Yatai-bayashi
Yatai-bayashi(Ốc đài 囃 tử,lit.festival cart orchestra)is a traditionaltaikopiece inspired by an annualfestivalinChichibu,Japan.[1]The piece been performed by many taiko ensembles,[2][3]and became well-known through dramatic variations of the piece developed byOndekoza[4]andKodo.[5]Yatai-bayashihas been recognized as a piece that requires great physical endurance.
History
[edit]Yatai-bayashiactually began as a somewhat different piece calledChichibu Yatai-bayashi(Trật phụ ốc đài 囃 tử,Chichibu yataibayashi),which is intended for a festival performance, rather than a stage performance.Chichibu Yatai-bayashiis normally played during a festival inChichibu,Japan that occurs annually from December 3–4.[2][6]More recently however, this particular arrangement has also been adopted for local performances on stage.[7]
In 1972, members of the taiko groupOndekozaspent only one week in Chichibu in order to learn the piece from festival participants and adapt it for their future performances.[8]In addition to the short time they had to learn the piece, there was difficulty in how folk music of this kind was usually taught: Chichibu players did not conceptualize the piece in terms of its underlyingbeatstructure. Instead, these rhythms were memorized and even contained an element of improvisation from player to player.[8]Ondekoza could not replicate the local techniques, so the piece was substantially changed so they were able to play it.[9]In an interview with Ondekoza founderEitetsu Hayashi,he said, "We were really bad drummers and we knew that the only way we could show we were trying our best was to speed the piece up."[9]To make the performance more dramatic, players leaned farther back from the drum and adecrescendo-crescendosection was implemented. It was also the first ensemble piece that Ondekoza mastered together.[10]
Ondekoza's arrangement of the piece was adopted broadly across Japan[11]However, with these changes and others, it has been argued that this version ofYatai-bayashiis substantially different enough that it lacks the local nuance of the original from Chichibu.[4][7][12]
Performance structure
[edit]Although there are variations in how the piece is performed,Yatai-bayashitraditionally has at least five players: Two players onshime-daiko,one onchū-daiko,onefueplayer, and onekaneplayer.[8]Contemporary versions of the piece have used multiple chū-daiko to create an effect similar to around.[13][14]Performance ofYatai-bayashiis considered strenuous and requires considerable physical endurance.[15]
In the original version that is performed for the festival in Chichibu, players are actually performing inside a festival float, called ayatai.They cannot be seen from the outside, and serve to direct and support those carrying the float.[2]A single chu-daiko player begins playing a complex rhythm on a horizontally mounted drum that is low to the ground. The player is seated and leaning back while playing the drum as their legs are extended across the length of it. When the chu-daiko player is finished, another player switches with them and repeats the rhythm.[16]
In the version developed byOndekoza,the piece begins with two shime-daiko players playing the background, and soon after, a single and lead chu-daiko player begins playing the main rhythmic pattern. After going through this pattern twice, the next chu-daiko player begins while the first player fades out. This sequence is also repeated by the second player when the third chu-daiko player begins. When the third player completes the rhythm, the lead chu-daiko player transfers to a shime-daiko to perform a solo. When the solo is completed, the player returns to the chu-daiko, and all three players perform the main rhythm in unison to end the piece.[13]
References
[edit]- ^Lorenz, Shanna (2007)."Japanese in the Samba": Japanese Brazilian Musical Citizenship, Racial Consciousness, and Transnational Migration.p. 114.ISBN978-0549451983.
- ^abc"Yatai Bayashi".Nagata Shacho.Retrieved11 August2013.
- ^Kim xuyên, thắng chiếu (22 July 2005).Hồn diêu らす “Nhật bổn nhất” の hưởng き xuyến lộ giang nam cao hà di thái cổ bộ sang bộ ４５ chu niên で ký niệm công diễn.Doshin Web(in Japanese).Retrieved7 August2013.
- ^abHoward, Keith (2012).Music As Intangible Cultural Heritage.Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.ISBN978-1409483588.
- ^Bender, Shawn Morgan (2012).Taiko Boom: Japanese Drumming in Place and Motion.University of California Press. p. 76.ISBN978-0520272415.
- ^"Chichibu-Yatai-bayashi, Japan".Asia-Pacific Database on Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH).Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre forUNESCO(ACCU).Retrieved8 August2013.
- ^abAlaszewska, Jane (2012). "Promoting and Preserving the Chichibu Night Festival: The Impact of Cultural Policy on the Transmission of Japanese Folk Performing Arts". In Howard, Keith (ed.).Music as Intangible Cultural Heritage: Policy, Ideology, and Practice in the Preservation of East Asian Traditions.Ashgate Publishing.ISBN978-1409483588.
- ^abcBender 2012,p. 74.
- ^abBender 2012,p. 76.
- ^Bender 2012,p. 73.
- ^Bender 2012,p. 77.
- ^Bender 2012,p. 139.
- ^abBender 2012,p. 75.
- ^Bender, Shawn (2005). "Of Roots and Race: Discourses of Body and Place in Japanese Taiko Drumming".Social Science Japan Journal.8(2): 210.doi:10.1093/ssjj/jyi038.
- ^Programs.Stanford University. Dept. of Music. 2002.
- ^Bender 2012,pp. 73–74.