Yaminawa language
| Yaminawa | |
|---|---|
| Yaminahua | |
| Native to | Peru,Bolivia,Brazil |
| Ethnicity | Yaminawáand related peoples |
Native speakers | 2,729 (2006–2011)[1] Est. 400 uncontacted speakers of Yora (2007) |
Panoan
| |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Bolivia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:yaa– Yaminawaywn– Yawanawámcd– Sharanawaswo– Shaninawamts– Yora |
| Glottolog | yami1255 |
| ELP | Yaminawa |
| Shanenawa[2] | |
Yaminawa(Yaminahua) is aPanoan languageof western Amazonia. It is spoken by theYaminawáand some related peoples.
Yaminawa constitutes an extensivedialect cluster.Attested dialects aretwo or more Brazilian Yaminawa dialects, Peruvian Yaminawa, Chaninawa, Chitonawa, Mastanawa, Parkenawa(= Yora or "Nawa" ),Shanenawa(Xaninaua, = Katukina de Feijó),Sharanawa(= Marinawa),Shawannawa(= Arara),Yawanawá, Yaminawa-arara(obsolescent; very similar to Shawannawa/Arara),Nehanawa†).[3]
Very few Yaminawá speak Spanish or Portuguese, though the Shanenawa have mostly shifted to Portuguese.[4]
Phonology[edit]
The vowels of Yaminawa are /a, i, ɯ, u/. /i, ɯ, u/ can also be heard as [ɪ, ɨ, o].[5]Sharanawa, Yaminawa, and Yora have nasalized counterparts for each of the vowels, and demonstrate contrastive nasalization.[6]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | k | |||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||
| Fricative | ɸ | s | ʂ | ʃ | h | |
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Approximant | (l) | j | w | |||
| Flap | ɾ |
[l]is heard as an allophone of /ɾ/. /j/ can also be heard as a nasal[ɲ].
Yawanawá has a similar phonemic inventory to Yaminawa, but uses avoiced bilabial fricative/β/in place of thevoiceless bilabial fricative/ɸ/.[7]Yawanawá and Sharanahua have an additional phoneme, thevoiced labio-velar approximant/w/.[7][8]Shanewana has a labiodental fricative/f/instead of/ɸ/.[9]
Yaminawa has contrastive tone, with two surface tones, high (H) and low (L).[5]
Grammar[edit]
Yaminawa is a polysynthetic, primarily suffixing language that also uses compounding, nasalization, and tone alternations in word-formation. Yaminawa exhibits split ergativity; nouns and third person pronouns pattern along ergative-absolutive lines, while first and second person pronouns pattern along nominative-accusative lines. Yaminawa verbal morphology is extensive, encoding affective (emotional) meanings and categories like associated motion. Yaminawa also has a set of switch reference enclitics that encode same or different subject relationships as well as aspectual relationships between the dependent (marked) clause and the main clause.[5]
Notes[edit]
- ^YaminawaatEthnologue(19th ed., 2016)
YawanawáatEthnologue(19th ed., 2016)
SharanawaatEthnologue(19th ed., 2016)
ShaninawaatEthnologue(19th ed., 2016)
YoraatEthnologue(19th ed., 2016)
- ^Endangered Languages Project data for Shanenawa.
- ^David Fleck, 2013,Panoan Languages and Linguistics,Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History #99
- ^"Yaminahua."Ethnologue.(retrieved 25 June 2011)
- ^abcFaust, Norma and Eugene Loos. (2002).Gramática de la lengua yaminahua.Serie lingüística peruana, no. 51. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
- ^"SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories".linguistics.berkeley.edu.Retrieved2018-07-23.
- ^ab"SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories - Yawanawa".linguistics.berkeley.edu.Retrieved2019-02-01.
- ^"SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories - Sharanahua".linguistics.berkeley.edu.Retrieved2019-02-01.
- ^"SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories - Shanenawa".linguistics.berkeley.edu.Retrieved2019-02-01.
External links[edit]
- Yaminahua language dictionary online from IDS
- Sharanahua Language Collection of Pierre Déléage(includes myths, shamanistic songs, and ceremonial songs) at theArchive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America (AILLA).
- Yaminahua(Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
| Authority control databases:National |
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