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Xun Xu

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In thisChinese name,thefamily nameisXun.
Xun Xu
Tuân úc / tuân úc
Prefect of the Masters of Writing
(Thượng thư lệnh)
In office
c.280s(c.280s)–289(289)
MonarchEmperor Wu of Jin
Household Counsellor ( quang lộc đại phu )
In office
?–?
MonarchEmperor Wu of Jin
Zhuzuo( trứ tác )
In office
266–?
MonarchEmperor Wu of Jin
Palace Attendant ( thị trung )
In office
266–?
MonarchEmperor Wu of Jin
In office
264–266
MonarchCao Huan
Supervisor of the Palace Writers
( trung thư giam )
In office
266–?
MonarchEmperor Wu of Jin
Official in the Hall of Records
( ký thất )
In office
?–?
MonarchCao Mao/Cao Huan
Judge under the Minister of Justice
( đình úy chính )
In office
?–?
MonarchCao Mao/Cao Huan
Assistant Palace Gentleman
( tòng sự trung lang )
In office
?–?
MonarchCao Fang/Cao Mao
Prefect of Anyang ( an dương lệnh )
In office
?–?
MonarchCao Fang/Cao Mao
Personal details
BornUnknown[1]
DiedDecember 289[2]
Relations
Children
  • Xun Ji
  • Xun Fan
  • Xun Zu
  • two other unnamed sons and one unnamed daughter
Parents
OccupationMusician, painter, politician, writer
Courtesy nameGongzeng ( công tằng )
Posthumous nameMarquis Cheng ( thành hầu )

Xun Xu(c. 221– 289),[3]courtesy nameGongzeng,was a Chinese musician, painter, politician, and writer who lived during the lateThree Kingdomsperiod and earlyJin dynastyof China. Born in the influentialXun family,he was a great-grandson ofXun Shuangand a distant maternal relative ofZhong Yao's family (and Zhong Yao's grandnephew). He served as an official in the state ofCao Weiin the late Three Kingdoms era before serving under the Jin dynasty.[4][5]

Family background and early life[edit]

Xun Xu was born in the eminentXun family,whoseancestral homewas in Yingyin County ( dĩnh âm huyện ),Yingchuan Commandery( dĩnh xuyên quận ), which is in present-dayXuchang,Henan.His great-grandfather,Xun Shuang,served as theMinister of Worksduring theEastern Han dynasty.His grandfather, Xun Fei ( tuân phỉ ), served as Colonel of Trainee Archers ( xạ thanh giáo úy ).[6]

Xun Xu's father, Xun Xi ( tuân hật ), died early, so Xun Xu was raised by his maternal granduncleZhong Yaoand the Zhong family. Zhong Yao served as the Grand Tutor ( thái phó ) in the imperial court of the state ofWeiduring theThree Kingdomsperiod after the end of the Eastern Han dynasty. As a child, Xun Xu was a fast learner and could already write essays when he was only 10. Zhong Yao once remarked that Xun Xu would grow up to become like his great-grandfather Xun Shuang.[7]

Among Xun Xu's relatives, the more notable ones wereXun Yu,Xun YueandXun You.Xun Yu and Xun Yue were Xun Xu'ssecond cousins twice removedwhile Xun You was Xun Xu's third cousin once removed. Xun Yu and Xun You were influential statesmen of the late Eastern Han dynasty and advisers to the warlordCao Cao,who laid the foundation for the state of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. Xun Yue was an official, historian andConfucianscholar of the late Eastern Han dynasty.

Service under the Cao Wei state[edit]

By the time Xun Xu reached adulthood, he was already a learned and knowledgeable young man. He was interested in government and politics so he started his career as an assistant toCao Shuang,a general serving as regent toCao Fang,the third emperor of Wei. He was subsequently reassigned to be a communications secretary in the palace secretariat. In 249, Cao Shuang was executed after losing power ina couplaunched by his co-regent,Sima Yi.None of Cao Shuang's former aides dared to collect his remains and arrange a funeral for him because they were afraid of being implicated. Xun Xu stepped up, held a funeral for Cao Shuang, and inspired others to follow him.[8]

Xun Xu later became the Prefect of Anyang County ( an dương huyện ) and an assistant to the General of Agile Cavalry. During his tenure in Anyang County, Xun Xu gained so much respect and love from the local residents that they even built a shrine to honour him. He was subsequently held the following appointments: Judge under the Minister of Justice ( đình úy chính ), military adviser to the regentSima Zhao,official in the Hall of Records ( ký thất ). He was also ennobled as a Secondary Marquis ( quan nội hầu ).[9]

In 260, the fourth Wei emperor,Cao Mao,attempteda coupto seize back power from the regent, Sima Zhao, who had been monopolising state power since 255. Sima Zhao's younger brother,Sima Gan,heard of the coup and tried to enter the palace to help his brother. However, he was denied entry by Sun You ( tôn hữu ), an officer guarding the main gate, so he had to enter the palace through another gate. When Sima Zhao found out why Sima Gan showed up late, he wanted to execute Sun You and his family. However, Xun Xu advised him against it by pointing out that it would be unfair and unjust to punish Sun You's family as well. Sima Zhao heeded Xun Xu's advice and punished Sun You only, by demoting him to the status of a commoner.[10]

Around the same time, Lu Yi ( lộ di ), a cavalry officer, requested permission from Sima Zhao to infiltrate Wei's rival state,Shu Han,and assassinate Shu's leaders. Xun Xu advised Sima Zhao against using assassination because he believed that defeating Shu forces in battle was a better way of convincing the people of Shu to surrender and for Sima Zhao to gain greater prestige. Sima Zhao praised Xun Xu for his sound advice.[11]

In 264, the Wei generalZhong Huistarteda rebellionagainst Sima Zhao after leading Wei forces toconquer Shu.At the time, Sima Zhao only heard rumours about the rebellion and had no concrete evidence yet. As he had all along treated Zhong Hui well, he was reluctant to believe that Zhong would rebel against him. After Xun Xu cautioned him against trusting Zhong Hui, Sima Zhao led his forces to garrison atChang'anas a precautionary measure. Guo Yi ( quách dịch ) and Wang Shen ( vương thâm ) urged Sima Zhao to banish Xun Xu because they feared that he would side with Zhong Hui, given that he was raised by the Zhong family (Zhong Hui wasZhong Yao's son). However, Sima Zhao ignored them and continued to treat Xun Xu as he did before, and even allowed Xun Xu to ride in the same carriage as him. Previously, when Sima Zhao ordered Zhong Hui to lead Wei forces to conquer Shu, Xun Xu had nominatedWei Guanto supervise the campaign. Later, Wei Guan played a huge role in suppressing Zhong Hui's rebellion. After Shu had been pacified, Xun Xu followed Sima Zhao back to the Wei capital,Luoyang,where he,Pei XiuandYang Huwere put in charge of theprivy council.[12]

After eliminating Shu, Sima Zhao planned to conquer Wei's other rival state,Eastern Wu,so he sent an emissary to pass a letter to the Wu emperor,Sun Hao.Sima Zhao had previously ordered his subordinates to draft the letter to Sun Hao. Among the numerous drafts he read, he eventually chose the one written by Xun Xu. Sun Hao agreed to make peace with Wei after reading the letter. Sima Zhao remarked that Xun Xu's letter had the power equivalent to that of an army of 100,000. In mid 264, the fifth Wei emperor,Cao Huan,conferred Sima Zhao the title of avassalking, "King of Jin" ( tấn vương ). Xun Xu was appointed as a Palace Attendant ( thị trung ), and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Anyang ( an dương hầu )[a]and given 1,000 taxable households for his marquisate.[13]

Overview of service under the Jin dynasty[edit]

FollowingSima Zhao's death in September 265, in February 266 the Wei emperorCao Huanabdicated his throne to Sima Zhao's son,Sima Yan,who established theJin dynastyto replace Wei. After Sima Yan was enthroned and became historically known as Emperor Wu, he enfeoffed Xun Xu as the Duke ofJibei Commandery( tế bắc quận công ). However, Xun Xu declined the enfeoffment after seeing thatYang Hualso declined his. However, he still remained as a marquis under the new title "Marquis of Jibei" ( tế bắc hầu ). Xun Xu was then concurrently appointed as Supervisor of the Palace Writers ( trung thư giam ), Palace Attendant ( thị trung ), andzhuzuo( trứ tác; senior writer). The emperor also tasked him andJia Chongwith drafting the laws of the Jin dynasty.[14]

In the early Xianning era (275–280), Emperor Wu named Xun Xu,Shi Baoand others as the pioneers of the Jin dynasty and included them among those honoured in the Jin dynasty'sancestral temple.Around 280, whenWang Junrequested permission to lead an army to conquerEastern Wu(the last of theThree Kingdoms), Xun Xu and Jia Chong strongly objected but Emperor Wu ignored them and ordered Wang Jun and others to lead Jin forces onan invasion of Wu.The invasion turned out successful and led to the reunification of China under the Jin dynasty. When Emperor Wu assessed Xun Xu's contributions in helping him draft imperial edicts, he rewarded Xun Xu by enfeoffing one of his sons as a village marquis with 1,000 taxable households in his marquisate and awarding him 1,000 rolls of silk.[15]The emperor also enfeoffed Xun Xu's grandson, Xun Xian ( tuân hiển ), as the Marquis of Yingyang Village ( dĩnh dương đình hầu ).[16]

Around the time, there was much discussion in the imperial court over the issue of restoring the nobles to their fiefs and allowing them to govern from their respective fiefs. When Emperor Wu sought his opinion, Xun Xu disapproved because he believed that since the nobles also held gubernatorial appointments, they might neglect their original jurisdictions once they return to their respective fiefs. He also pointed out the possible complications such as having to subdivide the fiefs into commanderies and counties, as well as the risk of making people unhappy since the subdividing would require relocating residents from one area to another. He further pointed out that they would need to reassign troops from the borders and place them under decentralised command in the various fiefs. When Emperor Wu asked Xun Xu to reconsider his views, Xun Xu explained further that the best course of action was to maintain the status quo, since the redrawing of boundaries between the fiefs might lead to resentment and potential unrest if it was not carefully managed. He also pointed out that there were far more important issues that required immediate attention, so they should focus on those first. Emperor Wu thought that Xun Xu's advice was appropriate and heeded it.[17]

Around the time, the imperial court was discussing a proposal to retrench about half the number of officials in commanderies and counties to free up labour for agricultural works. Xun Xu cited examples from theHan dynastyand gave a long explanation on why he believed that the best solution was to reduce the layers of bureaucracy in the administration. He pointed out how doing so could help to discourage officials from corrupt behaviour, improve administrative efficiency, and build up greater social trust among the masses. He often applied such critical analysis in assessing the costs and benefits of government policies.[18]

In the Taikang era (280–289), Emperor Wu issued an imperial edict to praise Xun Xu for his talents and contributions, and said that he was capable of assuming greater responsibilities. He then appointed Xun Xu as a Household Counsellor ( quang lộc đại phu ) to be treated like one of theThree Ducal Ministers,as well as allowing Xun Xu to have his own administrative office, in addition to his existing appointments as Supervisor of the Palace Writers ( trung thư giam ) and Palace Attendant ( thị trung ). Around the time,Jia ChongandLi Yinwere already dead and the position of Crown Prince's Grand Tutor ( thái tử thái phó ) was vacant. Xun Xu wrote a memorial to Emperor Wu, nominatingYang Yaoto be the Crown Prince's Grand Tutor, and eitherWei GuanorShan Taoto be the newMinister over the Masses.Emperor Wu accepted his suggestions.[19]

In the autumn of the following year, heavy flooding occurred in many commanderies, withYan Provincebeing the worst hit. Xun Xu wrote a memorial to Emperor Wu and suggested that he create the office of adushui shizhe( đô thủy sử giả; an official in charge of waterworks) to deal with floods in the future.[20]Later, on a separate occasion, he appointed his subordinates Yin Xian ( y tiện ) and Zhao Xian ( triệu hàm ) as Members of the Retinue ( xá nhân ) and tasked them with drafting legislation. When Emperor Wu asked him why he did so, Xun Xu explained the importance of delegating responsibilities to subordinates. He also pointed out why he believed it was redundant to have officials focusing on drafting legislation only since their duties overlap with those of other officials, so it was better to delegate such additional responsibilities to the latter group.[21]

Xun Xu was careful and cautious in his behaviour. Whenever policy changes were announced, if he played a role in lobbying for those changes, he would keep quiet about his involvement.[22]Xun Liang ( tuân lương ), one of his younger relatives, advised him to let others know the good deeds he did so that he would gain greater respect.[23]Wu Tong ( võ thống ), his son-in-law, also urged him to attract people to support him.[24]However, Xun Xu refused to listen to them and he warned his sons against forming their own political clouts and forgetting their place as subjects of the emperor.[25]Later, Emperor Wu promoted Xun Xu to be the Prefect of the Masters of Writing ( thượng thư lệnh ).[26]

Xun Xu served as the Supervisor of the Palace Writers for a long time and had access to state secrets. After he was reassigned to be the Prefect of the Masters of Writing, he felt dissatisfied and unhappy. When someone congratulated on his new appointment, he expressed his anger over losing his previous appointment. When he was serving as the Prefect of the Masters of Writing, he evaluated his subordinates based on their performance and dismissed those who failed to live up to his expectations. Emperor Wu once told Xun Xu that he hoped that Xun Xu would learn fromXun YuandXun Youby promoting deserving officials and dismissing corrupt officials. A few months after Xun Xu assumed his new appointment, his mother died so he resigned and wanted to go home forfilial mourning.However, Emperor Wu denied him permission and sent Zhou Hui ( chu khôi ) to announce an imperial edict ordering him to return to his job.[27]

Association with Jia Chong, Jia Nanfeng and Sima Zhong[edit]

WhenEmperor Wuwanted to reassignJia Chongto guard theGuanzhongregion, Xun Xu told his colleagueFeng Danthat their status in the imperial court depended on Jia Chong's presence so they should try to stop the emperor from sending Jia Chong out of the imperial capital,Luoyang.Xun Xu thought of persuading Emperor Wu to arrange a marriage betweenSima Zhong,the crown prince, and Jia Chong's daughter,Jia Nanfeng.In this way, Jia Chong, as the crown prince's father-in-law, would have to remain in Luoyang. Xun Xu and Feng Dan then sang praises of Jia Chong's daughter in front of Emperor Wu and managed to convince him to arrange the marriage. Many officials were disgusted by Xun Xu's fawning behaviour and called him a sycophant.[28]

Emperor Wu knew that Sima Zhong haddevelopmental disabilityso he became worried that his son would bring disaster upon the Jin dynasty. He ordered Xun Xu andHe Jiaoto observe and evaluate Sima Zhong. Xun Xu praised Sima Zhong for being a virtuous crown prince, while He Jiao said that Sima Zhong was the same as before. He Jiao became respected for being honest about Sima Zhong, whereas Xun Xu was derided for lying in order to please the emperor.[29]

In another incident, when Emperor Wu wanted to depose Jia Nanfeng from the position of crown prince's consort, Xun Xu and Feng Dan immediately went to plead with the emperor to reconsider his decision and eventually succeeded in dissuading him from deposing Jia Nanfeng. Many people believed that Xun Xu could potentially bring about the Jin dynasty's downfall and compared him unfavourably toSun ZiandLiu Fang,who were seen as having caused the downfall ofWei.[30]

Other contributions and anecdotes[edit]

Xun Xu was in charge of music arrangement. Some of the pieces he arranged became widespread. He once heard the sound of acowbellringing and thought of using cowbells as an instrument to fine tune musical pieces.[31]

When Xun Xu was serving asmishujian( bí thư giam; a supervising secretary), Emperor Wu also tasked him andZhang Huawith arranging the imperial library's collection into a catalogue likeLiu Xiang'sBielu( biệt lục ). When old bamboo scrolls werediscovered in an ancient tombin Ji Commandery ( cấp quận ) in 279, Emperor Wu tasked Xun Xu with copying, organising and compiling them. Xun Xu did so and created a book,Zhongjing( trung kinh ), which was then added to the imperial library's collection.[32]

Xun Xu set up a school for students to learn calligraphy in the styles ofZhong YaoandHu Wujing.[33]

In one instance, Xun Xu was dining beside Emperor Wu when he told everyone that the food they were eating was cooked with fire created from wood that has undergone much "hardship". Everyone did not believe him, so the emperor summoned the chef and asked him. The chef said that he used wood from the wheels of an old carriage to start the fire, hence Xun Xu was right. They were impressed with his intelligence.[34]

Death and appraisal[edit]

Xun Xu died in late 289 during theTaikangera (280–289) ofEmperor Wu's reign.[5]The emperor granted him the posthumous appointment ofMinister over the Massesand theposthumous title"Marquis Cheng" ( thành hầu ), in addition to awarding his family someceramicsfrom the imperial palace's collection, a set of official robes, 500,000 coins and 100 rolls of silk. He also sent an Imperial Secretary ( ngự sử ) as his personal representative to attend Xun Xu's funeral.[4]

Xun Xu served in theprivy counciland was in charge of state secrets for a long time. He was not only a talented writer, but also a deep thinker who understood very well his place as a subject of his lord. He knew what his lord expected of him and adapted his behaviour accordingly to please his lord. That was why he managed to remain in Emperor Wu's favour and live a comfortable life until his death.[35]

Family[edit]

Xun Xu had ten sons. Among them, the notable ones were Xun Ji ( tuân tập ), Xun Fan ( tuân phan ) and Xun Zu ( tuân tổ ). Xun Ji inherited his father's marquis title and served in the Jin government, with his highest appointment being Minister of the Guards ( vệ úy ). He was honoured with theposthumous title"Marquis Jian" ( giản hầu ) after his death. His son, Xun Jun ( tuân tuấn ), succeeded him and was posthumously honoured as "Marquis Lie" ( liệt hầu ). As Xun Jun had no son to succeed him, his marquis title was passed on to his nephew, Xun Shi ( tuân thức ).[36]

Xun Ji had another son, Xun Chuo ( tuân xước ), whosecourtesy namewas Yanshu ( ngạn thư ). Xun Chuo was famous for his literary talent and wrote 15 chapters of theLater Book of Jin( tấn hậu thư ). Towards the end of the Yongjia era (307–313) inEmperor Huai's reign, he served as an Assistant Palace Gentleman ( tòng sự trung lang ) to theMinister of Works.He was captured byShi Lewhen the latter rebelled against the Jin dynasty and became Shi Le's military adviser.[37]

Xun Xu had at least one daughter, who married Wu Tong ( võ thống ).[24]

One of Xun Xu's grandsons, Xun Xian ( tuân hiển ), was enfeoffed by Emperor Wu as the Marquis of Yingyang Village ( dĩnh dương đình hầu ).[16]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^TheJin Shumentioned that Xun Xu was enfeoffed as the Viscount of Anyang ( an dương tử ). However, this is most likely an error because Xun Xu was previously already a Secondary Marquis ( quan nội hầu ). If he was made a viscount, it would be a "demotion" from his previous rank. Moreover, during the Jin dynasty, Emperor Wu enfeoffed Xun Xu's grandson as a village marquis, which outranked a viscount. It does not make sense for the emperor to let a grandson outrank his grandfather in the hierarchy of nobility.

References[edit]

  1. ^While Xun Xu's birth year is not recorded, his biography indicated that he was brought up byZhong Yao,and that Zhong was still alive when he was around 10 (by East Asian reckoning). Since Zhong died in 230, Xun Xu's birth year should be in or before 221.
  2. ^Sima Yan's biography inBook of Jinindicated that Xun Xu died on thebingchenday of the 11th month of the 10th year of theTaikangera. However, there is nobingchenday in that month; the month corresponds to 30 Nov to 28 Dec 289 in the Julian calendar.
  3. ^Goodman, Howard L.; Lien, Y. Edmund (April 2009). "A Third Century AD Chinese System of Di-Flute Temperament: Matching Ancient Pitch-Standards and Confronting Modal Practice".The Galpin Society Journal.62.Galpin Society: 3–24.JSTOR20753625.
  4. ^ab( thái khang thập niên tốt, chiếu tặng tư đồ, tứ đông viên bí khí, triều phục nhất cụ, tiền ngũ thập vạn, bố bách thất. Khiển kiêm ngự sử trì tiết hộ tang, thụy viết thành. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  5. ^ab( thập nhất nguyệt, bính thần, thượng thư lệnh tế bắc thành hầu tuân úc tốt. )Zizhi Tongjianvol. 82.
  6. ^( tuân úc, tự công tằng, dĩnh xuyên dĩnh âm nhân, hán tư không sảng tằng tôn dã. Tổ phỉ, xạ thanh giáo úy. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  7. ^( phụ hật, tảo vong. Úc y ô cữu thị. Kỳ nghi túc thành, niên thập dư tuế năng chúc văn. Tòng ngoại tổ ngụy thái phó chung diêu viết: “Thử nhi đương cập kỳ tằng tổ.” )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  8. ^( kí trường, toại bác học, đạt ô tòng chính. Sĩ ngụy, tích đại tương quân tào sảng duyện, thiên trung thư thông sự lang. Sảng tru, môn sinh cố lại vô cảm vãng giả, úc độc lâm phó, chúng nãi tòng chi. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  9. ^( vi an dương lệnh, chuyển phiếu kỵ tòng sự trung lang. Úc hữu di ái, an dương sinh vi lập từ. Thiên đình úy chính, tham văn đế đại tương quân quân sự, tứ tước quan nội hầu, chuyển tòng sự trung lang, lĩnh ký thất. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  10. ^( cao quý hương công dục vi biến thời, đại tương quân duyện tôn hữu đẳng thủ xương hạp môn. Đế đệ an dương hầu càn văn nan dục nhập, hữu vị càn viết: “Vị hữu nhập giả, khả tòng đông dịch môn.” Cập càn chí, đế trì chi, càn dĩ trạng bạch, đế dục tộc tru hữu. Úc gián viết: “Tôn hữu bất nạp an dương, thành nghi thâm trách. Nhiên sự hữu nghịch thuận, dụng hình bất khả dĩ hỉ nộ vi khinh trọng. Kim thành thối hình chỉ kỳ thân, hữu nãi tộc tru, khủng nghĩa sĩ tư nghị.” Nãi miễn hữu vi thứ nhân. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  11. ^( thời quan kỵ lộ di cầu vi thứ khách nhập thục, úc ngôn ô đế viết: “Minh công dĩ chí công tể thiên hạ, nghi trượng chính nghĩa dĩ phạt vi nhị. Nhi danh dĩ thứ khách trừ tặc, phi sở vị hình ô tứ hải, dĩ đức phục viễn dã.” Đế xưng thiện. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  12. ^( cập chung hội mưu phản, thẩm vấn vị chí, nhi ngoại nhân tiên cáo chi. Đế đãi hội tố hậu, vị chi tín dã. Úc viết: “Hội tuy thụ ân, nhiên kỳ tính vị khả hứa dĩ kiến đắc tư nghĩa, bất khả bất tốc vi chi bị.” Đế tức xuất trấn trường an, chủ bộ quách dịch, tham quân vương thâm dĩ úc thị hội tòng sanh, thiếu trường cữu thị, khuyến đế xích xuất chi. Đế bất nạp, nhi sử úc bồi thừa, đãi chi như sơ. Tiên thị, úc khải “Phạt thục, nghi dĩ vệ quán vi giam quân”. Cập thục trung loạn, lại quán dĩ tế. Hội bình, hoàn lạc, dữ bùi tú, dương hỗ cộng quản cơ mật. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  13. ^( thời tương phát sử sính ngô, tịnh khiển đương thời văn sĩ tác thư dữ tôn hạo, đế dụng úc sở tác. Hạo kí báo mệnh hòa thân, đế vị úc viết: “Quân tiền tác thư, sử ngô tư thuận, thắng thập vạn chi chúng dã.” Đế tức tấn vương vị, dĩ úc vi thị trung, phong an dương tử, ấp thiên hộ. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  14. ^( võ đế thụ thiền, cải phong tế bắc quận công. Úc dĩ dương hỗ nhượng, nãi cố từ vi hầu. Bái trung thư giam, gia thị trung, lĩnh trứ tác, dữ giả sung cộng định luật lệnh. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  15. ^( hàm ninh sơ, dữ thạch bao đẳng tịnh vi tá mệnh công thần, liệt ô minh hưởng. Cập vương tuấn biểu thỉnh phạt ngô, úc dữ giả sung cố gián bất khả, đế bất tòng, nhi ngô quả diệt. Dĩ chuyên điển chiếu mệnh, luận công phong tử nhất nhân vi đình hầu, ấp nhất thiên hộ, tứ quyên thiên thất. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  16. ^ab( hựu phong tôn hiển vi dĩnh dương đình hầu. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  17. ^( thời nghị khiển vương công chi quốc, đế dĩ vấn úc, úc đối viết: “Chư vương công dĩ vi đô đốc, nhi sử chi quốc, tắc phế phương nhậm. Hựu phân cát quận huyện, nhân tâm luyến bổn, tất dụng ngao ngao. Quốc giai trí quân, quan binh hoàn đương cấp quốc, nhi khuyết biên thủ.” Đế trọng sử úc tư chi, úc hựu trần viết: “Như chiếu chuẩn cổ phương bá tuyển tài, sử quân quốc các tùy phương diện vi đô đốc, thành như minh chỉ. Chí ô cát chính phong cương. Sử thân sơ bất đồng thành vi giai hĩ. Nhiên phân liệt cựu thổ, do cụ đa sở diêu động, tất sử nhân tâm thông nhiễu, tư duy thiết nghi như tiền. Nhược ô sự bất đắc bất thời hữu sở chuyển phong, nhi bất chí phân cát thổ vực, hữu sở tổn đoạt giả, khả tùy nghi tiết độ. Kỳ ngũ đẳng thể quốc kinh viễn, thật bất thành chế độ. Nhiên đãn hư danh, kỳ ô thật sự, lược dữ cựu quận huyện hương đình vô dị. Nhược tạo thứ cải đoạt, khủng bất năng bất dĩ vi hận. Kim phương liễu kỳ đại giả, dĩ vi ngũ đẳng khả tu hậu tài độ. Phàm sự tuy hữu cửu nhi ích thiện giả, nhược lâm thời hoặc hữu bất giải, diệc bất khả hốt.” Đế dĩ úc ngôn vi duẫn, đa tòng kỳ ý. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  18. ^( thời hựu nghị tỉnh châu quận huyện bán lại dĩ phó nông công, úc nghị dĩ vi: “Tỉnh lại bất như tỉnh quan, tỉnh quan bất như tỉnh sự, tỉnh sự bất như thanh tâm.... Như kỳ bất nhĩ, khủng thích hoặc nhân thính, bỉ tiền hành sở tỉnh, giai tu du triếp phục, hoặc kích nhi tư phồn, diệc bất khả bất trọng.” Úc luận nghị tổn ích đa thử loại. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  19. ^( thái khang trung chiếu viết: “Úc minh triết thông đạt, kinh thức thiên tự, hữu tá mệnh chi công, kiêm bác hiệp chi tài. Cửu điển nội nhậm, trứ huân hoằng mậu, tuân sự khảo ngôn, mưu du duẫn thành. Nghi đăng đại vị, bì tán triều chính. Kim dĩ úc vi quang lộc đại phu, nghi đồng tam tư, khai phủ tích triệu, thủ trung thư giam, thị trung, hầu như cố.” Thời thái úy giả sung, tư đồ lý dận tịnh hoăng, thái tử thái phó hựu khuyết, úc biểu trần: “Tam công bảo phó, nghi đắc kỳ nhân. Nhược sử dương diêu tham phụ đông cung, tất đương ngưỡng xưng thánh ý. Thượng thư lệnh vệ quán, lại bộ thượng thư sơn đào giai khả vi tư đồ. Nhược dĩ quán tân vi lệnh vị xuất giả, đào tức kỳ nhân.” Đế tịnh tòng chi. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  20. ^( minh niên thu, chư châu quận đại thủy, duyện thổ vưu thậm. Úc trần nghi lập đô thủy sử giả. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  21. ^( kỳ hậu môn hạ khải thông sự lệnh sử y tiện, triệu hàm vi xá nhân, đối chưởng văn pháp. Chiếu dĩ vấn úc, úc viết: Kim thiên hạ hạnh lại bệ hạ thánh đức, lục hợp vi nhất, vọng đạo hóa long hiệp, thùy chi tương lai. Nhi môn hạ thượng xưng trình hàm, trương uẩn, hạ xưng thử đẳng, dục dĩ văn pháp vi chính, giai ngu thần sở vị đạt giả. Tích trương thích chi gián hán văn, vị thú quyển sắc phu bất nghi kiến dụng; bỉnh cát trụ xa, minh điều hòa âm dương chi bổn. Thử nhị nhân khởi bất tri tiểu lại chi huệ, thành trọng tích đại hóa dã. Tích ngụy võ đế sử trung quân tư tuân du điển hình ngục, minh đế thời do dĩ phó nội thường thị. Dĩ thần sở văn, minh đế thời duy hữu thông sự lưu thái đẳng quan, bất quá dữ điện trung đồng hào nhĩ. Hựu khoảnh ngôn luận giả giai vân tỉnh quan giảm sự, nhi cầu ích lại giả tương tầm hĩ. Đa vân thượng thư lang thái lệnh sử bất thân văn thư, nãi ủy phó thư lệnh sử cập càn, thành lại đa tắc tương ỷ dã. Tăng trí văn pháp chi chức, thích khủng canh háo nhiễu đài các, thần thiết vị bất khả.” )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  22. ^( nhiên tính thận mật, mỗi hữu chiếu lệnh đại sự, tuy dĩ tuyên bố, nhiên chung bất ngôn, bất dục sử nhân tri kỷ dự văn dã. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  23. ^( tộc đệ lương tằng khuyến úc viết: “Công đại thất vật tình, hữu sở tiến ích giả tự khả ngữ chi, tắc hoài ân đa hĩ.” )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  24. ^ab( kỳ tế võ thống diệc thuyết úc “Nghi hữu sở doanh trí, lệnh hữu quy đái giả”. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  25. ^( úc tịnh mặc nhiên bất ứng, thối nhi ngữ chư tử viết: “Nhân thần bất mật tắc thất thân, thụ tư tắc bối công, thị đại giới dã. Nhữ đẳng diệc đương hoạn đạt nhân gian, nghi thức ngô thử ý.” )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  26. ^( cửu chi, dĩ úc thủ thượng thư lệnh. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  27. ^( úc cửu tại trung thư, chuyên quản cơ sự. Cập thất chi, thậm võng võng trướng hận. Hoặc hữu hạ chi giả, úc viết: “Đoạt ngã phượng hoàng trì, chư quân hạ ngã tà!” Cập tại thượng thư, khóa thí lệnh sử dĩ hạ, hạch kỳ tài năng, hữu ám ô văn pháp, bất năng quyết nghi xử sự giả, tức thời khiển xuất. Đế thường vị viết: “Ngụy võ đế ngôn ' tuân văn nhược chi tiến thiện, bất tiến bất chỉ; tuân công đạt chi thối ác, bất thối bất hưu '. Nhị lệnh quân chi mỹ, diệc vọng ô quân dã.” Cư chức nguyệt dư, dĩ mẫu ưu thượng hoàn ấn thụ, đế bất hứa. Khiển thường thị chu khôi dụ chỉ, úc nãi phụng chiếu thị chức. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  28. ^( sung tương trấn quan hữu dã, úc vị phùng đảm viết: “Giả công viễn phóng, ngô đẳng thất thế. Thái tử hôn thượng vị định, nhược sử sung nữ đắc vi phi, tắc bất lưu nhi tự đình hĩ.” Úc dữ đảm tý đế gian tịnh xưng “Sung nữ tài sắc tuyệt thế, nhược nạp đông cung, tất năng phụ tá quân tử, hữu 《 quan sư 》 hậu phi chi đức.” Toại thành hôn. Đương thời thậm vi chính trực giả sở tật, nhi hoạch nịnh mị chi ki yên. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  29. ^( thời đế tố tri thái tử ám nhược, khủng hậu loạn quốc, khiển úc cập hòa kiệu vãng quan chi. Úc hoàn thịnh xưng thái tử chi đức, nhi kiệu vân thái tử như sơ. Ô thị thiên hạ quý kiệu nhi tiện úc. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  30. ^( đế tương phế giả phi, úc dữ phùng đảm đẳng gián thỉnh, cố đắc bất phế. Thời nghị dĩ úc khuynh quốc hại thời, tôn tư, lưu phóng chi thất. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  31. ^( kí chưởng nhạc sự, hựu tu luật lữ, tịnh hành ô thế. Sơ, úc ô lộ phùng triệu giả nhân ngưu đạc, thức kỳ thanh. Cập chưởng nhạc, âm vận vị điều, nãi viết: “Đắc triệu chi ngưu đạc tắc hài hĩ.” Toại hạ quận quốc, tất tống ngưu đạc, quả đắc hài giả. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  32. ^( nga lĩnh bí thư giam, dữ trung thư lệnh trương hoa y lưu hướng 《 biệt lục 》, chỉnh lý ký tịch.... Cập đắc cấp quận trủng trung cổ văn trúc thư, chiếu úc soạn thứ chi, dĩ vi 《 trung kinh 》, liệt tại bí thư. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  33. ^( hựu lập thư bác sĩ, trí đệ tử giáo tập, dĩ chung, hồ vi pháp. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  34. ^( hựu thường tại đế tọa tiến phạn, vị tại tọa nhân viết: “Thử thị lao tân sở xuy.” Hàm vị chi tín. Đế khiển vấn thiện phu, nãi vân: “Thật dụng cố xa cước.” Cử thế phục kỳ minh thức. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  35. ^( úc cửu quản cơ mật, hữu tài tư, tham đắc nhân chủ vi chỉ, bất phạm nhan ngỗ tranh, cố đắc thủy chung toàn kỳ sủng lộc. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  36. ^( úc hữu thập tử, kỳ đạt giả tập, phan, tổ. Tập tự, quan chí vệ úy. Tốt, thụy viết giản. Tử tuấn tự. Tốt, thụy viết liệt. Vô đích tử, dĩ đệ tức thức vi tự. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
  37. ^( tập tử xước. Xước tự ngạn thư, bác học hữu tài năng, soạn 《 tấn hậu thư 》 thập ngũ thiên, truyện ô thế. Vĩnh gia mạt, vi tư không tòng sự trung lang, một ô thạch lặc, vi lặc tham quân. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
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