Xiahou Mao
Xiahou Mao | |
|---|---|
| Hạ hầu mậu | |
| General Who Guards the East ( trấn đông tương quân ) | |
| In office ?–? | |
| Monarch | Cao Rui |
| Master of Writing ( thượng thư ) | |
| In office 228–? | |
| Monarch | Cao Pi/Cao Rui |
| General Who Stabilises the West ( an tây tương quân ) | |
| In office 220–228 | |
| Monarch | Cao Pi/Cao Rui |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown |
| Died | Unknown |
| Spouse | Princess Qinghe |
| Parent |
|
| Relatives |
|
| Occupation | General |
| Courtesy name | Zilin ( tử lâm ) |
| Peerage | Marquis |
Xiahou Mao(fl.190s[1]– 230s),courtesy nameZilin,was a military general and marquis of the state ofCao Weiduring theThree Kingdomsperiod of China. He was the second son ofXiahou Dun,a general who served under the warlordCao Cao,while Xiahou Mao was a close friend of the founding EmperorCao Pi.Xiahou Mao marriedPrincess Qinghe,one of Cao Cao's daughters, though the marriage would be an unhappy one and he once faced accusation of treason from his own family.[2][3]
Life
[edit]From the Xiahou clan, which had long been allies to the Cao clan[4]and supporters in the civil war, Xiahou Mao was a close friend of Cao Pi in Pi's youth.[5]Xiahou Mao was appointed by Cao Cao to the secretariat and enoffed; he also married Cao Cao's eldest daughter.[6]When Cao Pi brought about the abdication ofEmperor Xian(the last emperor of theHan dynasty) in 220 and became the first emperor of Cao Wei, Xiahou Mao helped sponsor a commentarystele,perhaps as a proxy for his late father Xiahou Dun.[7]Cao Pi made his sister Princess of Qinghe (in Gangling)[6]and appointed Xiahou Mao as General Who Stabilises the West ( an tây tương quân ), putting him in charge of military affairs in theGuanzhongregion, with his headquarters atChang'an(present-dayXi'an,Shaanxi) left vacant by the death of kinsmanXiahou Yuan.According to theWeilue,Xiahou Mao was known for having no talent in military matters with an interest in personal business affairs,[8]Howard Goodman suggests Xiahou Mao may have spent his time gallivanting around the area rather than his duties.[7]While away from the capital, he enjoyed collecting dancers and concubines with his wife unhappy with his adultery.[9]
WhenShu HanChancellorZhuge Liangprepared to attack Cao Wei for the first time,Wei Yanadvocated sending an army across harsh terrain to launch a sneak attack on Chang'an in the belief that Xiahou Mao was young, timid and irresolute so would panic on hearing of his arrival and flee Chang'an, leaving the city easy for Wei Yan to take.[10][11]HoweverZhuge Liangrejected Wei Yan's plan and in the spring of early 228, launched the first of hisNorthern Campaigns.The second Wei emperor,Cao Rui,personally led reinforcements to Chang'an and hearing of complaints about Xiahou Mao's performance, he removed Xiahou Mao from his command, assigning it to the rather more suitedCao Zhenand reassigned Xiahou Mao to be a Master of Writing ( thượng thư ) in the Wei central government inLuoyang.
Around 230,[2]tensions between Xiahou Mao and his wife got worse. Xiahou Mao's two younger brothers, Xiahou Zizang ( hạ hầu tử tang ) and Xiahou Zijiang ( hạ hầu tử giang ) had earned Xiahou Mao's ire over failing to respect the courtesy's and they feared punishment so they allied with their sister-in-law, writing a memorial on her behalf accusing Xiahou Mao of treason. Xiahou Mao was arrested with Cao Rui going to executed him but Duan Mo ( đoạn mặc ) argued Xiahou Mao's bad relations with his wife meant this was slander and that Xiahou Mao had served Cao Pi well. Cao Rui ordered an investigation as to who wrote the memorial and when truth came out, he released Xiahou Mao and restored him as a Master of Writing.[12]
Some time later in Cao Rui's reign, Xiahou Mao was appointed as General Who Guards the East ( trấn đông tương quân ). It is not known when he died.
InRomance of the Three Kingdoms
[edit]Xiahou Mao's supposed impotence was dramatised in the 14th-century historical novelRomance of the Three Kingdoms.When he was assigned to defend the Wei-Shu border, he was not well respected by his colleagues, who assumed that Xiahou Mao would be unable to fulfil his role. Xiahou Mao reportedly responded to such criticism as follows:
Ever since I was a boy, I have studied strategy, and I am well acquainted with army matters. Why do you despise my youth? Unless I capture this Zhuge Liang, I pledge myself never again to see the Emperor's face. "
His early encounter against Shu turned out badly, and he was forced to flee. After consulting with his generals, he planned a successful ambush against the Shu generalZhao Yunand duelled him for over 50 rounds. Unfortunately for Xiahou Mao, this victory was only temporary, as Shu generalsZhang BaoandGuan Xingboth arrived with 10,000 troops to save Zhao Yun; Xiahou Mao's army was utterly routed by nightfall. Xiahou Mao escaped to Nan'an Commandery with just 100 horsemen. He managed to resist a siege for ten days until Zhuge Liang arrived and directed his efforts towardsTianshui Commandery.Cui Liang, a defeated Wei officer who was en route to Tianshui, offered Zhuge Liang to convince the governor of Nan'an, Yang Ling, to turn the city over. In fact, he had no such intention, instead telling Yang Ling what had taken place, and the two of them and Xiahou Mao attempted to lure the Shu army into the city and destroy them.
Zhuge Liang saw through the plot and turned it against them. Both Cui Liang and Yang Ling were slain by Zhang Bao and Guan Xing respectively, and Xiahou Mao was captured. He begged for his life and was released by Zhuge Liang on the condition that he convincesJiang Weito defect to Shu. In fact, Xiahou Mao was simply being played a fool, and was tricked into thinking that Jiang Wei had already defected. He went to Tianshui Commandery to meet Ma Zun ( mã tuân ), the commandery's Administrator, and his false belief of Jiang Wei's defection was reinforced when a fake Jiang Wei led troops to attack Tianshui. He was driven off, and so was the real Jiang Wei when he came to Tianshui later. Due to the later defection of Jiang Wei and the betrayal of Liang Xu ( lương tự ) and Yin Shang ( doãn thưởng ) (friends of Jiang Wei), Tianshui fell to Shu forces. Xiahou Mao fled with a few hundred loyalists and sought refuge with theQiangtribes, and, staying true to his words, never returned.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^As Cao Pi was born in late 187, his youth took place in the 190s to early 200s.
- ^abDe Crespigny, Rafe (2007).A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD.Boston: Brill. p. 884.ISBN978-90-04-15605-0.
- ^Sanguozhivol.9.
- ^De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010).Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD.Leiden: Brill. pp. 19–22, 28.ISBN9789004188303.
- ^( văn đế thiếu dữ mậu thân )Weilueannotation inSanguozhi,vol.9
- ^abDe Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010).Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD.Leiden: Brill. p. 400.ISBN9789004188303.
- ^abGoodman, Howard (1998).Ts'ao P'i Transcendent The Political Culture of Dynasty-Founding in China at the End of the Han(2016 ed.). Seattle: Scripta Serica. p. 214.ISBN9780966630008.
- ^( mậu tính vô võ lược, nhi hảo trị sinh )Weilueannontation inSanguozhivol.9
- ^( mậu tại tây thời, đa súc kĩ thiếp, công chủ do thử dữ mậu bất hòa ),Weilueannotation inSanguozhivol.9.
- ^( hạ hầu mậu vi an tây tương quân, trấn trường an, lượng ô nam trịnh dữ quần hạ kế nghị, diên viết: “Văn hạ hầu mậu thiếu, chủ tế dã, khiếp nhi vô mưu. Kim giả diên tinh binh ngũ thiên, phụ lương ngũ thiên, trực tòng bao trung xuất, tuần tần lĩnh nhi đông, đương tử ngọ nhi bắc, bất quá thập nhật khả đáo trường an. Mậu văn diên yểm chí, tất thừa thuyền đào tẩu. )Weilueannotation inSanguozhivol.40.
- ^Killigrew, John (2013)."Zhuge Liang and the Northern Campaign of 228–234".Early Medieval China.1999(1): 64.doi:10.1179/152991099788199472.
- ^Kỳ hậu quần đệ bất tuân lễ độ, mậu sổ thiết trách, đệ cụ kiến trị, nãi cộng cấu mậu dĩ phỉ báng, lệnh chủ tấu chi, hữu chiếu thu mậu. Đế ý dục sát chi, dĩ vấn trường thủy giáo úy kinh triệu đoạn mặc, mặc dĩ vi “Thử tất thanh hà công chủ dữ mậu bất mục, xuất vu trấm cấu, ký bất thôi thật nhĩ. Thả phục ba dữ tiên đế hữu định thiên hạ chi công, nghi gia tam tư”. Đế ý giải, viết: “Ngô diệc dĩ vi nhiên.” Nãi phát chiếu thôi vấn vi công chủ tác biểu giả, quả kỳ quần đệ tử tang, tử giang sở cấu dã. WeilueinSanguozhivol.9.
- Chen, Shou(3rd century).Records of the Three Kingdoms(Sanguozhi).
- Luo, Guanzhong(14th century).Romance of the Three Kingdoms(Sanguo Yanyi).
- Pei, Songzhi(5th century).Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms(Sanguozhi zhu).