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Klamath people

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Elderly Klamath woman byEdward S. Curtis,1924
A Klamath man
Klamath people in dugout canoes, 19th century

TheKlamath peopleare aNative Americantribe of the Plateau culture area inSouthern OregonandNorthern California.Today Klamath people are enrolled in thefederally recognized tribes:

History[edit]

Pre-contact[edit]

The Klamath people lived in the area around theUpper Klamath Lake(E-ukshi - “Lake” ) and theKlamath,Williamson(Kóke - “River” ), Wood River (E-ukalksini Kóke), andSprague(Plaikni Kóke - “River Uphill” ) rivers. They subsisted primarily on fish and gathered roots and seeds. While there was knowledge of their immediate neighbors, apparently the Klamath were unaware of the existence of thePacific Ocean.Gatschet has described this position as leaving the Klamath living in a "protracted isolation" from outside cultures.[1]

North of their tribal territory lived theMolala(Kuikni maklaks), in the northeast and east in the desert-like plains were variousNorthern Paiutebands (Shá'ttumi,collective term for Northern Paiute, Bannock and Northern Shoshone) - among them theGoyatöka Band( "Crayfish Eaters" ), direct south theirModockin (Mo'dokni maklaks- "Southern People, i.e. Tule Lake People" ) with whom they shared theModoc Plateau,in the southwest were livingShasta peoples(S[h]asti maklaks) and the Klamath River further downstream theKarukandYurok(both:Skatchpalikni- "People along theScott River"), in the west and northwest were theLatgawa ( "Upland Takelma" )(according to Spier:Walumskni- "Enemy"[a]) andTakelma/Dagelma ( "Lowland/River Takelma" )(more likely both were called:Wálamsknitumi, Wálamskni maklaks- “Rogue River People” ). Beyond theCascade Range(Yámakisham Yaina- “mountains of the Northerners” ) in theRogue River Valley(Wálamsh) lived the"Rogue" River "Athabascan(Wálamsknitumi, Wálamskni maklaks- “Rogue River People” ) and further south along the Pit River (Moatuashamkshini/Móatni Kóke- "River of the Southern Dwellers" ) lived theAchomawiandAtsugewi(both called:Móatuash maklaks- "Southern Dweller", or "Southern People" ).

The Klamath were known to raid neighboring tribes, such as theAchomawion thePit River,and occasionally to take prisoners as slaves. They traded with theWasco-WishramatThe Dalles.However, scholars such asAlfred L. KroeberandLeslie Spierconsider these slaving raids by the Klamath to begin only with the acquisition of the horse.[2][3]

These natives made southernOregontheir home for long enough to witness the eruption ofMount Mazama.It was a legendary volcanic mountain who is the creator ofCrater Lake(giˑw), now considered to be a beautiful natural formation.

Contact[edit]

In 1826,Peter Skene Ogden,an explorer for theHudson's Bay Company,first encountered the Klamath people, and he was trading with them by 1829. The United StatesfrontiersmanKit Carsonadmired their arrows, which were reported to be able to shoot through a house.

Treaty with the United States[edit]

The Klamaths,Modocs,and the Yahooskin (Yahuskin) Band ofNorthern Paiute(in Paiute known as: Goyatöka - "Crayfish eaters" ), which was erroneously calledUpper Sprague River Snakesbelieved to be a Band ofSnake Indians,the collective name given to the Northern Paiute, Bannock, and Shoshone Native American tribes,[4]signed a treaty with theUnited Statesin 1864, establishing theKlamath Reservationto the northeast of Upper Klamath Lake. This area was largely part of the traditional territory controlled by the ă′ukuckni Klamath band.[5]The treaty required the tribes to cede the land in theKlamath Basin,bounded on the north by the44th parallel,to the United States. In return, the United States was to make a lump sum payment of $35,000, and annual payments totalling $80,000 over 15 years, as well as providing infrastructure and staff for the reservation. The treaty provided that, if the Indians drank or stored intoxicating liquor on the reservation, the payments could be withheld; the United States could also locate additional tribes on the reservation in the future. The tribes requestedLindsay Applegateas the agent to represent the United States to them. The Indian agent estimated the total population of the three tribes at about 2,000 when the treaty was signed.

Post-treaty history[edit]

Main article:Klamath Tribes

Since termination of recognition of their tribal sovereignty in 1954 (with federal payments not disbursed until 1961), the Klamath and neighboring tribes have reorganized their government and revived tribal identity. The Klamath, along with the Modoc and Yahooskin, have formed the federally recognizedKlamath Tribesconfederation. Their tribal government is based inChiloquin, Oregon.

Some Klamath live on theQuartz Valley Indian CommunityinSiskiyou County, California.

Culture[edit]

Subdivisions[edit]

Traditionally there were several cultural subdivisions among the Klamath, based on the location of their residency within the Klamath Basin. Despite this, the five recognized "tribelets" (the Klamath Tribes count six) mutually considered each other the same ethnic group, about 1,200 people in total.[6]Like many Indigenous cultures of the Pacific Northwest, the Klamath lived a semi-sedentary life. Winter settlements were in permanent locations that were reoccupied annually. Construction of the earth-lodges would begin in Autumn, with materials salvaged from abandoned, dilapidated buildings made in previous years.Leslie Spierhas detailed some of the winter settlement patterns for Klamath as follows:

The towns are not isolated, compact groups of houses, but stretch along the banks for half a mile or more. In fact, the settlements onWilliamson riverbelow theSprague riverjunction form a practically continuous string of houses for five or six miles, the house pits being, in many spots, crowded close together. Informants insisted that many of these were occupied at the same time. When we consider that these earth-lodges may have housed several families, there is strong suggestion of a considerable population.[7]

  • Ǎ’ukckni(„Klamath Marsh People “or „Klamath Marsh-Williamson River People “)
  • P'laikni( “Sprague River Valley People” or “Upland Klamath”, lit. “highland dwellers” )
  • Kowa’cdikni(„Agency Lake/Marsh Lake People “)
  • Du’kwakni(„[Lower] Williamson River People “)
  • Gu’mbǒtkni(„Pelican Bay People “)
  • Iu’laloηkni(„Klamath Falls (Link River) People “)

Marriage[edit]

Marriage was a unique practice for the Klamath, compared to neighboring cultures found in the borderlands of modernOregon,California,NevadaandIdaho.For example, unlike theHupa,Karok,andYurok,the Klamath didn't hold formal talks between families for a bride price. Especially notable was the cultural norm that allowed wives to leave husbands, as they were "in no sense chattel... and certainly cannot be disposed of as a possession."[8]

Ethnobotany[edit]

The Klamath useApocynum cannabinumas a fiber and eat the roots ofLomatium canbyi.[9]They use the rootstocks ofSagittaria cuneataas food.[10]They useCarex,weaving the leaves into mats, using the juice of the pith as a beverage, eating the fresh stems for food and using the tuberous base of the stem for food.[11]

Dentalium[edit]

Main article:Dentalium shell

Dentalium shellswere common among the Klamath prior to colonization. Compared to other native cultures, dentalium didn't hold as much financial use among the Klamath. However, longer shells were generally held to be more valuable. Nonetheless these shells were esteemed primarily for as jewelry and personal adornment.[12]Septum piercings were commonly given to younger members of Klamath families to allow inserting dentalium. Some individuals wouldn't however use any shells in their septum.[13]Spier gives the following account for their usage:

The septum of the nose is pierced and the ear lobes, the latter twice or even more frequently. Both sexes insert dentalium shells horizontally through the septum... Ear pendants are a group of four dentalia hung in a bunch by their tips.[14]

The use of dentalium in septum piercings, in addition to other means of ornamentation, was common among theWasco-Wishramas well.[15]

Classifications[edit]

The Klamath people are grouped with thePlateau Indians—the peoples who originally lived on theColumbia River Plateau.They were most closely linked with the Modoc people.

Language[edit]

Main article:Klamath language

The Klamath spoke one dialect of theKlamath–Modoc language- the northern or "fi-ukshikni" dialect, the other - the "southern" dialect being spoken by theModoc people,who lived south of the Klamath. Once thought to be a language isolate, Klamath–Modoc is now considered a member of thePlateau Penutianlanguage family.[16]

Both the Klamath and the Modoc called themselvesmaqlaqs,maqlagsorMaklaksmeaning "people". When they wanted to distinguish between themselves they addedknii( "people from/of" ), the Klamath were called?ewksiknii,"people of the [Klamath] Lake", and the Modoc were calledmoowatdal'knii,"people of the south".

Notable Klamath people[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^but in Klamath-Modoc ″enemy″ isshish6kish,and ″alien″ iswenniknioratikni.

Citations[edit]

  1. ^Gatschet 1890,p. lvi.
  2. ^Kroeber 1925,pp. 319–320.
  3. ^Spier 1930,p. 25.
  4. ^Wheeler-Voegelin 1955,p. 97.
  5. ^Spier 1930,p. 1.
  6. ^Spier 1930,pp. 2, 5.
  7. ^Spier 1930,p. 11.
  8. ^Spier 1930,p. 43.
  9. ^Coville 1897,pp. 102–103.
  10. ^Coville 1897,p. 90.
  11. ^Coville 1897,p. 92.
  12. ^Spier 1930,p. 216.
  13. ^Gatschet 1890,p. XXXVII.
  14. ^Spier 1930,pp. 214–215.
  15. ^Boyd 1996,pp. 70–71.
  16. ^Campbell, Lyle (2017-10-03).Language Isolates.Routledge.ISBN978-1-317-61090-8.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Boyd, Robert (1996),People of the Dalles: The Indians of Wascopam Mission,Lincoln, NE: The University of Nebraska Press
  • Coville, Frederick V. (1897), "Notes on the Plants used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon",Contributions from the United States National Herbarium,5(2), Washington, D.C.: Department of Botany: 87–110,JSTOR480624
  • Gatschet, Albert Samuel (1890),The Klamath Indians of Southwestern Oregon,Contributions to North American Ethnology. Vol. 2, Part I, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office
  • Kroeber, Alfred L. (1925),Handbook of the Indians of California,United States. Bureau of American Ethonology. Bulletin,78, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office
  • Spier, Leslie (1930), Kroeber, Alfred L.; Lowie, Robert (eds.),Klamath Ethnography,Berkeley: University of California Press
  • Wheeler-Voegelin, Erminie (1955), "The Northern Paiute of Central Oregon: A Chapter in Treaty-Making Part 1",Ethnohistory,2(2), Durham, NC: Duke University Press: 95–132,doi:10.2307/480624,JSTOR480624

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toKlamath.
Wikisourcehas the text of the1911Encyclopædia Britannicaarticle "Klamath".
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