Xun Yi
Xun Yi | |
|---|---|
| Tuân nghĩ | |
| Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince ( thái tử thái phó ) (acting) | |
| In office 266–274 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Wu of Jin |
| Grand Marshal ( thái úy ) | |
| In office 266–274 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Wu of Jin |
| Minister over the Masses ( tư đồ ) | |
| In office 266 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Wu of Jin |
| Minister of Works ( tư không ) | |
| In office 30 April 264– 265 | |
| Monarch | Cao Huan |
| Preceded by | Wang Xiang |
| Personal details | |
| Born | early 200s[1] |
| Died | 19 June 274[2] |
| Spouse | Unknown |
| Parent |
|
| Occupation | Politician |
| Courtesy name | Jingqian ( cảnh thiến ) |
| Posthumous name | Duke Kang ( khang công ) |
| Peerage | Duke of Linhuai ( lâm hoài công ) |
Xun Yi(early 200s - 19 June 274[3]),courtesy nameJingqian,was a Chinese politician of the state ofCao Weiin theThree Kingdomsperiod of China. After the fall of Wei, he continued serving under theJin dynasty,which replaced Wei in 266. He was the sixth son ofXun Yu.[2]
Family background and early life
[edit]Xun Yi'sancestral homewas inYingchuan Commandery( dĩnh xuyên quận; around present-dayXuchang,Henan). He was born in the influentialXun familyas the sixth son ofXun Yu,a prominent statesman of the lateEastern Han dynastyand an adviser to the warlordCao Cao.When he was still young, his brother-in-lawChen Qun(who married an elder sister of his) already regarded him highly. Before he reached adolescence, he was already known for hisfilial piety,and for being knowledgeable, insightful and meticulous.[4]
Service in Cao Wei
[edit]Due to his father's past contributions, Xun Yi was given an appointment as a Palace Gentleman ( trung lang ) in the state ofCao Wei.WhenSima Yiwas the regent of Wei, he felt that Xun Yi was a rare talent and once remarked, "Lord Prefect Xun's son is comparable toYaoqing's son Yuan Kan ( viên khản ). "[5]Xun Yi was later promoted to a Mounted Gentleman ( tán kỵ thị lang ) and then to a Palace Attendant ( thị trung ).[6]
Xun Yi was a tutor to the third Wei emperor,Cao Fang.He was also commissioned as a Cavalry Commandant ( kỵ đô úy ) and awarded the title of a Secondary Marquis ( quan nội hầu ). He studied theYijingwithZhong Huiand had philosophical debates withSima Junon the Confucian valuesrenandxiao.[7]
When the regentCao Shuangwas in power from 239 to 249,[8]the officialHe Yanand others wanted to harmFu Jia,but Xun Yi saved him. After the regentSima Shideposed Cao Fang and replaced him withCao Maoas the emperor of Wei in 254,[9]Xun Yi advised Sima to use the opportunity to announce the new emperor and see how his potential political rivals would react. In the same year,[9]the generalsGuanqiu JianandWen Qin,who opposed Sima Shi's act of changing the emperor, starteda rebellionin Shouchun ( thọ xuân; around present-dayShou County,Anhui). Xun Yi assisted Sima Shi in suppressing the rebellion. As a reward for his efforts, he was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Wansui Village ( vạn tuế đình hầu ) and given 400 taxable households to form his marquisate.[10]
Following Sima Shi's death in 255, his younger brotherSima Zhaobecame the new regent.[9]Xun Yi was promoted to a Master of Writing ( thượng thư ). Between 257 and 258,[11]when Sima Zhao was on a campaign to suppressa rebellionbyZhuge Dan,he left Xun Yi behind to guard the imperial capitalLuoyangin his absence. In 260,[11]after his maternal nephewChen Taidied, Xun Yi replaced him as a Supervisor ( phó xạ ) and took charge of theMinistry of Personnel.After he took over the ministry, he implemented more stringent practices to ensure that officials were carefully selected and appointed. During the Xianxi era (264-265) in the reign of the last Wei emperorCao Huan,Xun Yi served asMinister of Worksand was promoted from a village marquis to a district marquis.[12]
Xun Yi was known for his filial piety, which he maintained even when he was already in his 60s. When his mother died, he left office to performfilial mourningand displayed such deep sorrow over her death that he earned praise from his contemporaries for his filial piety. Sima Zhao also provided escorts for Xun Yi when he travelled around. In 265,[13]after the Cao Wei stateconqueredone of its rival states,Shu Han,it wanted to restore thefive-tiered nobility hierarchysystem so it put Xun Yi in charge of the process. Xun Yi proposed to the Wei imperial court to allowYang Hu,Ren Kai( nhậm khải ), Geng Jun ( canh tuấn ),Ying Zhen( ứng trinh ) andKong Hao( khổng hạo ) to assist him, and they collectively drafted a set of rules governing imperial protocol and etiquette. Xun Yi was also promoted from a district marquis to a county marquis under the title "Marquis of Linhuai" ( lâm hoài hầu ).[14]
Service under the Jin dynasty
[edit]Xun Yi continued serving under the government of theJin dynasty,which replaced the state of Cao Wei in February 266.[13]AfterSima Yan (Emperor Wu)was enthroned as the first Jin emperor, he promoted Xun Yi from a county marquis to a duke under the title "Duke of Linhuai" ( lâm hoài công ), with 1,800 taxable households in his dukedom. Emperor Wu also appointed Xun Yi asMinister over the Masses.Later, Xun Yi was concurrently appointed as a Palace Attendant and promoted to Grand Marshal ( thái úy ), putting him in charge of military affairs and in command of 100 of the emperor's close guards. Shortly after, Xun Yi was given an additional appointment as acting Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince ( thái tử thái phó ).[15]
Xun Yi died in 274[16]during the Taishi era (265–274) of Emperor Wu's reign. Before his death, he had been tasked with arranging the music for two dance pieces,Zhengde( chính đức ) andDayu( đại dự ). Emperor Wu held a grand state funeral for Xun Yi and ordered the crown princeSima Zhongto pay respects at the funeral. He also honoured Xun Yi with theposthumous name"Kang" ( khang ), hence Xun Yi was formally known as "Duke Kang of Linhuai" ( lâm hoài khang công ). Xun Yi's family members were given two million coins to build a house because Xun Yi and his family had no fixed residence when he was still living. In the earlyXianningera (275–280) of Emperor Wu's reign, the emperor issued an imperial edict to honour his subjects who had rendered meritorious service. Xun Yi, as one of those subjects named in the edict, was enshrined in the imperialancestral temple.[17]
Xun Yi was very familiar with the rules of decorum and propriety, having read and known by heart the contents of books such asEtiquette and Ceremonial,Book of RitesandRites of Zhou.Although his moral character was considered generally good, it was nonetheless tarnished by his obsequious behaviour towards, and association with,Jia ChongandXun Xu( tuân úc ). When it was time for the crown princeSima Zhongto marry, Xun Yi nominatedJia Nanfeng,Jia Chong's daughter to be the prince's consort. He was scorned by others for doing that.[18]
Succession
[edit]Xun Yi had no son when he died so he had no one to inherit his peerage and dukedom. Sometime in the late 380s, Xun Xu ( tuân tự ), a great-great-grandnephew of Xun Yi, inherited the peerage as the "Duke of Linhuai". After Xun Xu's death,Emperor Xiaowu(r. 372–396) designated Xun Xu's son, Xun Heng ( tuân hằng ), as the new Duke of Linhuai. The peerage was later passed on to Xun Heng's son, Xun Longfu ( tuân long phù ), and finally abolished in 420[19]whenLiu Yuended the Jin dynasty and founded theLiu Song dynasty.[20]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^While Xun Yi's birth year is not recorded, his biography inBook of Jinindicated that he was more than 60 when his mother died. According to the chronology of the biography, this incident took place before the fall of Shu (late 263). Therefore, Xun Yi's birth year should be in the early 200s. Volume 16 ofZhengaoindicated that he was 70 (by East Asian reckoning) when he died. If correct, his birth year should be 205.
- ^abde Crespigny (2007),p. 928.
- ^According to Sima Yan's biography inBook of Jin,Xun Yi died on thejiweiday of the 4th month of the 10th year of theTaishiera of his reign. This corresponds to 19 Jun 274 on the Julian calendar. [( thái thủy thập niên ) hạ tứ nguyệt kỷ vị, thái úy, lâm hoài công tuân 𫖮 hoăng. ]Jin Shu,vol.03
- ^( tuân nghĩ, tự cảnh thiến, dĩnh xuyên nhân, ngụy thái úy úc chi đệ lục tử dã. Ấu vi tỷ tế trần quần sở thưởng. Tính chí hiếu, tổng giác tri danh, bác học hiệp văn, lý tư chu mật. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
- ^( tấn dương thu viết:... Tư mã tuyên vương kiến nghĩ, kỳ chi, viết: “Tuân lệnh quân chi tử dã. Cận kiến viên khản, diệc diệu khanh chi tử dã.” )Jin Yang Qiuannotation inSanguozhivol. 10.
- ^( ngụy thời dĩ phụ huân trừ trung lang. Tuyên đế phụ chính, kiến nghĩ kỳ chi, viết: “Tuân lệnh quân chi tử dã.” Trạc bái tán kỵ thị lang, luy thiên thị trung. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
- ^( vi ngụy thiếu đế chấp kinh, bái kỵ đô úy, tứ tước quan nội hầu. Nan chung hội 《 dịch 》 vô hỗ thể, hựu dữ phù phong vương tuấn luận nhân hiếu thục tiên, kiến xưng ô thế. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
- ^Sima (1084),vols. 74–75.
- ^abcSima (1084),vol. 76.
- ^( thời tào sảng chuyên quyền, hà yến đẳng dục hại thái thường phó hỗ, nghĩ doanh cứu đắc miễn. Cập cao quý hương công lập, nghĩ ngôn ô cảnh đế viết: “Kim thượng tiễn tộ, quyền đạo phi thường, nghi tốc khiển sử tuyên đức tứ phương, thả sát ngoại chí.” Vô khâu kiệm, văn khâm quả bất phục, cử binh phản. Nghĩ dự thảo kiệm đẳng hữu công, tiến tước vạn tuế đình hầu, ấp tứ bách hộ. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
- ^abSima (1084),vol. 77.
- ^( văn đế phụ chính, thiên thượng thư. Đế chinh chư cát đản, lưu nghĩ trấn thủ. Nghĩ sanh trần thái tốt, nghĩ đại thái vi phó xạ, lĩnh lại bộ, tứ từ nhi hậu tựu chức. Nghĩ thừa thái hậu, gia chi thục thận, tổng hạch danh thật, phong tục trừng chính. Hàm hi trung, thiên tư không, tiến tước hương hầu. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
- ^abSima (1084),vol. 79.
- ^( nghĩ niên du nhĩ thuận, hiếu dưỡng chưng chưng, dĩ mẫu ưu khứ chức, hủy kỉ diệt tính, hải nội xưng chi. Văn đế tấu, nghi y hán thái phó hồ quảng tang mẫu cố sự, cấp tư không cát hung đạo tòng. Cập thục bình, hưng phục ngũ đẳng, mệnh nghĩ định lễ nghi. Nghĩ thượng thỉnh dương hỗ, nhậm khải, canh tuấn, ứng trinh, khổng hạo cộng san cải cựu văn, soạn định tấn lễ. Hàm hi sơ, phong lâm hoài hầu. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
- ^( võ đế tiễn tộ, tiến tước vi công, thực ấp nhất thiên bát bách hộ. Hựu chiếu viết: “Tích vũ mệnh cửu quan, khế phu ngũ giáo, sở dĩ hoằng sùng vương hóa, kỳ nhân quỹ nghi dã. Trẫm thừa hồng nghiệp, muội ô đại đạo, tư huấn ngũ phẩm, dĩ khang tứ hải. Thị trung, tư không nghĩ, minh duẫn đốc thành, tư tâm thông viễn, dực lượng tiên hoàng, toại phụ trẫm cung, thật hữu tá mệnh bật đạo chi huân. Nghi chưởng giáo điển, dĩ long thời ung. Kỳ dĩ nghĩ vi tư đồ.” Tầm gia thị trung, thiên thái úy, đô đốc thành ngoại nha môn chư quân sự, trí tư mã thân binh bách nhân. Khoảnh chi, hựu chiếu viết: “Thị trung, thái úy nghĩ, ôn cung trung duẫn, chí hành thuần bị, bác cổ hiệp văn, kỳ ngải bất đãi. Kỳ dĩ công hành thái tử thái phó, thị trung, thái úy như cố.” )Jin Shuvol. 39.
- ^Sima (1084),vol. 80.
- ^( thời dĩ 《 chính đức 》, 《 đại dự 》 nhã tụng vị hợp, mệnh nghĩ định nhạc. Sự vị chung, dĩ thái thủy thập niên hoăng. Đế vi cử ai, hoàng thái tử lâm tang, nhị cung phụ tặng, lễ trật hữu gia. Chiếu viết: “Thị trung, thái úy, hành thái tử thái phó, lâm hoài công nghĩ, thanh thuần thể đạo, trung duẫn lập triều, lịch tư ngoại nội, mậu tích kí sùng, huấn phó đông cung, huy du hoằng trứ, khả vị hành quy ô chu, hữu thủy hữu tốt giả hĩ. Bất hạnh hoăng tồ, trẫm thậm thống chi. Kỳ tứ ôn minh bí khí, triều phục nhất cụ, y nhất tập. Thụy viết khang.” Hựu chiếu viết: “Thái úy bất tuất tư môn, cư vô quán vũ, tố ti chi chí, một nhi di hiển. Kỳ tứ gia tiền nhị bách vạn, sử lập trạch xá.” Hàm ninh sơ, chiếu luận thứ công thần, tương phối hưởng tông miếu. Sở tư tấu nghĩ đẳng thập nhị nhân minh công thái thường, phối hưởng thanh miếu. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
- ^( nghĩ minh 《 tam lễ 》, tri triều đình đại nghi, nhi vô chất trực chi thao, duy a ý cẩu hợp ô tuân úc, giả sung chi gian. Sơ, hoàng thái tử tương nạp phi, nghĩ thượng ngôn giả sung nữ tư đức thục mậu, khả dĩ tham tuyển, dĩ thử hoạch ki ô thế. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
- ^Sima (1084),vol. 119.
- ^( nghĩ vô tử, dĩ tòng tôn huy tự. Trung hưng sơ, dĩ nghĩ huynh huyền tôn tự vi nghĩ hậu, phong lâm hoài công. Tự tốt, hựu tuyệt, hiếu võ đế hựu phong tự tử hằng kế nghĩ hậu. Hằng tốt, tử long phù tự. Tống thụ thiền, quốc trừ. )Jin Shuvol. 39.
- de Crespigny, Rafe(2007).A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD.Leiden: Brill.ISBN9789004156050.
- Fang, Xuanling(648).Book of Jin(Jin Shu).
- Pei, Songzhi(5th century).Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms(Sanguozhi zhu).
- Sima, Guang(1084).Zizhi Tongjian.