identical buildings which were built in the late 19th century on behalf ofEmperor Franz Joseph I.The former features paintings from artists such asCaravaggio,Albrecht Dürer,Raphael,Rembrandt,TitianandVermeer.The latter has got 30 million objects in its collection, of which 100,000 are on display. A notable exhibit is theVenus of Willendorf,a 25,000 year old statue found in Austria.

Many museums are located in theMuseumsQuartier(museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s. It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as theMUMOK,theArchitekturzentrum Wien(museum of architecture) and theLeopold Museum,which featuers many paintings byEgon Schiele,as well as works of theVienna Secession,Viennese Modernismand Austrian Expressionism.

There are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including theAlbertina,theMuseum of Military History,theTechnical Museum,theMuseum of Art Fakes,theKunstHausWien,Museum of Applied Arts,theSigmund Freud Museum,and theMozarthaus Vienna.TheVienna Museumshowcases the history of Vienna. TheJewish Museum Viennawas founded 1896 and is the oldest of its kind. The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world'slargest private art collections,especially strong in theBaroque.TheBelvedere,built underPrince Eugene,hasa gallerycontaining paintings byGustav KlimtandEgon Schiele,as well as sculptures byFranz Xaver Messerschmidt.

Architecture

A variety of architectural styles have been preserved in Vienna, includingRomanesque architectureandBaroque architecture.Art Nouveauhas left many architectural traces in Vienna. TheSecession building,Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station,and theKirche am SteinhofbyOtto Wagnerrank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world.

TheWiener Moderneshunned the use of extraneous adornment. The architectAdolf Loosis responsible for theLooshaus(1909), the Kärntner Bar (1908), and theSteiner House(1910).

TheHundertwasserhausbyFriedensreich Hundertwasser,designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most populartourist attractions.

In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas aroundDonaustadtandWienerberg.Vienna has seen numerous architecture projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the oldGasometerin 2001.

TheDC Towersare located on the northern bank of the Danube and were completed in 2013.^[141]^[142]

Ball dances

The firstballsin Vienna were held in the 18th century. The ball season runs duringCarnivalfrom 11 November toShrove Tuesday.Many balls are held in theHofburg,RathausandMusikverein.Guests adhere to a strict dress code, men wearblackorwhite tiewhile women wear aball gown.Debutants of the ball wear white.^[143]

The balls are opened with dances, traditionally including a Viennese waltz, at around 22:00, and close at about 05:00 the next morning. Food served at the balls include sausages with bread orGulaschsoups.

Notable Viennese balls include theVienna Opera Ball,theVienna Ball of Sciences,the Wiener Akademikerball and the Hofburg SIlvesterball.

The Wiener Akademikerball in the Hofburg has attracted lots of controversy for being a gathering forfar-rightpoliticians and groups. The ball is hosted by theFPÖ,the right-wing populist party of Austria and has attracted multiple right wing and far-right personalities, such asMartin SellnerandMarie Le Pen.Since 2008, there have been annual demonstrations by various organizations against the ball. Former leader of the FPÖHeinz-Christian Strachecompared theanti-fascistprotesters to aNazimob, claiming the ball goers were "newJews".^[144]^[145]

Language

Vienna is part of theAustro-Bavarianlanguage area, in particularCentral Bavarian(Mittelbairisch).^[146]The Viennese dialect takes many loanword from languages of the former Habsburg Monarchy, especially Czech. The dialect differs from the west of Austria in its pronunciation and grammar. Features typical of Viennese German includeMonophthongization,the transformation of adiphthonginto amonophtong(Germanheiß(hot) into Viennesehaas) and the lengthening of vowels (Heeaasd, i bin do ned bleeed, wooos waaasn ii, wea des woooa(Standard GermanHörst du, ich bin doch nicht blöd, was weiß denn ich, wer das war): "Listen, I'm not stupid; what do I know, who that was?" ). Speakers of the dialect tend to avoid thegenetiv case.^[147]

LGBT

Vienna is considered the center ofLGBT life in Austria.^[148]The city has an action plan againsthomophobic discriminationand, since 1998, has an anti-discrimination unit within the city's administration.^[149]The city has several cafés, bars and clubs frequented by LGBT people. Among the most prominent isCafé Savoy,which is a traditional coffee house built in 1896. In 2015, the city introduced traffic lights with same-sex couples before hosting theEurovision Song Contestthat year, which attracted media attention internationally.^[150]Every year in June,Vienna Prideis organized. In 2019, when the pride parade was also hostingEuropride,it attracted 500.000 visitors.^[151]

Education

Universities

International schools

Amadeus International School Vienna
American International School Vienna
Danube International School Vienna
International Christian School of Vienna
Japanese International School in Vienna
Lauder Business School
Lycée Français de Vienne
SAE Vienna
Vienna International School

Parks and gardens

TheStadtparkis a park on the southeastern outer border of the Ringstraße. The park covers an area of about 28 acres and is split in half by theWien river.It contains monuments to various Viennese artists, most notably thegilded bronze monumentofJohann Strauß II.^[152]

ThePrateris a large public park inLeopoldstadt.Within the park is theWurstelprater(which is commonly referred to as just “the Prater” ), a public amusement park which contains theWiener Riesenrad,a 64.75 metre tallFerris Wheel,as well as various rides, roller coasters, carousels and aMadame Tussauds.^[152]The rest of the park is covered in by the forest. TheHauptallee,a wide, car-free alley lined withhorse chestnut trees,runs through the park.^[153]Eliud Kipchogebroke the marathon distance record on this road in theINEOS 1:59 Challengein October 2019.^[154]The Prater also is home to theLiliputbahn,a railway line primarily used by tourists, and a planetarium.^[155]^[156]It was the location of the1873 Vienna World's Fair.^[157]In 1931, theErnst-Happel-Stadion,formerly known as the Praterstadion, was opened in the Prater.^[158]^[159]

The Donaupark is a 63-hectare sized park in Kaisermühlen,Donaustadt,between theNeue Donauand the Alte Donau, next to theVienna International Centre.The park features theDonauturm,thetallest structure in Austriaat 252 metres.^[160]

TheLobau,afloodplainin the southeast of the city, is a part of the widerDanube-Auen National Park.It is used for recreation and has manynudistareas. It is home to multiplespeciesof animals:^[161]

The grounds of the imperialSchönbrunn Palacecontain an 18th-century park which includes theSchönbrunn Zoo,which was founded in 1752, making it the world's oldest zoo still in operation.^[162]The zoo is one of the few to housegiant pandas.^[163]The park also features thePalmenhaus Schönbrunn,a largegreenhousewith around 4,500 plant species.

TheDonauinsel,part of Vienna's flood defenses, is a 21.1 km (13.1 mi) longartificial islandbetween theDanubeandNew Danubededicated to leisure activities. It was constructed from 1972 to 1988 as a measure forflood protection.^[164]Every year the island hosts theDonauinselfest,the largest open-airmusic festivalin the world with approximately 3 million attendees over three days.^[165]The festival is organised by theSPÖ Wienand is free to enter.^[166]

Danube

Vienna is thelargest cityon theDanube,which runs from the south-east to the north. In Vienna, the river is split into 4 parts:

The main Danube is the widest of these and is used primarily for shipping.
TheNeue Donau(New Danube), a side channel on the east of the river, was built in 1972 for flood protection measures, separated from the Danube by the man-made Donauinsel. It runs for about 21 kilometers. The river is slower than the main Danube and can be used for watersports such asswimming,rowingorsailing.Motorboats are forbidden on this part of the river.
The Alte Donau (Old Danube) is an oxbow lake to the east of the New Danube, which cuts off Kaisermühlen from the rest of the city. The lake is the hub for swimmers in Vienna, with freely available piers and beaches.Motorboatsandpedalosare permitted on the lake and can be rented from nearby vendors.^[167]
TheDonaukanalsplits off and rejoins the Danube close to the southern and northern edge of the city. Unlike the main river, it flows through the city center. The waterway itself is used mostly by boats, while the paths on both sides of the Donaukanal are regularly used bypedestrians,joggersandcyclists.^[168]^[169]

The New Danube in the front, the main Danube in the back.
The Old Danube
The Donaukanal by Schwedenplatz at night

Sport

Football

Austria's capital is home to numerousfootball clubs.The two biggest teams areFK Austria Wien(21Austrian Bundesligatitles and record 27-timecup winners), who play at theGenerali Arenain Favoriten, andSK Rapid Wien(record 32Austrian Bundesligatitles), who play at theAllianz Stadionin Penzing. The oldest team in Austria,First Vienna FC,andFloridsdorfer ACboth play in the2. Liga,and the football teamof theWiener Sport-Club,one of the oldestathletics clubsin the country, play in theAustrian Regionalliga East,the third division.

TheErnst-Happel-Stadionis thelargest stadium in Austriawith 50,865 seats and is the home stadium of theAustria national football team.It has hosted multipleEuropean Cup/Champions Leaguefinals (1963–64,1986–87,1989–90,1994–95), as well as seven games at the2008 Euros,including thefinal,which saw aSpanish1–0 victory overGermany.

Other sports

Othersports clubsinclude theRaiffeisen Vikings Vienna(American football), who won theEurobowltitle 4 times in a row between 2004 and 2007 and had a perfect season in 2013. TheAon Hotvolleys Vienna(volleyball), the Vienna Wanderers (baseball), who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and theVienna Capitals(ice hockey). Vienna was also where theEuropean Handball Federation (EHF)was founded. There are also threerugbyclubs in the city;Vienna Celtic,the oldest rugby club in Austria,RC Donau,and Stade Viennois

TheVienna Opentennis tournament has taken place in the city since 1974. The matches are played in theWiener Stadthalle.

Vienna hosts many different sporting events including theVienna City Marathon,which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and typically takes place in May.

Austria hosted the2005 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship,with the games taking place either in the Wiener Stadhalle or theOlympiaWorld Innsbruck.^[170]Vienna also hosted the2023 3x3 Basketball World Cup.^[171]

Culinary specialities

Food

A Wiener schnitzel at a restaurant — A Wiener schnitzel

Vienna is well known forWiener schnitzel,a cutlet ofveal(Kalbsschnitzel)(sometimes also made with pork (Schweinsschnitzel) or chicken (Hühnerschnitzel)) that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried inclarified butter.It is available in almost every restaurant that servesViennese cuisineand can be eaten hot or cold. It is usually served in many cozy cafeterias in the old town evoking all the history behind the Empire city. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine includeTafelspitz(very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served withGeröstete Erdäpfel(boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce,Apfelkren(a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) andSchnittlauchsauce(a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread). Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These includeApfelstrudel(hot apple strudel),Milchrahmstrudel(milk-cream strudel),Palatschinken(sweet pancakes), andKnödel(dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots (Marillenknödel).Sachertorte,a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by theSacher Hotel,is worldfamous.

In winter, small street stands sell traditionalMaroni(hot chestnuts) and potato fritters.

Sausages are popular and available from street vendors (Würstelstand) throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known asWiener(German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called aFrankfurterin Vienna. Other popular sausages areBurenwurst(a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled),Käsekrainer(spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), andBratwurst(a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).

Vienna ranked 10th in vegan friendly European cities in a study by Alternative Traveler.^[172]

TheNaschmarktis a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, and meat.

Drinks

Vienna, along withBarcelona,Bratislava,Canberra,Cape Town,Paris, Prague,SantiagoandWarsaw,is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards.^[173]The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known asHeuriger.The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ( "G'spritzter" ) with sparkling water. TheGrüner Veltliner,a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria.^[174]Another wine very typical for the region is "Gemischter Satz", which is typically a blend of different types of wines harvested from the same vineyard.^[175]

Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery,Ottakringer,and more than tenmicrobreweries.Ottakringers most popular drink is theOttakringer Helles,abeerwith analcohol contentof 5.2%. A "Beisl"is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many.

Local soft drinks such asAlmdudlerare popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing them on the top spots alongside American counterparts such asCoca-Colain terms of market share. Other popular drinks are theSpezi,a mix between cola and orange lemonade, andFrucade,a German carbonated orange drink.

Viennese cafés

TheViennese coffee house(Kaffeehaus) dates back to the Austro-Hungarian empire. The Viennaintelligentsiatreated Viennese cafés like a living room.^[176]The first Viennese café was opened in 1685 by Armenian businessman Johannes Diodato. Café culture flourished in Vienna in the early 19th century.^[177]Notable patrons included political figuresJoseph Stalin,Adolf Hitler,Leon TrotskyandJosip Broz Tito,who all lived in Vienna in 1913, as well as scientists, writers and artists such asSigmund Freud,Stefan Zweig,Egon SchieleandGustav Klimt.^[178]

Notable coffee houses include:

Café Central:frequented by Hitler, Stalin, Tito, Trotsky and Zweig
Café Landtmann:frequented by Freud
Café Sacher: part of theHotel Sacher

Heuriger

Vienna is one of the few major cities with its ownwine-growing region.Thiswineis sold in taverns, so-calledHeuriger,by the local winemakers during the growing season. The wine is often served as aSchorle,a mix of wine andcarbonated water.The meals are simple and homemade, usually consisting of fresh bread, typicallysemmels,with localcoldcutsand cheese, orLiptauer spread.The Heurigers are especially numerous in the areas ofDöbling(Grinzing,Neustift am Walde,Nußdorf,Salmannsdorf,Sievering),Floridsdorf(Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf),Liesing(Mauer) andFavoriten(Oberlaa).^[179]

Tourist attractions

Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of theHofburg Imperial PalaceandSchönbrunn Palaceand theWiener Riesenradin the Prater. Cultural highlights include theBurgtheater,theVienna State Opera,theLipizzanerhorses at theSpanish Riding School,and theVienna Boys' Choir.

There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year.^[180]The most popular ones areAlbertina,BelvedereandLeopold Museumin theMuseumsquartier,the twinKunsthistorisches MuseumandNaturhistorisches Museum,and theTechnisches Museum Wien,each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.^[181]

There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna includingBeethoven'svarious residences and grave atZentralfriedhof(Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of manyfamous people,such as Johann Strauss I and II andKurt Waldheim.Mozarthas a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and atSt. Marx Cemetery(where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which areSt. Stephen's Cathedral,theDeutschordenskirche,theJesuitenkirche,theKarlskirche,thePeterskirche,Maria am Gestade,theMinoritenkirche,theRuprechtskirche,theSchottenkirche,St. Ulrichand theVotivkirche.

Modern attractions include theHundertwasserhaus,theUnited Nations headquartersand the view from theDonauturm.

Transport

Public transport

Vienna has an extensive public transportation network. It consists predominantly of theWiener Liniennetwork (subway, tram and bus lines) and theS-Bahnlines belonging to theAustrian Federal Railways (ÖBB).As of 2023, 32% of the population of the city uses public transit as their main mode of transit.^[182]

U-Bahn

TheVienna metro systemconsists of five lines (U1,U2,U3,U4,U6) with theU5currently under construction. The metro currently serves109 stationsand covers a distance of 83.1 kilometres.^[183]

The services run from 05:00 to about 01:00 with intervals of two to five minutes during the day and up to eight minutes after 20:00. On Friday and Saturday evenings and on evenings before a public holiday they operate a 24-hour service at 15-minute intervals.

Colour	Route	Length	Stations
Red	Oberlaa–Leopoldau	19.2 km (11.9 mi)	24
Purple	Schottentor–Seestadt	16.7 km (10.4 mi)	20
Orange	Ottakring–Simmering	13.5 km (8.4 mi)	21
Green	Hütteldorf–Heiligenstadt	16.5 km (10.3 mi)	20
Brown	Siebenhirten–Floridsdorf	17.4 km (10.8 mi)	24

Buses

Buses were first introduced to the city in 1907. Currently, 117 bus lines operate in Vienna during the day. 47 of these are run by the Wiener Linien, who also set the routes and timetables, the rest by subcontractors such asDr. Richard,GschwindlandBlaguss.The Wiener Linien also operate 20 night buses.^[184]

Trams

TheViennese tram networkhas existed since 1865; the first line was electrified in 1897. There are currently 28 lines with 1071 stops that operate on a network of 176,9 km. The trams move at about 15 km/h. The fleet consists of bothhigh-floorandlow-floorvehicles, however the high-floor models, which are not air-conditioned, are in the process of being replaced by more modern, accessible trams. The modern models are air-conditioned and suitable for disabled users.^[185]^[186]

Trains

The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system connects Vienna's main stationVienna Hauptbahnhofwith other European cities, includingBratislava,Budapest,Ljubljana,Munich,Prague,Venice,Wrocław,Warsaw,Zagreb,andZürich.Other train stations include:

Wien Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof,the starting point of theFranz-Josefs-Bahn
Wien Hütteldorfon theWestern railway
Wien Meidlingon theSouthern railway.This is Vienna's most frequented transit station.
Wien Mitte(Landstraße) on the S-Bahn line; it is the closest railway station to the centre of the city.
Wien Praterstern(Formerly known as Wien Nord or Wien Nord-Praterstern) on theNorthern railway
Wien Westbahnhof,starting point of theWestern railway

Cycling

The cycling network in the city spans 1.721 kilometres, however, this figure counts bidirectionalbike pathstwice and includes on-road cycle-lanes which are also shared with motor vehicles.^[187]The network is constantly being expanded and upgraded, especially in the outer areas, such as Donaustadt.^[188]Bike use in the city has been rising, from just 3% in 1993 to 10% in 2023.^[182]

The city operates abicycle-sharing system,WienMobil Radverleih,with 3000 bikes at 185 station, available at all times. The bikes are 7-speed city bikeswith an adjustable saddel.

Airport

Vienna is served byVienna International Airport,located 18 km southeast of the city center near the town ofSchwechat.The airport handled approximately 29.5 million passengers in 2023.^[189]Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport will be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway. The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to prepare for an increase in passengers. Another possibility is to useBratislava Airport,Slovakia, located approximately 60 km away.

Viennese people

International relations

International organizations in Vienna

Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including theInternational Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA), theUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO), theUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime(UNODC), theOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC), theOPEC Fund for International Development(OFID), thePreparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization(CTBTO), theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe(OSCE), theUnited Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs(UNOOSA) and theEuropean Union Agency for Fundamental Rights(FRA). Vienna is the world's third "UN city", next to New York City,Geneva,andNairobi.Additionally, Vienna is the seat of theUnited Nations Commission on International Trade Law's secretariat (UNCITRAL). In conjunction, theUniversity of Viennaannually hosts the prestigiousWillem C. Vis Moot,an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.

Diplomatic meetings were often held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in multiple documents bearing the nameVienna Conventionor Vienna Document. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,as well as the 1990Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe.Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015Joint Comprehensive Plan of Actionon Iran's nuclear program as well as theVienna peace talks for Syria.

Charitable organizations in Vienna

Alongside international and intergovernmental organizations, there are dozens of charitable organizations based in Vienna. One such organization is the network ofSOS Children's Villages,founded byHermann Gmeinerin 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others includeHelp Afghan School Children Organization(HASCO).

International city cooperations

The general policy of the City of Vienna is not to sign anytwin townagreements with other cities. Instead Vienna has only cooperation agreements in which specific cooperation areas are defined.^[190]

Ankara,Turkey
Belgrade,Serbia
Bratislava,Slovakia
Brno,Czech Republic
Budapest,Hungary
Hamburg,Germany
Kraków,Poland
Ljubljana,Slovenia
Paris,France
Prague,Czech Republic
Vancouver,Canada
Zagreb,Croatia
Zürich,Switzerland

District to district partnerships

In addition, individual Viennese districts have international partnerships all over the world. A detailed list is published on the website of the City of Vienna.^[191]

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^some Viennese boroughs have Slavic-derived names:Döbling,Lainz,Liesing,Währing

External links

Official websites

Wien.gv.at– Official site of the municipality, with interactive map.
Wien.info– Official site of the tourism board: events, sightseeing, cultural information, etc.
List of Embassies in Vienna
Information about Vienna and Centrope countries
Geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at– Vienna History Wiki operated by the city of Vienna

History of Vienna

Further information on Vienna

Vienna InformationSorted by categories. Choose from 5 Languages
Vienna insider travel guide
Events in Vienna
Events and useful information from Vienna
WhenWhereWh.at
English Guide to Events and Contemporary Culture in Vienna

Preceded by Stuttgart,West Germany(1961)	World Gymnaestradahost city 1965	Succeeded by Basel,Switzerland(1969)

[80] Afternoon humidity measured at 14:00 local time

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Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF WorldCat
National	Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Poland Vatican
Geographic	MusicBrainz area
Artists	Victoria
Other	Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi