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Coordinates:35°26′39″N139°38′17″E/ 35.44417°N 139.63806°E/35.44417; 139.63806
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This article is about the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture. For other uses, seeYokohama (disambiguation).

Yokohama
Hoành bang thị
Designated city
City of Yokohama
Minato Mirai 21
Nippon Maru Memorial Park
Yokohama Chinatown
Motomachi Shopping Street
Sankei-en
Harbor View Park (Yokohama)
Yamashita Park and Yokohama Marine Tower
Ōsanbashi Pier
Flag of Yokohama
Flag
Official seal of Yokohama
Seal
Map
Map of Kanagawa Prefecture with Yokohama highlighted in purple
Map ofKanagawa Prefecturewith Yokohama highlighted in purple
Yokohama is located in Japan
Yokohama
Yokohama
Yokohama is located in Asia
Yokohama
Yokohama
Yokohama (Asia)
Coordinates:35°26′39″N139°38′17″E/ 35.44417°N 139.63806°E/35.44417; 139.63806
CountryJapan
RegionKantō
PrefectureKanagawa Prefecture
Government
• MayorTakeharu Yamanaka
Area
• Total437.38 km2(168.87 sq mi)
Population
(January 1, 2023)
• Total3,769,595
• Density8,606/km2(22,290/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+9(Japan Standard Time)
– TreeCamellia,Chinquapin,Sangoju
Sasanqua,Ginkgo,Zelkova
– FlowerDahlia
Rose
Address6-50-10 Honchō, Naka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken
231-0005
Websitewww.city.yokohama.lg.jp
Yokohama
"Yokohama" in new-style (shinjitai)kanji
Japanese name
KyūjitaiHoành tân
ShinjitaiHoành bang
Transcriptions
RomanizationYokohama

Yokohama(Japanese:Hoành bang,pronounced[jokohama]ⓘ)is thesecond-largest cityinJapanby population[1]and by area, and the country's most populousmunicipality.[a]It is the capital and most populous city inKanagawa Prefecture,with a population of 3.7 million in 2023. It lies onTokyo Bay,south ofTokyo,in theKantō regionof the main island ofHonshu.Yokohama is also the major economic, cultural, and commercial hub of theGreater Tokyo Areaalong theKeihin Industrial Zone.

Yokohama was one of the cities to open for trade with theWestfollowing the 1859 end of thepolicy of seclusionand has since been known as a cosmopolitan port city, afterKobeopened in 1853. Yokohama is the home of many Japan's firsts in theMeiji period,including the first foreign trading port and Chinatown (1859), European-style sport venues (1860s), English-language newspaper (1861), confectionery and beer manufacturing (1865), daily newspaper (1870), gas-powered street lamps (1870s), railway station (1872), and power plant (1882). Yokohama developed rapidly as Japan's prominentport cityfollowing the end of Japan's relative isolation in the mid-19th century and is today one of its major ports along withKobe,Osaka,Nagoya,Fukuoka,Tokyo andChiba.

Yokohama is the largest port city and high tech industrial hub in the Greater Tokyo Area and the Kantō region. The city proper is headquarters to companies such asIsuzu,Nissan,JVCKenwood,Keikyu,Koei Tecmo,Sotetsu,Salesforce JapanandBank of Yokohama.Famous landmarks in Yokohama includeMinato Mirai 21,Nippon Maru Memorial Park,Yokohama Chinatown,Motomachi Shopping Street,Yokohama Marine Tower,Yamashita Park,andŌsanbashi Pier.

Etymology

[edit]

Yokohama ( hoành bang ) means "horizontal beach".[2]The current area surrounded by Maita Park, theŌoka Riverand the Nakamura River have been a gulf divided by a sandbar from the open sea. This sandbar was the original Yokohama fishing village. Since the sandbar protruded perpendicularly from the land, or horizontally when viewed from the sea, it was called a "horizontal beach".[3]

History

[edit]
For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of Yokohama.

Opening of the Treaty Port (1859–1868)

[edit]

Before the Western foreigners arrived, Yokohama was a small fishing village up to the end of the feudalEdo period,when Japan helda policy of national seclusion,having little contact with foreigners.[4]A major turning point in Japanese history happened in 1853–54, when CommodoreMatthew Perryarrived just south of Yokohama with a fleet of American warships, demanding that Japan open several ports for commerce, and theTokugawa shogunateagreed by signing theTreaty of Peace and Amity.[5]

It was initially agreed that one of the ports to be opened to foreign ships would be the bustling town ofKanagawa-juku(in what is nowKanagawa Ward) on theTōkaidō,a strategic highway that linkedEdoto Kyoto and Osaka. However, theTokugawa shogunatedecided that Kanagawa-juku was too close to the Tōkaidō for comfort, and port facilities were instead built across the inlet in the sleepy fishing village of Yokohama. ThePort of Yokohamawas officially opened on June 2, 1859.[6]

Yokohama quickly became the base of foreign trade in Japan. Foreigners initially occupied the low-lying district of the city calledKannai,residential districts later expanding as the settlement grew to incorporate much of the elevatedYamatedistrict overlooking the city, commonly referred to by English-speaking residents asThe Bluff.Under pressure from United States and United Kingdom officials, the Tokugawa government built a commercial sex district which opened on November 10, 1859, with 6 brothels and 200 indentured sex workers.[7]: 68 The area of Yokohama with the highest concentration of brothels was known as Bloodtown.[7]: 67 

Kannai,the foreign trade and commercial district (literally,inside the barrier), was surrounded by a moat, foreign residents enjoying extraterritorial status both within and outside the compound. Interactions with the local population, particularly young samurai, outside the settlement inevitably caused problems; theNamamugi Incident,one of the events that preceded thedownfall of the shogunate,took place in what is nowTsurumi Wardin 1862, and prompted theBombardment of Kagoshimain 1863.

To protect British commercial and diplomatic interests in Yokohama amilitary garrisonwas established in 1862. With the growth in trade increasing numbers of Chinese also came to settle in the city.[8]Yokohama was the scene of many notable firsts for Japan including the growing acceptance of western fashion, photography by pioneers such asFelice Beato,Japan's first English language newspaper, theJapan Heraldpublished in 1861 and in 1865 the first ice cream confectionery andbeerto be produced in Japan.[9]Recreational sports introduced to Japan by foreign residents in Yokohama included European stylehorse racingin 1862,cricketin 1863[10]andrugby unionin 1866. A great fire destroyed much of the foreign settlement on November 26, 1866, andsmallpoxwas a recurrent public health hazard, but the city continued to grow rapidly – attracting foreigners and Japanese alike.

  • Gallery
  • Landing of Commodore Perry and men to meet the Imperial commissioners at Yokohama, 14 July 1853
    Landing of CommodorePerryand men to meet the Imperial commissioners at Yokohama, 14 July 1853
  • Foreign ships in Yokohama harbor in 1861
    Foreign ships in Yokohama harbor in 1861
  • A foreign trading house in Yokohama in 1861
    A foreign trading house in Yokohama in 1861

Meiji and Taisho periods (1868–1923)

[edit]

After theMeiji Restorationof 1868, the port was developed for tradingsilk,the main trading partner being Great Britain. Western influence and technological transfer contributed to the establishment of Japan's first daily newspaper (1870), first gas-powered street lamps (1872) and Japan's firstrailwayconstructed in the same year to connect Yokohama toShinagawaandShinbashiin Tokyo. In 1872Jules Verneportrayed Yokohama, which he had never visited, in an episode of his widely read novelAround the World in Eighty Days,capturing the atmosphere of the fast-developing, internationally oriented Japanese city.

In 1887, a British merchant,Samuel Cocking,built the city's first power plant. At first for his own use, this coal power plant became the basis for the Yokohama Cooperative Electric Light Company. The city was officially incorporated on April 1, 1889.[11]By the time theextraterritorialityof foreigner areas was abolished in 1899, Yokohama was the most international city in Japan, with foreigner areas stretching from Kannai to theBluffarea and the largeYokohama Chinatown.

The early 20th century was marked by rapid growth of industry. Entrepreneurs built factories along reclaimed land to the north of the city towardKawasaki,which eventually grew to be theKeihin Industrial Area.The growth of Japanese industry brought affluence, and many wealthy trading families constructed sprawling residences there, while the rapid influx of population from Japan and Korea also led to the formation of Kojiki-Yato, then the largest slum in Japan.

Great Kantō earthquake and the Second World War (1923–1945)

[edit]

Much of Yokohama was destroyed on September 1, 1923, by theGreat Kantō earthquake.The Yokohama police reported casualties at 30,771 dead and 47,908 injured, out of a pre-earthquake population of 434,170.[12]Fuelled by rumors of rebellion and sabotage, vigilante mobs thereupon murdered many Koreans in the Kojiki-yato slum.[13]Many people believed that Koreans usedblack magicto cause the earthquake.Martial lawwas in place until November 19. Rubble from the quake was used to reclaim land for parks, the most famous being theYamashita Parkon the waterfront which opened in 1930.

Yokohama was rebuilt, only to be destroyed again by U.S. air raids during World War II. The first bombing was in the April 18, 1942Doolittle Raid.An estimated 7,000–8,000 people were killed in a single morning on May 29, 1945, in what is now known as the Great Yokohama Air Raid, whenB-29sfirebombed the city and in just one hour and nine minutes, reducing 42% of it to rubble.[11]

Postwar growth and development

[edit]

During theAmerican occupation,Yokohama was a major transshipment base for American supplies and personnel, especially during theKorean War.After the occupation, most local U.S. naval activity moved from Yokohama to an American base in nearbyYokosuka.

Four years after theTreaty of San Franciscosigned, the city was designated bygovernment ordinanceon September 1, 1956.[citation needed]The city's tram andtrolleybussystem was abolished in 1972, the same year as the opening of the first line ofYokohama Municipal Subway.Construction ofMinato Mirai 21( "Port Future 21" ), a major urban development project on reclaimed land started in 1983, nicknamed the "PhiladelphiaandBostonof the Orient "was compared toCenter City, PhiladelphiaandDowntown Bostonlocated in theEast Coast of the United States.Minato Mirai 21 hosted the Yokohama Exotic Showcase in 1989, which saw the first public operation ofmaglev trainsin Japan and the opening ofCosmo Clock 21,then the tallestFerris wheelin the world. The 860-metre-long (2,820 ft)Yokohama Bay Bridgeopened in the same year. In 1993, Minato Mirai 21 saw the opening of theYokohama Landmark Tower,thesecond-tallest building in Japan.

The2002 FIFA World Cupfinal was held in June at theInternational Stadium Yokohama.In 2009, the city marked the 150th anniversary of the opening of the port and the 120th anniversary of the commencement of the City Administration. An early part in the commemoration project incorporated the FourthTokyo International Conference on African Development(TICAD IV), which was held in Yokohama in May 2008. In November 2010, Yokohama hosted theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC) meeting.

Geography

[edit]
Sentinel-2 image of Yokohama (2020)

Topography

[edit]

Yokohama has a total area of 437.38 km2(168.87 sq mi) at an elevation of 5 metres (16 ft) above sea level. It is the capital ofKanagawa Prefecture,bordered to the east byTokyo Bayand located in the middle of theKantō plain.The city is surrounded by hills and the characteristic mountain system of the island ofHonshū,so its growth has been limited and it has had to gain ground from the sea. This also affects the population density, one of the highest in Japan with 8,500 inhabitants per km2.

The highest points within the urban boundary are Omaruyama (156 m [512 ft]) and Mount Enkaizan (153 m [502 ft]). The main river is theTsurumi River,which begins in the Tama Hills and empties into thePacific Ocean.[14]

These municipalities surround Yokohama:Kawasaki,Yokosuka,Zushi,Kamakura,Fujisawa,Yamato,Machida.

Geology

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The city is very prone to natural phenomena such asearthquakesandtropical cyclonesbecause the island ofHonshūhas a high level of seismic activity, being in the middle of the PacificRing of Fire.

Most seismic movements are of low intensity and are generally not perceived by people. However, Yokohama has experienced two major tremors that reflect the evolution ofEarthquake engineering:the1923 Great Kantō earthquakedevastated the city and caused more than 100,000 fatalities throughout the region,[15]while the2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami,with its epicenter on the east coast, was felt in the locality but only material damage was lamented because most buildings were already prepared to withstand them.[16]

Climate

[edit]

Yokohama features ahumid subtropical climate(Köppen:Cfa) with hot, humid summers and chilly winters.[17]Weatherwise, Yokohama has a pattern of rain, clouds and sun, although in winter, it is surprisingly sunny, more so than Southern Spain. Winter temperatures rarely drop below freezing, while summer can seem quite warm, because of the effects of humidity.[18]The coldest temperature was on 24 January 1927 when −8.2 °C (17.2 °F) was reached, whilst the hottest day was 11 August 2013 at 37.4 °C (99.3 °F). The highest monthly rainfall was in October 2004 with 761.5 millimetres (30.0 in), closely followed by July 1941 with 753.4 millimetres (29.66 in), whilst December and January have recorded no measurable precipitation three times each.

Climate data for Yokohama (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1896−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.8
(69.4) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		28.7
(83.7) 		31.3
(88.3) 		36.1
(97.0) 		37.2
(99.0) 		37.4
(99.3) 		36.2
(97.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		23.7
(74.7) 		37.4
(99.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		18.9
(66.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.5
(77.9) 		29.4
(84.9) 		31.0
(87.8) 		27.3
(81.1) 		22.0
(71.6) 		17.1
(62.8) 		12.5
(54.5) 		20.2
(68.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		6.7
(44.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.8
(71.2) 		25.6
(78.1) 		27.0
(80.6) 		23.7
(74.7) 		18.5
(65.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		8.7
(47.7) 		16.2
(61.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		3.1
(37.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		22.9
(73.2) 		24.3
(75.7) 		21.0
(69.8) 		15.7
(60.3) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.2
(41.4) 		13.0
(55.4)
Record low °C (°F) −8.2
(17.2) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		3.6
(38.5) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.3
(55.9) 		15.5
(59.9) 		11.2
(52.2) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−8.2
(17.2)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 64.7
(2.55) 		64.7
(2.55) 		139.5
(5.49) 		143.1
(5.63) 		152.6
(6.01) 		188.8
(7.43) 		182.5
(7.19) 		139.0
(5.47) 		241.5
(9.51) 		240.4
(9.46) 		107.6
(4.24) 		66.4
(2.61) 		1,730.8
(68.14)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 4
(1.6) 		4
(1.6) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		9
(3.5)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.5 mm) 5.7 6.3 11.0 10.7 11.1 13.5 12.0 8.8 12.7 12.1 8.6 6.2 118.8
Averagerelative humidity(%) 53 54 60 65 70 78 78 76 76 71 65 57 67
Mean monthlysunshine hours 192.7 167.2 168.8 181.2 187.4 135.9 170.9 206.4 141.2 137.3 151.1 178.1 2,018.3
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[19]

Cityscape

[edit]
Yokohama skyline from Grand Oriental Hotel rooftop (2015)

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
187064,602[20]—
188072,630+12.4%
1890132,627+82.6%
1900196,653+48.3%
1910403,303+105.1%
1920422,942+4.9%
1930620,306+46.7%
1940968,091+56.1%
1950951,188−1.7%
19601,375,710+44.6%
19702,238,264+62.7%
19802,773,674+23.9%
19903,220,331+16.1%
20003,426,651+6.4%
20103,688,773+7.6%
20203,777,491+2.4%

The city's population is 3,772,726 as of 1 June 2024, making it the second-most populated city in the country afterTokyo's 23 special wards.Among Yokohama's 18 wards, the most inhabited wasKohokuwith a population of 364,760, followed byAoba(308,379),Tsurumi(297,230), andTotsuka(282,601). In terms of population density,NishiandMinamiare the most densely populated, with a per square kilometre population exceeding 15,000.[21]Of Yokohama's population, 1,548,077 work outside the city, while 1,226,618 workers commute from outside the city. As these numbers suggest, some of Yokohama's residential areas are commuter suburbs (or "bed towns" as known in Japanese) for those who work in other major cities, primarily Tokyo.[22]

Immigration

[edit]

As of June 2024, Yokohama's population includes 121,042 foreign nationals, making up 3.2% of the total population, with the number having grown significantly in recent years. While all three countries with the number of nationals living in Yokohama as citizens exceeding 10,000 are all in Asia (China,South Korea,Vietnam), other major countries of origin for Yokohama's non-Japanese residents includeBrazil(2,823), theUnited States(2,793),Peru(1,312), theUnited Kingdom(840), andGermany(770).[23]There is no official survey of the citizens' countries of birth, hence these numbers do not include naturalized citizens, but they include foreign nationals born outside their country of citizenship.

Administration

[edit]
Kanagawa Prefectural Office
Kanagawa Prefectural Office
Yokohama City Hall
Yokohama City Hall

Municipal adminsitration

[edit]

Yokohama is one of the 20designated citiesin the country, which means the city has many powers that usually belong to prefectural governments, while having wards as subdivisions with administrative functions. Yokohama city consists of 18 wards, with its government seat inNaka Ward.TheYokohama City Councilconsists of 86 members elected from a total of 18 Wards. TheLDPhas minority control with 36 seats. The incumbent mayor isTakeharu Yamanaka,who defeated his predecessorFumiko Hayashiin the2021 Yokohama mayoral election.

Wards

[edit]

Yokohama has 18wards(ku):

Wards of Yokohama
Place Name Map of Yokohama
Rōmaji Kanji Population Land area in km2 Pop. density

per km2

1 Aoba-ku Thanh diệp khu 302,643 35.14 8,610
A map of Yokohama's Wards
2 Asahi-ku Húc khu 249,045 32.77 7,600
3 Hodogaya-ku Bảo thổ ヶ cốc khu 205,887 21.81 9,400
4 Isogo-ku Cơ tử khu 163,406 19.17 8,520
5 Izumi-ku Tuyền khu 155,674 23.51 6,620
6 Kanagawa-ku Thần nại xuyên khu 230,401 23.88 9,650
7 Kanazawa-ku Kim trạch khu 209,565 31.01 6,760
8 Kōhoku-ku Cảng bắc khu 332,488 31.40 10,588
9 Kōnan-ku Cảng nam khu 221,536 19.87 11,500
10 Midori-ku Lục khu 176,038 25.42 6,900
11 Minami-ku Nam khu 197,019 12.67 15,500
12 Naka-ku(administrative center) Trung khu 146,563 20.86 7,030
13 Nishi-ku Tây khu 93,210 7.04 13,210
14 Sakae-ku Vinh khu 124,845 18.55 6,750
15 Seya-ku Lại cốc khu 126,839 17.11 7,390
16 Totsuka-ku Hộ trủng khu 274,783 35.70 7,697
17 Tsurumi-ku Hạc kiến khu 270,433 33.23 8,140
18 Tsuzuki-ku Đô trúc khu 211,455 27.93 7,535

Economy

[edit]

In 2020, Yokohama's total gross regional product was 14.06 trillion yen or US$133 billion, a 1.9 per cent decrease compared to the previous year due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.This converts to US$35,107 per citizen, below the national average. A large number of Yokohama's citizens work outside the city (693,064 in 2020), primarily inTokyo,and the economic value they generate outside the city does not contribute to Yokohama's economic output. The largest contributors to this figure were wholesale and retail (17.8%), healthcare (11.7%), and academic, professional, or technological services (11.0%).[22]

Major companies headquartered

[edit]

Culture and sights

[edit]
Cherry blossoms on the Kisha-michi Promenade

Yokohama's cultural and tourist sights include:

Museums

[edit]
Yokohama Triennale at Yamashita Pier venue

There are 42 museums in the city area, including.[25]

[edit]

Excursion destinations

[edit]

In 2016, 46,017,157 tourists visited the city, 13.1% of whom were overnight guests.[25]

  • Kodomo no kuni: Means "Children's country". A nice destination to spend an eventful day with the family. Lots of space for walking and playing. There is also a petting zoo.
  • Nogeyama Zoo: One of the few zoos that do not charge admission. It has a large number of animals and a petting zoo where children can play with small animals.
  • Zoorasia: Nice zoo with lots of play options for children. However, in this zoo admission costs.
  • Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise: A large park with an aquarium. Otherwise rides, shops, restaurants, etc.
  • Since 2020, after six years of development, a giant robot namedGundam,which is 18 meters high and weighs 25 tons, has been watching over the port area as a tourist attraction. The giant robot, in which there is a cockpit and whose hands are each two meters long, is based as a figure on a science fiction television series, can move and sink to its knees.[26]The giant robot was manufactured by the company "Gundam Factory Yokohama" under Managing Director Shin Sasaki.
  • Kamonyama Park

Sports

[edit]

Transport

[edit]
See also:Transport in Greater Tokyo
A route map in Yokohama and Tokyo (JR East)

Yokohama is serviced by theTōkaidō Shinkansen,a high-speed rail line with a stop atShin-Yokohama Station.Yokohama Stationis also a major station, with two million passengers daily. TheYokohama Municipal Subway,Minatomirai LineandKanazawa Seaside Lineprovide metro services.

Air transport

[edit]

Yokohama does not have an airport, but is served by Tokyo's two main airportsHaneda Airportwhich is 17.4 km away andNarita International Airportwhich is 77 km away.

Maritime transport

[edit]

Yokohama is the world's 31st largest seaport in terms of total cargo volume, at 121,326 freight tons as of 2011,and is ranked 37th in terms of TEUs (Twenty-foot equivalent units).[27]

In 2013,APM TerminalsYokohama facility was recognized as the most productive container terminal in the world averaging 163 crane moves per hour, per ship between the vessel's arrival and departure at the berth.[28]

Rail transport

[edit]

Railway stations

[edit]
■East Japan Railway Company (JR East)
■Tōkaidō Main Line
■Yokosuka Line
■Keihin-Tōhoku Line
■Negishi Line
■Yokohama Line
■Nambu Line
■Tsurumi Line
■Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central)
■Tōkaidō Shinkansen
  • – Shin-Yokohama –
■Keikyu
■Keikyu Main Line
■Keikyu Zushi Line
■Tokyu Railways
■Tōyoko Line
■Meguro Line
  • – Hiyoshi
■Den-en-toshi Line
■Kodomonokuni Line
■Sagami Railway
■Sagami Railway Main Line
■Izumino Line
■Yokohama Minatomirai Railway
■Minatomirai Line
■Yokohama City Transportation Bureau (Yokohama Municipal Subway)
■Blue Line
■Green Line
■Yokohama New Transit
■Kanazawa Seaside Line

Education

[edit]

Public elementary and middle schools are operated by the city of Yokohama. There are nine public high schools which are operated by the Yokohama City Board of Education,[29]and a number of public high schools which are operated by theKanagawa Prefectural Board of Education.Yokohama National Universityis a leading university in Yokohama which is also one of the highest ranking national universities in Japan.

  • 46,388 children attend the 260 kindergartens.
  • Almost 386,000 students are taught in 351 primary schools.
  • There are 16 universities includingYokohama National University.The number of students is around 83,000.
  • 19 public libraries had 9.5 million loans in 2016.[25]
[edit]

International relations

[edit]
Yokohama Chinatown
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

Yokohama istwinnedwith:[31]

Yokohama also cooperates with:

Partner cities

[edit]

Sister ports

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^"YOKOHAMA | Meaning & Definition for UK English | Lexico.com".En.oxforddictionaries.com.Archivedfrom the original on April 1, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 19,2022.
  2. ^"Memories of old Honmoku".The Japan Times.May 19, 1999.Archivedfrom the original on April 15, 2021.RetrievedMarch 3,2021.
  3. ^"Yokohama City History, pg. 3"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on July 9, 2018.RetrievedJuly 9,2018.
  4. ^Der Große Brockhaus.16. edition. Vol. 6. F. A. Brockhaus, Wiesbaden 1955, p. 82
  5. ^"Official Yokohama city website it is fresh".City.yokohama.jp. Archived fromthe originalon June 12, 2010.RetrievedMay 5,2010.
  6. ^Arita, Erika, "Happy Birthday Yokohama!ArchivedAugust 31, 2010, at theWayback Machine",The Japan Times,May 24, 2009, p. 7.
  7. ^abDriscoll, Mark W. (2020).The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection.Durham:Duke University Press.ISBN978-1-4780-1121-7.
  8. ^Fukue, Natsuko, "Chinese immigrants played vital roleArchivedAugust 24, 2010, at theWayback Machine",Japan Times,May 28, 2009, p. 3.
  9. ^Matsutani, Minoru, "Yokohama – city on the cutting edgeArchivedAugust 26, 2010, at theWayback Machine",Japan Times,May 29, 2009, p. 3.
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Sources

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Notes

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  1. ^AlthoughTokyohas over 10 million more people than Yokohama, there has been no singleTokyo municipalitysince 1943.
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