Wolframite

Wolframite
General
Category	Oxide minerals
Formula (repeating unit)	(Fe,Mn)WO4
Crystal system	Monoclinic
Crystal class	Prismatic (2/m) (sameH-M symbol)
Space group	P2/c
Unit cell	a = 4.77Å,b = 5.73 Å c = 4.98 Å; β = 90.2°; Z = 2
Identification
Color	Grayish to brownish black
Crystal habit	Tabular to short prismatic crystals
Cleavage	Perfect {010}
Fracture	Uneven to rough
Mohs scalehardness	4–4.5
Luster	Submetallic to resinous
Streak	Reddish brown
Diaphaneity	Opaque
Specific gravity	7–7.5
Fusibility	3–4 to magnetic globule
References

Wolframiteis aniron,manganese,andtungstatemineralwith a chemical formula of(Fe,Mn)WO₄that is the intermediate mineral betweenferberite(Fe²⁺rich) andhübnerite(Mn²⁺rich).Along withscheelite,the wolframite series are the most importanttungstenore minerals. Wolframite is found inquartzveins andpegmatitesassociated withgraniticintrusives.Associated minerals includecassiterite,scheelite,bismuth,quartz,pyrite,galena,sphalerite,andarsenopyrite.

This mineral was historically found inEuropeinBohemia,Saxony,and in theUKinDevonandCornwall.China reportedly has the world's largest supply of tungsten ore with about 60%.Other producers areSpain,Canada,Portugal,Russia,Australia,Thailand,South Korea,Rwanda,Bolivia,theUnited States,and theDemocratic Republic of the Congo.

Properties

The wolframite series is mainly formed through magmatic-hydrothermal processes associated with felsic magmas, namelyskarns,or through metamorphic processes. In the more common granitic deposits, wolframite minerals can be found in bothgreisenandveinsas its formation is tied to these two structures.

Crystal structure

Diagram of wolframite crystal's front view

The wolframite series consists of two endmembers,ferberite(Fe²⁺end member),hübnerite(Mn²⁺end member), with Wolframite, (Fe,Mn)WO₄itself being a solid solution between the two endmembers.These two end members can be present in any proportion within wolframite, from 100% ferberite to 100% hübnerite. Wolframite Contains the following percentages of its components, 60.63% W⁺⁶,9.21% Fe⁺²,9.06% Mn⁺²,21.10% O⁻².Wolframite ore exhibits massive form with a dark grey to reddish black coloration.Wolframite in its pure crystal form exhibits a monoclinic crystal system with a perfect cleavage of {010} and an iron black color. Wolframite in its crystalline form also displays lamellar and prismatic habit.

Name

The name "wolframite" is derived from German "wolf rahm",the name given to tungsten byJohan Gottschalk Walleriusin 1747. This, in turn, derives from "Lupi spuma",the nameGeorg Agricolaused for the element in 1546, which translates into English as "wolf's froth" or "wolf's cream". The etymology is not entirely certain but seems to be a reference to the large amounts oftinconsumed by the mineral during its extraction, the phenomenon being likened to a wolf eating a sheep.Wolfram is the basis for the chemical symbolWfor tungsten as achemical element.

World mine production and reserves

As of 2022, estimated world mine production was 84,000 metric tons of tungsten.The foremost producer of Tungsten is China with an estimated 71,000 metric tons produced and as such world tungsten supply was dominated by China and Chinese exports. The next highest producers are Vietnam, Russia, Bolivia, and Rwanda with an estimated 4,800, 2,300, 1,400, and 1,100 respectively.

As of 2022, the estimate world reserves of tungsten is 3,800,000 metric tons. Again China contains the greatest reserve at 1,800,000 metric tons of tungsten. The following countries have the next highest reserves: Russia, Vietnam, Spain, and Austria with an estimated reserve of 400,000, 100,000, 56,000, and 10,000 respectively.

Use

Extraction of tungsten from wolframite ore

Wolframite is highly valued as the main source of the metal tungsten, a strong and very dense material with a high melting temperature used forelectric filamentsandarmor-piercing ammunition,as well as hardtungsten carbidemachine tools. DuringWorld War II,wolframite mines were a strategic asset, due to its use in munitions and tools.

Tungstic Acid (WO₃) in powder form

Tungsten salts were used in the 19th century to dye cotton and to make stage costumes which were fire retardant. Additionally in the 19th century tungstensulfideswere sparingly used as lubrication for machining. Wolframite is also used to maketungstic acidwhich is used in the textile industry.

A major modern day use of tungsten is as acatalystfor various chemical reactions. One such catalytic use of tungsten is as a hydrocracking catalyst which is used to improve the yield of organic components such as gasoline in hydrocarbon refinement as well as reducing harmful pollution and by products. Another catalytic use of tungsten is as a De-NO_Xcatalyst which is used in the treatment of nitrogen oxide emissions to convert harmful nitrogen oxides into inert N₂gas.

Another modern day use of tungsten is as a lubricant.Tungsten disulfide(WS₂) is a lubricant with a dynamiccoefficient of frictionof ~0.03. Tungsten disulfide can be used at temperatures of 583 °C and 1316 °C in air and vacuum respectively. These characteristics allow this lubricant to operate in extreme conditions.

Wolframite was considered to be aconflict mineraldue to the unethical mining practices observed in theDemocratic Republic of the Congo,during theCongo Wars.

See also

• List of minerals
• Wolfram CrisisduringWW II