Jump to content

NFL Europe

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"World League of American Football" redirects here. For other uses, seeWLAF (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withEuropean League of Football,European Football League,orWorld Football League.

NFL Europe
FormerlyWorld League of American Football (1991)
World League (1992, 1995–97)
NFL Europa (2007)
SportAmerican football
FoundedJuly 19, 1989[1]
First season1991
CeasedJuly 29, 2007[2]
Divisions3 (1991–1992)
No. of teams10 (1991–1992)
6 (1995–2007)
CountriesCanada(1991–92)
Germany(1991–92, 1995–2007)
Netherlands(1995–2007)
Spain(1991–92, 1995–2003)
United Kingdom(1991–92, 1995–2004)
United States(1991–92)
Last
champion(s)		Hamburg Sea Devils(1)
Most titlesFrankfurt Galaxy(4)
Related
competitions		National Football League

NFL Europe League(simply calledNFL Europeand known in its final season asNFL Europa) was a professionalAmerican footballleague that functioned as thedevelopmental minor leagueof theNational Football League(NFL). Originally founded in 1989 as theWorld League of American Football(orWLAF), the league was envisioned as atransatlanticleague encompassing teams from bothNorth AmericaandEurope.Initially, the WLAF consisted of seven teams in North America and three in Europe. It began play in 1991 and lasted for two seasons before suspending operations; while the league had been "wildly popular" in Europe, it failed to achieve success in North America. After a two-year hiatus, it returned as a six-team European league, with teams based inEngland,Germany,theNetherlands,Scotland,andSpain.NFL Europa was dissolved in 2007 due to its continued unprofitability and the NFL's decision to shift its focus towards hosting regular-season games in Europe; at the time of its closure, the league consisted of five German teams and one team based in the Netherlands.

The league operated under rules nearly identical to the NFL, but featured some differences and experimental rules changes designed to appeal to fans ofassociation football(soccer) andrugby football.NFL teams were incentivized to allocate players through the granting of additionaltraining camppositions for each allocated player, and each team in NFL Europe was required to employ a number of "local" players. Most of the league's players were American, with "local" players tending to be converted rugby or soccer players playing at thepunterorplacekickerpositions. Several NFL Europe alumni – including quarterbacksBrad Johnson,Kurt Warner,andJake Delhomme– went on to have successful careers in the NFL, and three NFL Europe alumni (Adam Vinatieri,Dante Hall,andBrian Moorman) made theNational Football League 2000s All-Decade Team.

The league's schedule went through several formats throughout its existence, but each season always culminated in the championshipWorld Bowlgame. In its initial run, each team played a ten-game schedule, and the winners of each of the three divisions (Europe, North America East, and North America West), along with the team with the best record that didn't win a division, would play in a four-teamplayoff.Following its revival as a six-team European league, the ten-game schedule was retained asdouble round-robinregular season. From 1995 to 1997, the World Bowl was played between the team with the best record in the first half of the season and the team with the best record in the second half of the season; from 1998 on, the two teams with the best records across the entire season played in the World Bowl. TheFrankfurt Galaxy– the only team to play all 15 seasons of the league's existence – won the most World Bowl titles (four) and recorded the most World Bowl appearances (eight), while the final league title was won by theHamburg Sea Devils.

History

[edit]

Founding and origins

[edit]

In 1974, theNational Football League(NFL) announced plans to launch a professionalAmerican footballleague inEurope,theIntercontinental Football League(IFL). Aiming for a launch in the spring of 1975, the IFL would feature six teams (located inIstanbul,Rome,Munich,West Berlin,Vienna,andBarcelona,respectively) and would be a satellite league of the NFL, with initial funds made by the NFL owners and the rosters consisting of "second-line athletes and rookies from established NFL teams".[3]The brainchild ofBob Kap,the proposed league had already sold six franchises and had secured the rights to loan players from the NFL.[4]The league had also pre-selected four more cities for expansion teams, andAl DavisandTex Schrammwere assigned to head the committee that would put the league together. The IFL did not materialize – thePro Football Researchers Associationattributed this failure to Europe not being ready for American football, potential competition with theWorld Football League(WFL), aplayers' strikeduring the summer of 1974, and therecession.[3]Another factor was the turmoil in Europe in 1974:TurkeyhadinvadedCyprus,theAmerican ambassador to Cyprushad been assassinated,Basqueseparatists had assassinated theprime minister of Spain,and terrorist groups like theRed Brigadeshad engaged in kidnapping.[4]TheState Departmentdiscouraged NFL CommissionerPete Rozellefrom pursuing the league, and the IFL also suffered a potentially fatal blow whenPan American World Airways,who Kap had brought on as a sponsor, pulled out of the project. Ultimately, Rozelle deemed the creation of the league "impractical".[4]

By 1980, the popularity of American football was increasing in Europe without any push by the NFL. The NFL capitalized on this newfound interest by holdingAmerican Bowlgames (pre-season exhibitioncontests held overseas), and the popularity of these games, particularly inLondon,led to a renewed interest from Rozelle in creating an American football league in Europe.[3]In 1989, the NFL announced plans to create an international spring football league. The NFL initially wanted the new league to be known as the International Football League, but it had to change the name after discovering that the name was already owned byDonald TrumpandCharley Finley,who were allegedly in the process of forming their own league (which would never come to fruition). The name World League of American Football (WLAF) was eventually settled on; this name was chosen to avoid associating it with the dissolved World Football League, and the term "American football" was included in the league's name because "football" in Europe typically refers toassociation football,known in the United States as soccer. The NFL and WLAF attempted to downplay its status as a minor league and refused to acknowledge the WLAF as a farm league of the NFL.[3]The NFL approved the creation of the WLAF in July 1989, with Schramm to head up the project and the league expected to begin play in 1990 or 1991.[1]The league was expected to have 12 teams (six in the United States, four in Europe, one inCanadaand one inMexico),[5]and it secured a two-year television deal withABCand a four-year television deal withUSA Networkto air regular and post-season games.[6]Schramm was fired as league president in October 1990 due to differences between him and the NFL as to the direction the WLAF would take; Schramm had wanted the WLAF to be an "independent, major international league which would be strong enough to stand on its own feet", while the NFL had wanted the WLAF to be a small league with close ties to the NFL.[7]

The first logo of the WLAF.

On November 14, 1990, the WLAF announced it would begin play in 1991 with ten teams (six of them in the United States, three of them in Europe, and one in Canada) split into three divisions (North America West, North America East, and Europe). A 50-game schedule stretching from March 23, 1991, to May 27, 1991, was agreed upon, and a draft was held from February 14, 1991, to February 24, 1991.[6]Unlike the NFL draft, the World League draft was a position-by-position draft – potential draftees were divided into ten position groups, meaning each of the ten teams would have the number-one pick at a position group. All players were to receive a base salary of $20,000, but players could receive more money by meeting performance-based incentives with a maximum total salary of $100,000.[8]Each NFL team could allocate up to four players to the WLAF, although only two, theNew Orleans SaintsandKansas City Chiefsopted to do so.[9]

WLAF/World League (1991–92)

[edit]
World Bowl '91,the league's first championship game, was held atWembley Stadium;theLondon Monarchsdefeated theBarcelona Dragons21–0.[10]

The World League of American Football, described byThe New York Timesas the "first trans-Atlantic major sports league", began play on March 23, 1991, with three games held inFrankfurt, Germany,Birmingham, Alabama,andSacramento, California,respectively.[11]After the conclusion of the regular season, the WLAF playoffs were held, featuring the three division champions (London Monarchs,New York/New Jersey Knights,andBirmingham Fire) and one wild-card team (Barcelona Dragons).[12]London and Barcelona won their playoff games to meet inWorld Bowl '91atWembley Stadium,which London won 21–0.[10]

Following its first season, the World League of American Football was at risk of folding. It suffered a loss of nearly $7 million, and none of its teams made a profit. In addition to the monetary loss for the league, television ratings on ABC and USA network were poor. According toDan Rooney,the NFL chairman of the World League, cost estimates were accurate, but the league overestimated the amount of revenue the WLAF would make. The league's television contracts were also at risk due to poor ratings, with USA Network having lost money.[13]The WLAF averaged around 26,000 fans a game in its first season; the European teams had a higher attendance than the North American teams, bolstering the average.[14]Ultimately, the NFL decided to bring the league back for a second season in 1992. The league name was shortened to World League by league officials, who felt the surprising success of the league in Europe made the "American football" part unnecessary, and theRaleigh-Durham Skyhawksfolded, replaced by theOhio Glory.[14]

NFL Europe/Europa (1995–2007)

[edit]
The final logo of the league, introduced upon its name change to NFL Europa in 2006.

Although the league was "wildly popular" in Europe, with attendance averaging 45,000 for the London Monarchs, it was "ignored" in the United States. The World League suspended play for the 1993 and 1994 season before returning in1995as a six-team, exclusively European league. All three of the original European teams returned, along with the Birmingham Fire, who were rebooted as theDüsseldorf-basedRhein Fire,and two additional new teams (theAmsterdam AdmiralsandScottish Claymores). Each team was required to have seven "local" players on their 40-man roster.[15]Foxbecame a co-owner of the WLAF and a major financial contributor in return for broadcasting rights.[16]The league was renamed the NFL Europe League (NFLEL) in 1998, and the London Monarchs were renamed the England Monarchs in an attempt to spur attendance, which had fallen below 10,000 per game.[17]The Monarchs would fold the following season and were replaced by theBerlin Thunder.[18]

NFL Europe commemorated its 10th season in2002,but still remained far from being profitable. The league announced a three-year with the soccer clubFC Barcelonato jointly promote American football in Europe and soccer in the United States; the Barcelona Dragons franchise was renamed FC Barcelona Dragons.[19]The collaboration with FC Barcelona would prove to be unsuccessful, however, and the Barcelona Dragons would fold after the 2003 season due to declining attendance.[20]The team's attendance had fallen to under 7,000 per game, a 50% decline since the1997 season,when the team had won theWorld Bowl.[21]The Dragons were replaced by theCologne Centurionsin 2004, and the following year the Scottish Claymores folded; although the team boasted the largest following of any Scottish sports team outside theOld Firm,averaging 10,799 per game, the league had determined an additional German team could bring in 30,000 per game.[22]

The Claymores were replaced the following year by theHamburg Sea Devils,which left the Amsterdam Admirals as the only team in the league not to be based in Germany. This was part of a strategic pivot to Germany, which had been the most receptive country to the league and the sport in general.[23]Accordingly, the league changed its name to NFL Europa in 2006, ahead of the league's15th season,to reflect the league's focus on Germany and the Netherlands.[24]

Closure and legacy

[edit]
QuarterbackKurt Warnerwas allocated to theAmsterdam Admiralsin1998.The following year, Warner led theSt. Louis Ramsto victory inSuper Bowl XXXIV.[25]

On July 29, 2007, less than a week afterWorld Bowl XV,the NFL announced the closure of NFL Europa. The league had been losing a reported US$30 million a year, and the NFL had decided to shift their strategy in marketing football abroad towards holding NFL regular-season gamesoutside the United States.[2]The NFL owners who funded the league were reportedly dissatisfied with NFL Europa's lack of revenue as well as its decreasing success in player development.[26]The league had nearly folded in 2003, when eight of the 32 NFL owners voted against funding it, one short of the nine votes needed to end the league, and its gradual progression into a German-dominated league had run counter to the NFL's goals of selling merchandise throughout the European continent.[27]The league's inability to garner a live television contract with local media markets also played a role in its demise, as the potential revenue from a deal could have helped the league financially.[28]

Andrei S. Markovits and Lars Rensmann described the league as an "abysmal failure", noting its poor quality of play, frequent name changes, and franchise relocations as well as the accessibility of regular NFL games in Europe as reasons for its collapse.[29]Len Pasquarelli ofESPN.comnoted that the league had strayed from its original goal, with the allocation system of players gradually being abused to amass training camp exemptions rather than to develop players.[26]John Mara,the co-owner of theNew York Giants,said that the league "had some useful purpose in developing players" and that it helped the NFL determine that there was an interest in American football in Europe.[28]

Looking back on NFL Europe in 2017, Kevin Seifert of ESPN.com noted its strong record in developingquarterbacks:Kurt Warner(aSuper Bowlchampion and two-timeMVP),Brad Johnson(who won a Super Bowl in 2002 with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers),Jake Delhomme(who led theCarolina Panthersto an NFC championship in2003), and journeyman quarterbackJon Kitnaall spent time in NFL Europe.[25]Two NFL Europe alumni (kickerAdam Vinatieriand return specialistDante Hall) were included on the NFL's2000s All-Decade Team.[30]The league also provided an opportunity for the NFL to experiment with rules and to developofficialsand coaches. Some NFL coaches and executives have suggested reviving the concept of a developmental league,[31]and several independent leagues have been created to fill the need, but with little success.[25]At a press conference beforeSuper Bowl LI,league commissionerRoger Goodellsaid the NFL had been "actively considering" creating a new developmental league.[32]

Since the closure of NFL Europa, the NFL has held regular-season games annually in London[33]and has also hosted regular-season games inMexico CityandToronto.[34]The league is pursuing the goal of afranchise in London,as well as potential regular-season games inChina.[35]In 2021, the NFL announced it was looking for partners to host a regular-season game in Germany.[36]In 2022, the league announced four regular-season games would be held in Germany, the first set for November 13, 2022 between theTampa Bay BuccaneersandSeattle Seahawksto be played atMunich'sAllianz Arena.NFL.com writer Judy Battista noted Germany was the "fastest-growing international community" for the league, and attributed this in part to the popularity of the former NFL Europe's German teams, but argued the large number of expats as well as the American military presence were greater factors.[37]

In 2007, fans and former members of the Frankfurt Galaxy – the most successful of NFL Europe's teams on the field and in crowd attendance – created theFrankfurt Universe.[38]The new team was promoted to theGerman Football League 2in 2011, and won promotion to theGerman Football League(GFL) in 2015.[39]TheEuropean League of Football(ELF), a pan-European league that began play in 2021,[40]signed an agreement with the NFL allowing them to utilize the branding of the former teams of NFL Europe.[41]The ELF'sBarcelona Dragons,Berlin Thunder,Cologne Centurions,Hamburg Sea Devils,Frankfurt Galaxy,andRhein Fireall share the names and imagery of their NFL Europe predecessors.[42]

Season structure and development

[edit]
2007 NFL Europa standings
Team W L PCT
Hamburg Sea Devils 7 3 .700
Frankfurt Galaxy 7 3 .700
Cologne Centurions 6 4 .600
Rhein Fire 4 6 .400
Amsterdam Admirals 4 6 .400
Berlin Thunder 2 8 .200
This chart demonstrates the league's table for the2007 season.From 1998 to 2007, each team played 10 games (a home and away game against every other team in the league), and the top two teams at the end of the season (highlighted in green) qualified for the championship game, theWorld Bowl.[43]TheHamburg Sea Devilswonthe game37–28, securing the league's championship.[44]

From 1991 to 1992, the ten-team WLAF was split into three divisions: North America East, North America West, and Europe with a ten-game regular season schedule. All three division champions, in addition to theteam with the best record who didn't win its division,made the playoffs. The winners of the two playoff games played for the league championship in theWorld Bowl.[45]The ten game schedule was retained upon the league's return in 1995, but was modified with the new six-team format. Each team played every other team twice in adouble round-robin regular season.Following the regular season, two teams would be selected for the World Bowl; the team that led the league's standings after week five would host the game, and the team with the best overall record at the end of the season would be their opponent.[46]This format was criticized for making the second half of the league's season less competitive, and beginning with the 1998 season it was changed to have the two teams with the best overall records play in the World Bowl instead.[43]

The league played under standard NFL rules, with several exceptions.[47]In an effort to appeal to fans of rugby and soccer, the league instituted rules to speed up the pace of the game and awarded four points forfield goalsmade from beyond 50 yards as opposed to the typical three points.[48]Rule changes instituted upon the league's revival in 1995 included the creation of thedefensive two-point conversion,referred to by the league as the "deuce", as well as only requiring receivers to have one foot in bounds on a completed pass.[14]The regular-seasonovertimeperiod consisted of a single 10-minute quarter where both teams were required to have control of the ball at least once, and theplay clockwas set to 35 seconds.[47]Starting with the 1997 season, the league required the receiver to have two feet in bounds for a completed pass.[46]Ties were possible in the league, with two (a 1992 game between the London Monarchs and Birmingham Fire and a 2006 game between the Berlin Thunder and Hamburg Sea Devils) occurring in league history.[49]

NFL teams were allowed to allocate players to NFL Europe. In exchange for doing this, they were awarded with exemptions for training camp, allowing them to bring more players than would otherwise be allowed.[26]A certain number of players on each team of NFL Europe were required to be "local players", and at least two local players were required to be on the field at all times during games. Despite this, most of the league's most prominent players were Americans; "local players" were often converted rugby or soccer players playing aspuntersorplacekickers.[50]

Teams

[edit]

World League of American Football/World League (1991–92)

[edit]
World League of American Football teams
Location[51] Teams[51] City[51] Seasons[51]
Europe SpainBarcelona Dragons Barcelona, Spain 1991–92
GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy Frankfurt, Germany 1991–92
EnglandLondon Monarchs London, United Kingdom 1991–92
North America East CanadaMontreal Machine Montreal, Quebec 1991–92
United StatesNew York/New Jersey Knights East Rutherford, New Jersey[52] 1991–92
United StatesOhio Glory Columbus, Ohio[53] 1992
United StatesOrlando Thunder Orlando, Florida 1991–92
United StatesRaleigh-Durham Skyhawks Raleigh, North Carolina[54] 1991
North America West United StatesBirmingham Fire Birmingham, Alabama 1991–92
United StatesSan Antonio Riders San Antonio, Texas 1991–92
United StatesSacramento Surge Sacramento, California 1991–92

World League/NFL Europe League/NFL Europa (1995–2007)

[edit]


NFL Europe teams
Teams[51] City[55] Seasons[51]
NetherlandsAmsterdam Admirals Amsterdam, Netherlands 1995–2007
SpainBarcelona / FC Barcelona Dragons Barcelona, Spain 1995–2003
GermanyBerlin Thunder Berlin, Germany 1999–2007
GermanyCologne Centurions Cologne, Germany 2004–07
GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy Frankfurt, Germany 1995–2007
GermanyHamburg Sea Devils Hamburg, Germany 2005–07
EnglandLondon / England Monarchs London, United Kingdom 1995–98
GermanyRhein Fire Düsseldorf, Germany[56] 1995–2007
ScotlandScottish Claymores Edinburgh, United Kingdom(1995–2000)[22]
Glasgow, United Kingdom(2000–04)[22] 		1995–2004

Timeline

[edit]

Trophy and awards

[edit]

NFL Europe presented several awards and honors. The World Bowl trophy, awarded to the winners of the annual World Bowl game, was a 40-pound glass globe.[57]The winning team also received championship rings[58]Other awards included regular seasonmost valuable playerawards on offense and defense, acoach of the yearaward, and an award for the World Bowl MVP. The league also awarded offensive, defensive, special teams, and national players of the week,[59]and named an all-league team at the end of the season.[60]

Award winners

[edit]
Season OMVP Team DMVP Team CoTY Team Ref.
1991 Stan Gelbaugh EnglandLondon Monarchs John Brantley United StatesBirmingham Fire Larry Kennan EnglandLondon Monarchs [61][62]
Danny Lockett EnglandLondon Monarchs
Anthony Parker United StatesNew York/New Jersey Knights
1992 David Archer United StatesSacramento Surge Adrian Jones SpainBarcelona Dragons Galen Hall United StatesOrlando Thunder [63][64][65]
1995 Paul Justin GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy Malcolm Showell NetherlandsAmsterdam Admirals Ernie Stautner GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy [66][67]
1996 Sean LaChapelle ScotlandScottish Claymores Ty Parten ScotlandScottish Claymores Jim Criner ScotlandScottish Claymores [68]
1997 T. J. Rubley GermanyRhein Fire Jason Simmons ScotlandScottish Claymores Galen Hall(2) GermanyRhein Fire [69]
1998 Marcus Robertson GermanyRhein Fire Josh Taves SpainBarcelona Dragons Dick Curl GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy [70]
1999 Lawrence Phillips SpainBarcelona Dragons Mike Maslowski SpainBarcelona Dragons Dick Curl(2) GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy [71]
2000 Aaron Stecker ScotlandScottish Claymores Jonathan Brown GermanyBerlin Thunder Galen Hall(3) GermanyRhein Fire [72]
Duane Hawthorne ScotlandScottish Claymores
2001 Mike Green SpainBarcelona Dragons Roshaun Matthews NetherlandsAmsterdam Admirals Jack Bicknell SpainBarcelona Dragons [73]
2002 Jamal Robertson GermanyRhein Fire Deke Cooper GermanyRhein Fire Peter Vaas GermanyBerlin Thunder [74]
2003 Ken Simonton ScotlandScottish Claymores Rashidi Barnes GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy Doug Graber GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy [75]
2004 Rohan Davey GermanyBerlin Thunder Corey Jackson GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy Rick Lantz GermanyBerlin Thunder [60]
2005 Dave Ragone GermanyBerlin Thunder Rich Scanlon GermanyBerlin Thunder Bart Andrus NetherlandsAmsterdam Admirals [76]
2006 Gibran Hamdan NetherlandsAmsterdam Admirals Tony Brown NetherlandsAmsterdam Admirals Mike Jones GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy [77]
Philippe Garden GermanyCologne Centurions
2007 Derrick Ross GermanyCologne Centurions Jason Hall GermanyCologne Centurions Vince Martino GermanyHamburg Sea Devils [78]
J. T. O'Sullivan GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy

Television coverage

[edit]

1991–92

[edit]

In the United States, television coverage was provided by the ABC and USA Network. The reported cost of thecontractsvaried. According to theLos Angeles Times,ABC committed to $28 million over two years, and USA Network committed to $25 million for the same length of time with an additional two-year option. Ratings were characterized as "poor" in the inaugural season, with ABC averaging a 2.1ratingand USA Network averaging a 1.2 rating.[79]Television ratings in the United States were "dismal" during the league's second season, with ABC averaging a 1.7 rating and USA Network averaging a 1.1 rating.[79]As a result, ABC's payment was reduced to $3 million while USA saw theirs lowered to $10 million. According toThe New York Times,USA Network was "not happy" with this arrangement and did not heavily promote the league as a result.[80]

International teams aired on different domestic networks. Montreal Machine games were aired in English onTSNand in French onRDS.[81]Coverage inEuropewas mostly onsatellite television.Eurosportshowed gameson delayandSuper Channelaired the 1991 World Bowl.[82]In the United Kingdom, Channel 4 showed half-hour highlights of Monarchs games on Saturday mornings.[82]Larry Eichel ofthe Philadelphia Inquirerwrote that "The only way a Monarchs fan could watch the team's first-round playoff game from theMeadowlandswas to go to Wembley to see it onclosed circuit."[82]

1995–2007

[edit]

The revived league's United Kingdom television coverage was mainly onSky Sports,with additional coverage also on Channel 4,[83][84]STV,[83][84]andCarlton.[83][84]EightEuropean continentalbroadcasters also showed games,[83][84]includingGermany'sVoxandDSF.[83][84]

Although the league no longer had any U.S. teams, it was covered on American television until its closure. Fox became a co-owner of the league in exchange for broadcasting rights,[16]and following the relaunch all regular season games were broadcast on theFXnetwork.[85]Fox ended its joint ownership with the league in 2000, but continued to air some games as a television partner.[86]In 2004,NFL Networkbegan airing select NFL Europe games.[87]This was expanded to cover all NFL Europe games – including the World Bowl – in 2006.[88]

Records

[edit]

Champions and runners-up

[edit]
Season Champion Wins Losses Runner-up Wins Losses Ref.
1991 EnglandLondon Monarchs 9 1 SpainBarcelona Dragons 8 2 [89]
1992 United StatesSacramento Surge 8 2 United StatesOrlando Thunder 8 2 [90]
1995 GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy 6 4 NetherlandsAmsterdam Admirals 9 1 [91]
1996 ScotlandScottish Claymores 7 3 GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy 6 4 [92]
1997 SpainBarcelona Dragons 5 5 GermanyRhein Fire 7 3 [93]
1998 GermanyRhein Fire 7 3 GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy 7 3 [94]
1999 GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy(2) 6 4 SpainBarcelona Dragons 7 3 [95]
2000 GermanyRhein Fire(2) 7 3 ScotlandScottish Claymores 6 4 [96]
2001 GermanyBerlin Thunder 6 4 SpainBarcelona Dragons 8 2 [97]
2002 GermanyBerlin Thunder(2) 6 4 GermanyRhein Fire 7 3 [98]
2003 GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy(3) 6 4 GermanyRhein Fire 6 4 [99]
2004 GermanyBerlin Thunder(3) 9 1 GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy 7 3 [100]
2005 NetherlandsAmsterdam Admirals 6 4 GermanyBerlin Thunder 7 3 [101]
2006 GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy(4) 7 3 NetherlandsAmsterdam Admirals 7 3 [102]
2007 GermanyHamburg Sea Devils 7 3 GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy 7 3 [103]

Win–loss records

[edit]
Team GP Wins Losses Ties Pct. Championships Seasons Ref.
NetherlandsAmsterdam Admirals 130 68 62 0 .523 1 1995–2007 [51]
SpainBarcelona / FC Barcelona Dragons 110 59 51 0 .536 1 1991–92; 1995–2003 [51]
GermanyBerlin Thunder 90 42 47 1 .472 3 1999–2007 [51]
United StatesBirmingham Fire 20 12 7 1 .625 0 1991–92 [51]
GermanyCologne Centurions 40 20 20 0 .500 0 2004–07 [51]
GermanyFrankfurt Galaxy 150 82 68 0 .547 4 1991–92; 1995–2007 [51]
EnglandLondon / England Monarchs 60 26 33 1 .442 1 1991–92; 1995–98 [51]
GermanyHamburg Sea Devils 30 15 14 1 .517 1 2005–07 [51]
CanadaMontreal Machine 20 6 14 0 .300 0 1991–92 [51]
United StatesNew York/New Jersey Knights 20 11 9 0 .550 0 1991–92 [51]
United StatesOhio Glory 10 1 9 0 .100 0 1992 [51]
United StatesOrlando Thunder 20 13 7 0 .650 0 1991–92 [51]
United StatesRaleigh–Durham Skyhawks 10 0 10 0 .000 0 1991 [51]
GermanyRhein Fire 130 68 62 0 .523 2 1995–2007 [51]
United StatesSacramento Surge 20 11 9 0 .550 1 1991–92 [51]
United StatesSan Antonio Riders 20 11 9 0 .550 0 1991–92 [51]
ScotlandScottish Claymores 100 43 57 0 .430 1 1995–2004 [51]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abEskenazi, Gerald (July 20, 1989)."Global N.F.L. Game Plan: New League, New Lands".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on May 25, 2015.RetrievedAugust 17,2013.
  2. ^ab"Passport expires: NFL Europa folds after 16 years".ESPN.com.June 29, 2007.Archivedfrom the original on October 16, 2018.RetrievedAugust 7,2019.
  3. ^abcdMaher, Tod (1992)."Origins of the WLAF"(PDF).The Coffin Corner.14(2).Pro Football Researchers Association.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on December 18, 2010.RetrievedAugust 17,2013.
  4. ^abcFord, Mark L.; Foglio, Massimo (2005)."The First 'NFL Europe'"(PDF).The Coffin Corner.27(6).Pro Football Researchers Association.Archived(PDF)from the original on September 8, 2015.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  5. ^"World League To Get TV Money".The Seattle Times.February 6, 1990.Archivedfrom the original on March 4, 2016.RetrievedAugust 18,2013.
  6. ^ab"NFL Europe League Chronology".NFL.com.Archived fromthe originalon July 19, 2009.RetrievedAugust 18,2013.
  7. ^Bricker, Charles (October 12, 1990)."Fired Schramm: NFL Narrowed Its View Of The World".Sun-Sentinel.Archivedfrom the original on March 3, 2016.RetrievedAugust 18,2013.
  8. ^"WLAF Will Succeed With Tight Rein on Dollar, League President Believes".Los Angeles Times.February 13, 1991.Archivedfrom the original on May 28, 2014.RetrievedAugust 18,2013.
  9. ^Thomas, George (May 5, 1991)."W.L.A.F. Seasoning in the Sun".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on May 28, 2014.RetrievedAugust 18,2013.
  10. ^abReilly, Rick (June 17, 1991)."One To Remember".Sports Illustrated.RetrievedAugust 18,2013.[permanent dead link]
  11. ^Eskenazi, Gerald (March 24, 1991)."Live From Barcelona: W.L.A.F.'s Kickoff on TV".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on May 28, 2014.RetrievedAugust 18,2013.
  12. ^"Scoreboard".The Item.May 28, 1991. pp. 4B.Archivedfrom the original on June 14, 2022.RetrievedAugust 18,2013.
  13. ^Smith, Timothy W. (August 25, 1991)."Initials For W.L.A.F. May Soon Be R.I.P."The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on May 28, 2014.RetrievedAugust 18,2013.
  14. ^abcEskenazi, Gerald (March 21, 1992)."It's Baaack! World League Set to Begin Second Season".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on April 11, 2015.RetrievedAugust 18,2013.
  15. ^Cress, Doug (April 4, 1995)."The New World League: Retooled, and Ready to Start Saturday".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on August 11, 2019.RetrievedAugust 10,2019.
  16. ^abO'Hagan, Simon (March 26, 1995)."Monarchs seek to rule the world".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on May 27, 2014.RetrievedMay 27,2014.
  17. ^Halling, Nick (December 13, 1996)."London Monarchs to play World League matches at Stamford Bridge".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on November 22, 2014.RetrievedMay 27,2014.
  18. ^Weaver, Paul (October 24, 2007)."British Dolphin pursues long journey to top".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on August 11, 2019.RetrievedAugust 11,2019.
  19. ^Wade, Stephen (April 10, 2002)."NFL Europe Begins 10th Season".Midland Daily News.Archivedfrom the original on August 12, 2019.RetrievedAugust 12,2019.
  20. ^"Bicknell joins Claymores".BBC Sport.October 28, 2003.Archivedfrom the original on August 12, 2019.RetrievedAugust 12,2019.
  21. ^"Barcelona disbands NFL Europe franchise".United Press International.October 28, 2003.Archivedfrom the original on August 12, 2019.RetrievedAugust 12,2019.
  22. ^abc"Axe falls on Scottish Claymores as league drop team 11,000 crowds not enough".The Herald.October 21, 2004.Archivedfrom the original on September 29, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 28,2022.
  23. ^Tzortzis, Andreas."Germany Embraces the 'Other' Football".Deutsche Welle.Archivedfrom the original on August 12, 2019.RetrievedAugust 12,2019.
  24. ^"Welcome to NFL Europa".NFL Europe. November 10, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon November 15, 2006.RetrievedAugust 11,2019.
  25. ^abcSeifert, Kevin (June 23, 2017)."Ranking QBs who benefited from NFL Europe".ESPN.com.Archivedfrom the original on February 3, 2019.RetrievedAugust 12,2019.
  26. ^abcPasquarelli, Len (June 29, 2007)."NFL Europa failed to produce players, profits".ESPN.com.Archivedfrom the original on May 25, 2014.RetrievedMay 24,2014.
  27. ^Bouchette, Ed (May 16, 2005)."Will NFL Europe survive? It's a developing situation".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.Archivedfrom the original on August 8, 2019.RetrievedAugust 12,2019.
  28. ^abSandomir, Richard (June 30, 2007)."N.F.L. Pulls the Plug on Its League in Europe".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  29. ^Markovits, Andrei S.; Rensmann, Lars (2013).Gaming the World: How Sports Are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture.Princeton University Press.pp. 97–98.ISBN9780691162034.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2022.RetrievedAugust 12,2019.
  30. ^Gold, Jon (June 23, 2017)."10 years after NFL Europe's demise, alumni remember league fondly".ESPN.com.Archivedfrom the original on April 13, 2019.RetrievedAugust 12,2019.
  31. ^Keeler, Sean (June 23, 2016)."'You didn't play to get rich': what killed NFL Europe? ".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on July 24, 2019.RetrievedAugust 12,2019.
  32. ^McClymont, Michael (February 2017)."6 takeaways from Goodell's state of the league press conference".theScore.com.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  33. ^Barrabi, Thomas (October 12, 2018)."NFL 'nearer than ever' to permanent London team, exec says".Fox Business.Archivedfrom the original on August 13, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  34. ^Margolis, Jason (February 1, 2019)."Many international fans of American football are 'born' on Super Bowl Sunday".Public Radio International.Archivedfrom the original on August 13, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  35. ^Breer, Albert."Game Plan: London is ready for NFL team; 2022 a target".Sports Illustrated.Archivedfrom the original on March 31, 2019.RetrievedAugust 14,2019.
  36. ^"NFL requesting proposals for future regular-season games in Germany".NFL.June 9, 2021.Archivedfrom the original on August 10, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 26,2022.
  37. ^Battista, Judy (May 4, 2022)."Tom Brady will take international stage in NFL's regular-season debut in Germany".NFL.com.Archivedfrom the original on September 24, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 26,2022.
  38. ^"Frankfurt Galaxy vor Auferstehung".Hessischer Rundfunk(in German). Archived fromthe originalon April 27, 2015.RetrievedSeptember 26,2022.
  39. ^"Chronik Frankfurt Universe".Frankfurt Universe(in German).Archivedfrom the original on March 18, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 26,2022.
  40. ^"Neues Hamburger Footballteam spielt im Stadion Hoheluft".Hamburger Abendblatt(in German). February 17, 2021.Archivedfrom the original on February 17, 2021.RetrievedFebruary 17,2021.
  41. ^Leinweber, Lorenz (March 9, 2021)."European League of Football agrees to cooperation with the NFL".Sports Illustrated.Archivedfrom the original on September 23, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 23,2022.
  42. ^D'Andrea, Christian (February 9, 2022)."Why the NFL playing games in Germany makes too much sense for the league".USA Today.Archivedfrom the original on February 15, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 26,2022.
  43. ^ab"NFL Europe League kicks off Saturday".Hattiesburg American.Associated Press.April 3, 1998. p. 18.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2022.RetrievedAugust 14,2019.
  44. ^"NFL Europe".NFL Europe. Archived fromthe originalon July 1, 2007.RetrievedAugust 14,2019.
  45. ^"Dragons Make WLAF Playoffs".Los Angeles Times.May 28, 1991.Archivedfrom the original on August 14, 2019.RetrievedAugust 14,2019.
  46. ^ab"A rookie's guide to the World League – the NFL's Spring League".WorldLeague.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 1997.RetrievedAugust 14,2019.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  47. ^ab"NFL Europe League Explanations".NFL Europe. Archived fromthe originalon November 22, 1999.RetrievedAugust 11,2019.
  48. ^Gonsalves, Rick (2014).Placekicking in the NFL: A History and Analysis.McFarland & Company.p. 277.ISBN978-0-7864-4879-1.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2022.RetrievedAugust 11,2019.
  49. ^"All Tied Up".NFL Europe. April 1, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon November 15, 2006.RetrievedAugust 11,2019.
  50. ^Andrews, Edmund L. (June 27, 1999)."Selling the Other Football To the Europeans".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on September 17, 2017.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  51. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw"NFL Europe/World League of American Football".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on July 11, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  52. ^DeLessio, Joe (January 22, 2014)."What to Call Sports Teams That Play in Northern New Jersey: An Awkward History".New York.Archivedfrom the original on August 15, 2019.RetrievedAugust 15,2019.
  53. ^Oller, Rob (September 9, 2014)."Football: Hard to believe, but Glory days are 20 years gone".The Columbus Dispatch.Archivedfrom the original on August 15, 2019.RetrievedAugust 15,2019.
  54. ^"50 things to know as N.C. State's Carter-Finley Stadium turns 50".News and Record.September 21, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on August 15, 2019.RetrievedOctober 7,2016.
  55. ^Gold, Jon (June 23, 2017)."10 years after NFL Europe's demise, alumni remember league fondly".ESPN.com.Archivedfrom the original on April 13, 2019.RetrievedAugust 15,2019.
  56. ^Balf, Celia (October 23, 2015)."Kurt Warner, Jake Delhomme found their way in Europe before NFL success".Yahoo! Sports.Archivedfrom the original on September 29, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 28,2022.
  57. ^Reilly, Rick (June 17, 1991)."One to Remember".Sports Illustrated.Archived fromthe originalon August 21, 2019.RetrievedAugust 21,2019.
  58. ^La Roche, Julie (September 18, 2015)."The 46 best football players on Wall Street".Business Insider.Archivedfrom the original on August 21, 2019.RetrievedAugust 21,2019.
  59. ^"Galaxy's Galloway honored".NFL Europe.April 12, 2005. Archived fromthe originalon January 3, 2007.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  60. ^ab"Honors announced".NFL Europe.Archived fromthe originalon November 24, 2006.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  61. ^"Fire's Brantley earns WLAF Honor".Montgomery Advertiser.June 1, 1991. p. 2B.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  62. ^"Sports digest".The Cincinnati Enquirer.May 30, 1991. p. C-2.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  63. ^"Surge nudge Dragons in semis".Dayton Daily News.June 1, 1992. p. 3C.Archivedfrom the original on September 29, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  64. ^Woods, Mark (May 29, 1992)."World League picks Thunder coach as best".Florida Today.p. C.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  65. ^Thomas, Jim (May 31, 1992)."Keeping Up With Jones".St. Louis Post-Dispatch.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  66. ^"Sports".Pharos Tribune.August 20, 1995.Archivedfrom the original on August 24, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  67. ^"Yello Strom World Bowl XIV preview".OurSports Central.May 22, 2006.Archivedfrom the original on August 24, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  68. ^"Around the NFL".Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on August 24, 2019.RetrievedAugust 24,2019.
  69. ^"1997 All-World League team".World League.June 20, 1997. Archived fromthe originalon July 9, 1997.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  70. ^Maynard, John (June 12, 1988)."NFL Europe MVPs".The Tennessean.p. 31.Archivedfrom the original on September 29, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  71. ^"Galaxy-Coach Dick Curl ist" Trainer des Jahres "".Der Spiegel(in German). June 25, 1999.Archivedfrom the original on September 26, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 26,2019.
  72. ^"Claymores scoop awards".NFL Europe.June 22, 2002. Archived fromthe originalon November 24, 2006.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  73. ^"Stars of 2001 rewarded".NFL Europe.June 28, 2001. Archived fromthe originalon November 23, 2006.
  74. ^"Stars of 2002 rewarded".June 20, 2002. Archived fromthe originalon November 24, 2006.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  75. ^"NFLE Honors 2003's Top Players".OurSports Central.June 12, 2003.Archivedfrom the original on August 22, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  76. ^"All League team revealed".NFL Europe.Archived fromthe originalon January 3, 2007.RetrievedJune 9,2005.
  77. ^"Former TSU Football State Mike Jones NFL Europe Coach of the Year".Tennessee State University Tigers.June 1, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon August 22, 2019.RetrievedAugust 22,2019.
  78. ^"Honors handed out".NFL Europe.Archived fromthe originalon June 26, 2007.RetrievedSeptember 29,2022.
  79. ^abDufresne, Chris (May 21, 1991)."Europe Takes to WLAF, but Will It Catch On Here?".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on August 19, 2016.RetrievedFebruary 23,2021.
  80. ^Smith, Timothy W. (May 7, 1992)."World League vs. N.F.L., In a Board Room, That Is".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on May 27, 2014.RetrievedMay 27,2014.
  81. ^Deacon, James (April 15, 1991)."Football in spring".Maclean's.Archivedfrom the original on November 27, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 25,2021.
  82. ^abcEichel, Larry (June 8, 1991)."In Europe, WLAF's Game Was More Than Football".The Philadelphia Inquirer.Archivedfrom the original on March 3, 2016.RetrievedMay 26,2014.
  83. ^abcdeHalling, Nick (June 19, 1995)."WLAF to build on a fitting finale".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on May 29, 2014.RetrievedMay 29,2014.
  84. ^abcdeHalling, Nick (April 13, 1996)."Three-pronged attack in quest for credibility".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on May 28, 2014.RetrievedMay 28,2014.
  85. ^Kepner, Tyler (June 22, 1997)."In Another World, the WLAF's No Longer Young or Restless".Washington Post.RetrievedFebruary 25,2021.
  86. ^Marvel, Alex (April 21, 2001)."Too Much Football".Sun-Sentinel.Archivedfrom the original on June 28, 2021.RetrievedFebruary 25,2021.
  87. ^"NFL Network To Air 22 NFL Europe Games".Green Bay Packers.March 18, 2004.Archivedfrom the original on October 24, 2021.RetrievedSeptember 27,2022.
  88. ^"All 31 NFL Europe League Games To Air On NFL Network In 2006".Green Bay Packers.March 5, 2006.Archivedfrom the original on May 7, 2021.RetrievedSeptember 27,2022.
  89. ^"1991 WLAF Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  90. ^"1992 WLAF Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  91. ^"1995 WLAF Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  92. ^"1996 WLAF Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  93. ^"1997 WLAF Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  94. ^"1998 NFL Europe Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  95. ^"1999 NFL Europe Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  96. ^"2000 NFL Europe Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  97. ^"2001 NFL Europe Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  98. ^"2002 NFL Europe Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  99. ^"2003 NFL Europe Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  100. ^"2004 NFL Europe Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  101. ^"2005 NFL Europe Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  102. ^"2006 NFL Europe Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
  103. ^"2007 NFL Europe Season".The Football Database.Archivedfrom the original on March 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 13,2019.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toNFL Europe.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_Europe&oldid=1240734017"