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Witch-king of Angmar

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"Pale king" redirects here. For other uses, seePale King (disambiguation).
For the 2023 fantasy novel by Martha Wells, seeWitch King (novel).

TheLord of the Nazgûl,also called theWitch-king of Angmar,thePale King,and theBlack Captain,is a fictional character inJ. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novelThe Lord of the Rings.He had once been the King of Angmar in the north ofEriador.He is the bearer of aRing of Power,one of the nine that the dark lordSaurongave toMen,who become theNazgûlor Ringwraiths. This gives him great power, but enslaves him to Sauron and makes him invisible. By the end of the Third Age, his name has been forgotten. He stabs the bearer of theOne Ring,the HobbitFrodo Baggins,with a Morgul-knife which would reduce its victim to a wraith. Much later in the narrative, in his final battle, the Lord of the Nazgûl attacksÉowynwith amace.The HobbitMerry Brandybuckstabs him with an ancient enchantedNúmenóreanblade, allowing Éowyn to kill him with her sword.

In early drafts, Tolkien had called him the "Wizard King", and considered making him either a renegade member of theIstari,or an immortalMaia,before settling on having him as a Man, a mortal, corrupted by a Ring of Power, given to him by Sauron. Commentators have written that the Lord of the Nazgûl functions at the level of myth when he calls himself Death and bursts the gates of Minas Tirith withmagical spells.At a theological level, he embodiesa vision of evilsimilar toKarl Barth's description of evil asdas Nichtige,an active and powerful force that turns out to be empty. Theprophecythat the Lord of the Nazgûl would not die by the hand of Man echoes that made ofthe title characterinWilliam Shakespeare'sMacbeth.

Fictional history[edit]

Sketch map of Middle-earth during the Third AgeThe ShireOld ForestBreeRivendellEreborEsgarothMoriaIsengardMirkwoodLothlórienFangornMordorGondorRohanHaradcommons:File:Sketch Map of Middle-earth.svg
Image mapwith clickable links of the north-west ofMiddle-earthat the end of theThird Age,showing Arnor in the north of Eriador (left), with the Witch-kingdom of Angmar at the northern end of the Misty Mountains (top centre).

The Witch-king first appears in theSecond AgeofMiddle-earth.The Dark LordSaurongaveRings of Powerto powerful Men, including kings of countries in Middle-earth. These confermagical power,but also enslave their wearers to the owner of theOne Ring,Sauron himself.[T 1][T 2]

The Lord of theNazgûlappears as the Witch-king ofAngmarduring theThird Ageand is instrumental in the destruction of the Northern kingdom ofArnor.[T 3]In his notes for translators, Tolkien suggested that the Witch-king of Angmar, ruler of a Northern kingdom with its capital at Carn Dûm, was ofNúmenóreanorigin.[T 4]Nothing is heard of him when Sauron is overthrown by the Last Alliance of Elves and Men late in the Second Age, but his survival is assured by the power of the One Ring.[T 5]

Over a thousand years later in the Third Age, the Lord of the Nazgûl leads Sauron's forces against the successor kingdoms of Arnor: Rhudaur, Cardolan, and Arthedain. He destroys all of these, but is eventually defeated by the Elf-lordGlorfindel,who puts him to flight, and makes the prophecy that "not by the hand of Man will he fall".[T 6]He escapes, and returns toMordor.There, he gathers the other Nazgûl to prepare for Sauron's return.[T 6][T 7]

Towards the end of the Third Age, Sauron sends the Witch-king, leading the other Nazgûl, tothe Shireto find and recover the One Ring. He is cloaked and hooded in black; his face cannot be seen; he rides a black horse.[T 8][T 9][T 10][T 11]At Weathertop, the Witch-king stabs Frodo, the bearer of the One Ring, in the shoulder with the Morgul-knife, breaking off a piece of it in theHobbit's flesh.[T 12]Frodo is able to see that the Witch-king is taller than the other Nazgûl, with "long and gleaming" hair and a crown on his helmet.[T 12]He is swept away by the waters of the riverBruinenand his horse is drowned. He returns to Mordor.[T 13]He reappears mounted on a hideous flying beast.[T 14][T 15]

During theBattle of the Pelennor Fields,the Witch-king uses magic, including Grond, abattering-ramengraved with evil spells, to break the gates of Minas Tirith. He is faced by a single warrior, Dernhelm, actually a disguisedÉowyn,a noblewoman ofRohan;and not far away,Merry,a hobbit of the Fellowship. Éowyn boldly calls the Nazgûl a "dwimmerlaik", telling him to go if he was not deathless.[a]He casts back his hood to reveal a crown, but the head that wears it is invisible. Merry's surreptitious stroke with an enchantedBarrow-bladebrings the Nazgûl to his knees, allowing Éowyn, the niece ofThéoden,to drive her sword between his crown and mantle.[T 14]Thus the Witch-king is destroyed by a woman and a Hobbit, fulfilling Glorfindel's prophecy.[T 6]Both weapons that pierced him disintegrate, and both assailants are stricken by the Black Breath, which causes a cold paralysis, terror, and often death.[T 14]

Analysis[edit]

From Wizard to Witch-king[edit]

Scraperboardillustration of the Witch-king byAlexander Korotich,1981

Megan N. Fontenot, onTor.com,writes that in early drafts, Tolkien names him "the Wizard King", so powerful in wizardry that his opponentGandalfis unable to counter him unaided. In early drafts of "The Council of Elrond",Gandalf explains that his enemy was" of old the greatest of all the wizards of Men ". In a later draft, Tolkien adds that the Wizard King was also" a great king of old "and the" fell captain of the Nine [Riders] "; Fontenot glosses" fell "as implying" ravenous cruelty "and" ruthless... savagery ".[T 17][2]

Later, in a draft of "The Siege of Gondor", Tolkien makes the Wizard King "a renegade of [Gandalf's] own order" from Númenor.[2]In the manuscript of hisnotes for translators,Tolkien suggested that the Witch-king of Angmar was most likely ofNúmenóreanorigin.[3]Fontenot comments that this could make him both aMaiarather than aMan,and originally one of theIstari,or, as she states, "something decidedly other".[2]But Tolkien then reduces the Wizard King's power, so that Gandalf is able to tell Pippin as they wait for the attack on Gondor that "In him I am not overmatched", and that the Wizard King's main power is to inspire fear at a distance (with theBlack Breath).[2]At some stage, too, he renames the enemy the Witch-king; Fontenot suggests this was to distinguish more clearly between him and the Wizards like Gandalf and Saruman. Tolkien had thus explored making him a wizard (Istari or otherwise) or an immortal Maia, before settling on a "a human king whose lust for power got the better of his good judgment."[2]She wonders what he might have been like before he accepted aRing of Powerfrom Sauron, noting that he was seemingly filled with "possessiveness, greed, lust, and a desire for dominance", all markers of evil in Tolkien's scheme of things.[T 18][2]

Evil, the absence of good[edit]

Further information:Christianity in Middle-earth § The nature of evil,andDeath and immortality in Middle-earth

In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl. A great black shape against the fires beyond he loomed up, grown to a vast menace of despair. In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl, under the archway that no enemy ever yet had passed, and all fled before his face.
All save one. There waiting, silent, and still in the space before the Gate, sat Gandalf upon Shadowfax: Shadowfax who alone among the free horses of the earth endured the terror, unmoving, steadfast as a graven image in Rath Dínen.
"You cannot enter here", said Gandalf, and the huge shadow halted. "Go back to the abyss prepared for you! Go back! Fall into the nothingness that awaits you and your Master. Go!"
The Black Rider flung back his hood, and behold! he had a kingly crown; and yet upon no head visible was it set. The red fires shone between it and the mantled shoulders vast and dark. From a mouth unseen there came a deadly laughter.
"Old fool!" he said. "Old fool! This is my hour. Do you not know Death when you see it? Die now and curse in vain!" And with that he lifted high his sword and flames ran down the blade...

"The Siege of Gondor"[T 19]

The Tolkien scholarTom Shippeywrites that the Lord of the Nazgûl hovers close to being an abstraction, "a vast menace of despair... a huge shadow",[T 19]actually calling himself Death: "Old fool! This is my hour. Do you not know Death when you see it?"[T 19][4]The scene forms, too, a picture of the "unexistence of evil",[4]based on theBoethianphilosophy that God is all-powerful, so evil is not the equal and opposite of good, but simply its absence:[5]he forms "a huge shadow".[4]

The theologianGeorge Hunsingercompares Tolkien's depiction of the Witch-king to the theologianKarl Barth's analysis of evil. Barth's conception is embodied in his termdas Nichtige,"nothingness", which Hunsinger glosses as "something dynamic and sinister... an active cosmic power, a power of destruction, a power of chaos, negation, and ruin."[6]The power ofdas Nichtigeis both "outwardly repulsive" and in Barth's words "intrinsically evil"; it can be described but not explained, and is defeated by God; it is wholly evil and serves no good purpose. It is both fearful and empty.[6]

Hunsinger states that Tolkien's account of the Witch-king as he confronts Gandalf at the gate of Minas Tirith "captures something of Barth's notion ofdas Nichtige."[6]He finds it especially relevant that the Witch-king is "above all... actual and yet empty at the same time", and comments that Tolkiens "dead but undead Black Rider is as good a symbol as any... for Barth's impossible possibility."[6]

Similarly, Hunsinger finds Tolkien's description of how Éowyn kills the Witch-king "an image for the paradox of evil as something powerful and yet hollow at the same time." He notes that her sword shatters with her final stroke, but of her defeated foe, "nothing is left" in the empty mantle and hauberk.[6]

The Episcopal priest and theologianFleming Rutledgewrites that whereas the "pale king", the invisible Witch-king of Angmar, is striving to kill Frodo, the real king,Aragorn,who has been out of sight, in disguise as aRanger,is doing all he can to heal him: the two kings are opposites.[7]She writes also that while the enemy visible to Gondor is the Men ofHaradand theEasterlings,the real enemy is personified by the Witch-king.[7]

Fleming Rutledge's comparison of the Witch-king andAragorn[7]
Character Kingship Goal Visibility
Witch-king Was King of Angmar To kill the ring-bearerFrodo Actually invisible
Aragorn Has claim to be King ofGondor To heal Frodo Has been out of sight as aRanger

Prophecy both true and false[edit]

Further information:Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien
Tolkien's use of prophecy about the Witch-king's deathparallels Shakespeare's,where the witches speak both truth and falsehood aboutMacbeth's death.[8]Painting byHenry Fuseli

Julaire Andelin, inThe J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia,writes that prophecy in Middle-earth depended on characters' understanding of theMusic of the Ainur,the divine plan forArda,and was often ambiguous. Thus, Glorfindel's prophecy "not by the hand of Man will [the Lord of the Nazgûl] fall" did not lead the Lord of the Nazgûl to suppose that he would die at the hands of a woman and a hobbit.[T 6][9]

Shippey states that the prophecy, and the Witch-king's surprise at finding Dernhelm to be a woman,parallel the witches' statementtoMacbethinShakespeare's play of that name that he may "laugh to scorn / The power of man, for none of woman born / Shall harm Macbeth" (Act 4, scene 1), and Macbeth's shock at learning that Macduff "was from his mother's womb / Untimely ripp'd" (Act 5, scene 8), as Macduff was born byCaesarean section.Thus, Shippey notes, despite Tolkien's stated dislike ofShakespeare's treatment of myth, he readMacbethclosely.[8]

The Tolkien scholarMichael Droutidentifies a further parallel with Shakespeare, one of several allusions toKing LearinThe Lord of the Rings.The Witch-king says "Come not between the Nazgûl and his prey", as the mad Lear says "Come not between the dragon and his wrath".[10]

Adaptations[edit]

InPeter Jackson's 2001–2003The Lord of the Ringsfilm trilogy,during the siege of Minas Tirith, the Witch-king wears a distinctive helmet over his hood resembling a mask and a crown, rather than the crown worn underneath his hood in the book.[11]The Witch-king's mount is largely responsible for the death of Théoden and his horse Snowmane, a departure from the book. As confirmed in the films'audio commentary,the design of the monsters was based largely on illustrations by John Howe.[12][13]

In the first film of Jackson's 2012–2014The Hobbitfilm trilogy,the WizardRadagastbriefly encounters the Witch-king while investigating the forest fortress ofDol Guldur.[14]

Péter Kristóf Makai, inA Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien,writes that the 1976board gameMiddle Earthprovided the Witch-king with a choice of nine spells, against Gandalf's eleven. Some of these were shared, such as the ability to project a defensive lightning-bolt.[15]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^"Dwimmerlaik" represents a word inRohirric,the speech ofRohan,translated intoOld English;Tolkien glosses it in the index as a "work ofnecromancy",a" spectre ". It derives from Old English(ge)dwimor,"phantom, illusion" and-leikr,the Old Norse ending corresponding to Anglo-Saxon-lac,meaning "a state or act".[T 16]Tom Shippeywrites that Tolkien borrowed the word from a Middle English poem,Layamon'sBrut.[1]

References[edit]

Primary[edit]

  1. ^Tolkien 1977,"The Akallabêth", p. 267. "Yet Sauron was ever guileful, and it is said that among those whom he ensnared with the Nine Rings three were great lords of Númenórean race."
  2. ^Tolkien 1980,4. "The Hunt for the Ring" i. "Of the Journey of the Black Riders"
  3. ^Tolkien 1955,Appendix A, 1 "The Numenorean Kings"
  4. ^Tolkien writes: "the name and origin of the Witch-king is not recorded, but he was probably of Númenórean descent."Hammond, Wayne G.&Scull, Christina,The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion,p. 20. Tolkien later removed the passage; it does not appear in the version inJared Lobdell'sA Tolkien Compass.
  5. ^Tolkien 1955,Appendix B, "The Tale of Years", entries in "The Second Age"
  6. ^abcdTolkien 1955,Appendix A, I, iv "Gondor and the heirs of Anarion"
  7. ^Tolkien 1955,Appendix B, "The Tale of Years", entries in "The Third Age"
  8. ^Tolkien 1954a,book 1, ch. 2 "The Shadow of the Past"
  9. ^Tolkien 1954a,book 2, ch. 2 "The Council of Elrond"
  10. ^Tolkien 1954abook 1, ch. 3 "Three is Company"
  11. ^Tolkien 1954abook 1, ch. 4 "A Short Cut to Mushrooms"
  12. ^abTolkien 1954abook 1, ch. 11 "A Knife in the Dark"
  13. ^Tolkien 1954abook 1, ch. 12 "Flight to the Ford"
  14. ^abcTolkien 1955,book 5, ch. 6, "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields"
  15. ^Carpenter 2023,#211 to Rhona Beare, 14 October 1958
  16. ^Tolkien 1990,p. 372
  17. ^Tolkien 1989,pp. 9, 116, 132, 149
  18. ^Tolkien 1990,pp. 326, 331
  19. ^abcTolkien 1955,book 5, ch. 4, "The Siege of Gondor"

Secondary[edit]

  1. ^Shippey 2005,p. 394
  2. ^abcdefFontenot, Megan N. (31 October 2019)."Exploring the People of Middle-earth: The Witch-King of Angmar, Lord of the Nazgûl".Tor.com.Retrieved29 July2023.
  3. ^Hammond, Wayne G.;Scull, Christina(2005).The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion.HarperCollins.p. 20.ISBN978-0-00-720907-1.
  4. ^abcShippey 2005,pp. 242–243
  5. ^Shippey 2005,pp. 131–133
  6. ^abcdeHunsinger, George (2020). "Barth and Tolkien".Wiley Blackwell Companion to Karl Barth.Wiley-Blackwell.pp. 693–700.ISBN978-1-119-15656-7.
  7. ^abcRutledge, Fleming(2003).The battle for Middle-Earth: Tolkien's divine design in Lord of the rings.William B. Eerdmans.pp. 85, 96.ISBN978-0-8028-2497-4.OCLC52559213.
  8. ^abShippey 2005,pp. 205–206
  9. ^Andelin, Julaire (2013) [2007]. "Prophecy". InDrout, Michael D. C.(ed.).The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia.Routledge.pp. 544–545.ISBN978-0-415-86511-1.
  10. ^Drout, Michael D. C.(2004)."Tolkien's Prose Style and its Literary and Rhetorical Effects".Tolkien Studies.1(1): 137–163.doi:10.1353/tks.2004.0006.S2CID170271511.
  11. ^Dembrow, Dylan (4 November 2018)."Lord Of The Rings: 20 Strangest Details About Witch-King's Anatomy".ScreenRant.To better distinguish him from his fellow Nazgul, the Witch-king was given additional armor and a large, pointed helm. In the novels, whenever his hood is thrown back, he is described as wearing a king's crown, which floats atop his invisible head and his burning eyes of fire.
  12. ^Dellamorte, Andrew (20 June 2011)."The Lord of the Rings: The Motion Picture Trilogy: Extended Edition Blu-ray Review".Collider.Retrieved11 March2020.
  13. ^See alsoConlogue, Ray (16 December 2003)."Tolkien's Gentlemanly Art of War".The Globe and Mail.
  14. ^LaSala, Jeff (14 November 2014)."Extending The Desolation of Smaug: More Is More".Tor.com.Retrieved21 May2020.
  15. ^Makai, Péter Kristóf (2014)."Games and Gaming: Quantasy".A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien.John Wiley & Sons. pp. 530–544.ISBN978-0-4706-5982-3.

Sources[edit]

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