Jump to content

Yugoslav torpedo boatT5

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Yugoslav torpedo boatT5
a black and white photograph of a medium-sized ship underway
T5'ssister ship,T3,the only significant external difference was thatT5had two funnels
History
Austria-Hungary
Name87 Fthen87
BuilderGanz & Danubius
Laid down5 March 1914
Launched20 March 1915
Commissioned28 September 1915
Out of serviceNovember 1918
FateAssigned to theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
NameT5
AcquiredMarch 1921
Out of serviceApril 1941
FateCaptured by Italy
Italy
NameT5
AcquiredApril 1941
Out of serviceSeptember 1943
FateReturned to Yugoslavia
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
NameT5
AcquiredDecember 1943
Out of serviceMay 1945
Yugoslavia
NameCer(Цер)
NamesakeBattle of Cer(1914)
AcquiredMay 1945
Out of service1963
FateBroken up
General characteristics
Class and type250t-class,F-group sea-goingtorpedo boat
Displacement
  • 243.9 t (240long tons)
  • 267 t (263 long tons) (full load)
Length58.76 m (192 ft 9 in)
Beam5.84 m (19 ft 2 in)
Draught1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
Installed power
Propulsion
Speed28–29kn(52–54 km/h; 32–33 mph)
Range1,200nmi(2,200 km; 1,400 mi) at 16 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Complement41
Armament

T5was a sea-goingtorpedo boatoperated by theRoyal Yugoslav Navybetween 1921 and 1941. Originally87 F,a250t-class torpedo boatof theAustro-Hungarian Navybuilt in 1914–1915, she was armed with two 66 mm (2.6 in) guns and four 450 mm (17.7 in)torpedo tubes,and could carry 10–12naval mines.She saw active service duringWorld War I,performingconvoy,patrol, escort andminesweepingtasks,anti-submarine operationsandshore bombardmentmissions. In 1917 the suffixes of all Austro-Hungarian torpedo boats were removed, and thereafter she was referred to as87.She was part of the escort force for the Austro-HungariandreadnoughtSzent Istvánduring the action that resulted in the sinking of that ship byItaliantorpedo boats in June 1918, and rescued many of her crew.

FollowingAustria-Hungary's defeat in 1918,87was allocated to the Navy of theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes,which later became the Royal Yugoslav Navy, and was renamedT5.At the time, she and the seven other 250t-class boats were the only modern sea-going vessels of the fledgling maritime force. During theinterwar period,T5and the rest of the navy were involved in exercises of training and cruises to friendly ports, but activity was limited by reduced naval budgets. The boat was captured by the Italians during the German-led Axisinvasion of Yugoslaviain April 1941. After her main armament was modernised, she served with theRoyal Italian Navyunder her Yugoslav designation, conducting coastal and second-line escort duties in theAdriatic Sea.Following the Italiancapitulationin September 1943, she was returned to the Royal Yugoslav Navy-in-exile and continued serving asT5.At the end of the war, she was transferred to the newYugoslav Navyand served asCeringuard ship,patrol shipandtraining shiproles until she wasstricken off the naval registerin 1963 andscrappedsoon after.

Background

[edit]

In 1910, theAustria-HungaryNaval Technical Committee initiated the design and development of a 275-tonne(271-long-ton) coastaltorpedo boat,specifying that it should be capable of sustaining 30knots(56 km/h; 35 mph) for 10 hours.[1][2]At the same time, the committee issued design parameters for a high seas or fleet torpedo boat of 500–550 t (490–540 long tons), top speed of 30 kn and endurance of 480 nautical miles (890 km; 550 mi). This design would have been a larger and better-armed vessel than the existing Austro-Hungarian 400-tonne (390-long-ton)Huszár-classdestroyers.[3]The specification for the high seas torpedo boat was based on an expectation that theStrait of Otranto,where theAdriatic Seameets theIonian Sea,would beblockadedby hostile forces during a future conflict. In such circumstances, there would be a need for a torpedo boat that could sail from theAustro-Hungarian Navy(German:kaiserliche und königliche Kriegsmarine,Hungarian:Császári és Királyi Haditengerészet) base at theBocche di Cattaro(the Bocche or Bay of Kotor) to the strait during the night, locate and attack blockading ships and return to port before morning.Steam turbinepower was selected for propulsion, asdieselswith the necessary power were not available, and the Austro-Hungarian Navy did not have the practical experience to runturbo-electricboats.[2]Despite having developed these ideas, the Austro-Hungarian Navy then asked shipyards to submit proposals for a 250 t (250-long-ton) boat with a maximum speed of 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph).[1]Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino(STT) ofTriestewas selected for the contract to build the first eight vessels, designated as the T-group. Another tender was requested for four more boats, but whenGanz & Danubiusreduced their price by ten per cent, a total of sixteen boats were ordered from them, designated the F-group.[2]The F-group designation signified the location of Ganz & Danubius' main shipyard atFiume.[4]

Description and construction

[edit]
Further information:250t-class torpedo boat § F-group

The250t-classF-group boats had short raisedforecastlesand an openbridge,and were fast and agile, well designed for service in the Adriatic.[5]They had awaterline lengthof 58.76 metres (192 ft 9 in), abeamof 5.84 m (19 ft 2 in), and a normaldraughtof 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). While their designeddisplacementwas 243.9 t (240 long tons), they displaced 267 tonnes (263 long tons) fully loaded.[6]The boats were powered by twoAEG-Curtis steam turbines driving twopropellers,using steam generated by twoYarrowwater-tube boilers,[2]one of which burnedfuel oiland the other coal.[4]There were two boiler rooms, one behind the other.[7]The turbines were rated at 5,000shaft horsepower(3,700kW) with a maximum output of 6,000 shp (4,500 kW) and were designed to propel the boats to a top speed of 28–29 kn (52–54 km/h; 32–33 mph).[6]They carried 20.2 tonnes (19.9 long tons) of coal and 31 tonnes (30.5 long tons) of fuel oil, which gave them a range of 1,200nautical miles(2,200 km; 1,400 mi) at 16 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph).[7]The F-group had twofunnelsrather than the single funnel of the T-group.[2]79 Tand the rest of the 250t class were classified as high seas torpedo boats by the Austro-Hungarian Navy, despite being smaller than the original concept for a coastal torpedo boat.[1][8]The naval historian Zvonimir Freivogel states that this type of situation was common due to the parsimony of the Austro-Hungarian Navy.[1]They were the first small Austro-Hungarian Navy boats to use turbines, and this contributed to ongoing problems with them,[2]which had to be progressively solved once they were in service.[5]The crew consisted of three officers and thirty-eight enlisted men.[9]The vessel carried one 4 m (13 ft)yawlas aship's boat.[10]

The boats were armed with twoŠkoda66 mm (2.6 in)L/30[a]guns, with the forward gun mounted on the forecastle, and the aft gun on thequarterdeck.[7]A 40 cm (16 in)searchlightwas mounted above thebridge.[12]They were also armed with four 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes mounted in pairs, with one pair mounted between the forecastle and bridge, and the other aft of the mainmast.[7]They could also carry 10–12naval mines.[4]

The first of the F-group to be completed at Ganz-Danubius' main shipyard at Fiume,[13]87 Fwaslaid downon 5 March 1914,launchedon 20 March 1915, andcommissionedon 28 September.[13][14]Prior to her commissioning, one 8 mm (0.31 in)Schwarzlose M.7/12 machine gunwas included in the armament of all boats of the class foranti-aircraftwork. Four mounting points were installed so that the machine gun could be mounted in the most effective position depending on the expected direction of attack.[15]

Career

[edit]

World War I

[edit]

The original concept of operation for the 250t-class boats was that they would sail in aflotillaat the rear of a cruising battle formation, and were to intervene in fighting only if the battleships around which the formation was established were disabled, or in order to attack damaged enemy battleships.[16]When a torpedo attack was ordered, it was to be led by a scout cruiser, supported by two destroyers to repel any enemy torpedo boats. A group of four to six torpedo boats would deliver the attack under the direction of the flotilla commander.[17]On 9 December 1915,87 F,two other 250t-class boats, twoKaiman-classtorpedo boats and three destroyers accompanied theprotected cruiserSzigetvárto escort Austro-Hungarian seaplanes attackingAncona.Five days later,Szigetvárled a similar seaplane raid onRimini,escorted by two destroyers, twoKaiman-class boats, and three 250t-class boats including87 F.[18]

On 14 January 1916,87 Flaid mines in theGulf of Triest.On 2 February87 F,two other 250t-class boats and theHuszár-class destroyerWildfangwere sent from the main Austro-Hungarian naval base atPola– in the northern Adriatic – to the Bocche escorting thearmoured cruiserSankt Georgand thescout cruiserHelgoland.[19][20]The following day this group of vessels conducted a shore bombardment operation against the Italian coast nearSan Vito Chietino,including the railway line betweenOrtonaandTollo.[21]During this operation,Sankt Georgexchanged fire with an Italianarmed trainoperated by theRoyal Italian Navy(Italian:Regia Marina), equipped with 4.7 in (12 cm) guns.[19]On 6 February,Helgoland,87 Fand five other 250t-class boats were sent to intercept the British light cruiserHMSLiverpooland ItalianRosolino Pilo-classdestroyerPilade Bronzettiwhich had attackedWildfangwhile she was escorting a seaplane raid.[19]Instead of meeting the pair that had forcedWildfangto retreat, the Austro-Hungarian force encountered the British light cruiserHMSWeymouthand FrenchBouclier-classdestroyerBouclier– which had since relieved them – north ofDurazzoin Albania.[22]The torpedo boats manoeuvred into two groups of three for the attack, but in one of the groups two leading boats collided, with one sustaining damage, forcing that group to retreat to the port ofBudvain Austro-Hungarian-occupiedMontenegro,and the other group pressed their attack unsuccessfully. The entire Austro-Hungarian force then returned to the Bocche, having lost an opportunity to interdict significant convoy traffic further south between Albania and Italy.[19]

On 4/5 July 1916,Helgolandled an unproductive raid on theOtranto Barrage,theAlliednaval blockade of the Strait of Otranto, escorted by three destroyers,87 F,and85 F.[23]On the night of 8/9 July, the scout cruiserNovaraled87 Fand twoKaiman-class boats in a more successful raid on the barrage which resulted in the sinking of twodrifters,[22]damage to two more, and the capture of nine crew asprisoners of war.The force was chased by Italian destroyers, but escaped with the assistance of Austro-Hungarian seaplanes from the Bocche that attacked the Italian ships.[24]On 15 August,87 Fjoined85 Fand two destroyers to search for the missing seaplane L 87, which was located and towed to the Bocche the following day.[23]On 28 August, a large force led bySankt Georg,the armoured cruiserKaiser Karl VI,NovaraandHelgoland,escorted by five destroyers,87 Fand three other 250t-class boats, steamed to the Italian coast in an attempt to draw Italian ships into a trap set with four Austro-Hungarianu-boats.The Italians did not detect the Austro-Hungarian ships due to fog, and the operation was a failure.[25]On 23 September,87along with two other 250t-class boats and a Kaiman-class boat laid mines outside the port of Durazzo.[26]On the night of 4/5 October,87 Fand two other 250t-class boats steamed to the barrage but located no targets.[27]On 4 November 1916, three Italian destroyers and three torpedo boats were involved in a brief encounter in the northern Adriatic with two Austro-Hungarian destroyers accompanied by87 Fand two other 250t-class boats. The following day, the same three torpedo boats conducted a shore bombardment ofSant'Elpidio a Marewhile en route to Pola which resulted in an artillery duel with an Italian armoured train.[20][28]

In 1917, one of87 F's 66 mm guns may have been placed on an anti-aircraft mount. According to the naval historian Zvonimir Freivogel, sources vary on whether these mounts were added to all boats of the class, and on whether these mounts were added to the forward or aft gun.[29]On 21 May 1917, the suffix of all Austro-Hungarian torpedo boats was removed, and thereafter they were referred to only by the numeral.[2]On 25 May, as part of a force that included six destroyers and five other torpedo boats,87undertook a scouting mission along the Italian coast without meeting any Allied vessels.[20]On 18 October,87and five of her 250t-class sisters joined three destroyers and three seaplanes in escorting three steamers towing 32 boats from Pola toPiranoto reinforce Austro-Hungarian forces on theItalian frontahead of the forthcomingBattle of Caporettoin which the Italian forces were routed.[30]On 28 October,87and four other 250t-class boats escorted the scout cruiserAdmiral SpaunfromĐenovićiin the Bocche to Triest. The following day she was tasked to sweep mines betweenSistiana– a village northwest of Triest – and the mouth of the Sdobba River which discharges theIsonzointo the Adriatic.[20]The next day,87along with other 250t-class boats she escorted theAdmiral Spaunin an attack on the harbour ofGradobetween Venice and Triest.[31]The next day, along with theAdmiral Spaunand five other 250t-class boats,87supported the landing of the "Young Riflemen" from Triest at newly captured Grado.[20]With cover from two destroyers,87and seven other torpedo boats were laying mines between Venice and Ancona – to disrupt the Italian withdrawal from theIsonzo Front– on 19 November when they were intercepted by four Italian destroyers, but managed to escape.[32][33]On 28 November, a number of 250t-class boats were involved in two shore bombardment missions. In the second mission,87joined seven other 250t-class boats and six destroyers for the bombardment ofPorto Corsini,MarottaandCesenatico.[34]On 7 December,87and78were part of a patrol alongside four destroyers when they were tasked to retrieve the seaplane K219 which had undergone a forced landing in waters off Ancona, but while under tow by87the seaplane capsized and had to bescuttled.During 1917,87conducted a further seven support missions for seaplane raids, three minesweeping tasks, and escorted ten convoys.[35]

On 4 February 1918,87and two of her sisters accompanied four destroyers on a mission supporting seaplanes attacking the air station at Venice.[36]87retrieved the seaplane K210 which had been forced landed off the west Istrian town ofUmagoon 1 May.[35]By 1918, the Allies had strengthened their ongoing blockade on the Strait of Otranto, as foreseen by the Austro-Hungarian Navy. As a result, it was becoming more difficult for theGermanand Austro-HungarianU-boatsto get through the strait and into theMediterranean Sea.In response to these blockades, the new commander of the Austro-Hungarian Navy,KonteradmiralMiklós Horthy,decided to launch an attack on the Allied defenders withbattleships,scout cruisers, and destroyers.[37]During the night of 8 June, Horthy left Pola in the upper Adriatic with thedreadnought battleshipsViribus UnitisandPrinz Eugen.At about 23:00 on 9 June 1918, after some difficulties getting theharbour defence barrageopened, the dreadnoughtsSzent IstvánandTegetthoff,[38]escorted by one destroyer and six torpedo boats, including87,also departed Pola and set course forSlano,north of Ragusa, to rendezvous with Horthy in preparation for a coordinated attack on the Otranto Barrage. About 03:15 on 10 June,[b]while returning from an uneventful patrol off theDalmatiancoast, twoRoyal Italian Navy(Italian:Regia Marina)MAS boats,MAS 15andMAS 21,spotted the smoke from the Austrian ships. Both boats successfully penetrated the escort screen and split to engage the dreadnoughts individually.MAS 21attackedTegetthoff,but her torpedoes missed.[40]Under the command ofLuigi Rizzo,MAS 15fired two torpedoes at 03:25, both of which hitSzent István.Both boats evaded pursuit. The torpedo hits onSzent Istvánwere abreast herboiler rooms,which flooded, knocking out power to the pumps.Szent Istváncapsizedless than three hours after being torpedoed.[39]In the aftermath of the sinking,87rescued 113 ofSzent István's crew.[35]This disaster essentially ended major Austro-Hungarian fleet operations in the Adriatic for the remaining months of the war.[41]

On 18 July, conducted an anti-submarine mission near the islet of Porer south of the Istrian peninsula, and on 12 August she was sent south to the Bocche.[35]On 26 September,87was one of four 250t-class boats that assisted two destroyers escorting three steamers when they were attacked off Cape Menders (current day Cape Mendra nearUlcinj,Montenegro) by the British submarineH1.[42]Three days later,87along with82,93,96and theErsatz Triglav-classdestroyersLika,DuklaandUzsoklaid mines in theBay of Drimoff northern Albania.[43]On 2 October,87was at Durazzo in Albania when the port was bombarded by a multinational Allied naval force. The only other Austro-Hungarian warships in port were the destroyersDinaraandScharfschutze,and they were seriously outnumbered and outgunned by the Allied force, which included seven cruisers and eleven destroyers.[35][44]87escaped with minor damage when she was struck by a torpedo that failed to detonate,[31][45]but damaged her hull and caused her to start taking on water. The Allied force withdrew after the Austro-Hungarian submarineSMU-31hit and damagedWeymouthwith a torpedo.87was withdrawn to Pola for repairs.[35]This was the last major action involving the Austro-Hungarian Navy.[45]During 1918,87conducted a further six minesweeping tasks, 49 convoy escorts and several anti-submarine patrols.[35]

Interwar period

[edit]

87survived the war intact.[2]In 1920, under the terms of the previous year'sTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Layeby whichrump Austriaofficially ended World War I, she was allocated to theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes(KSCS, later Yugoslavia). Along with three other 250t-class F-group boats,93,96and97,and four 250t-class T-group boats, she served with theRoyal Yugoslav Navy(Serbo-Croatian Latin:Kraljevska Mornarica,KM; Краљевска Морнарица). Transferred in March 1921,[46]in KM service,87was renamedT5.[4]When the navy was formed, she and the other seven 250t-class boats were the only modern sea-going vessels in the KM.[47]During the French occupation of Cattaro, the original torpedo tubes were destroyed or damaged, and new ones of the same size were ordered from theNejedilfactory inCzechoslovakia.[7]In KM service it was intended to replace one or both guns on each boat of the 250t class with a longer Škoda 66 mm (2.6 in) L/45 gun, and it is believed that this included the forward gun onT5.[9]She was also fitted with twoZbrojovka15 mm (0.59 in) machine guns.[7]In KM service, the crew increased to 52,[9]and she was commissioned in 1923.[48]

In 1925, exercises were conducted off the Dalmatian coast, involving the majority of the navy.[49]In May and June 1929, six of the eight 250t-class torpedo boats – includingT5– accompanied the light cruiserDalmacija,thesubmarine tenderHvarand the submarinesHrabriandNebojša,on a cruise toMalta,the Greek island ofCorfuin the Ionian Sea, andBizertein theFrench protectorate of Tunisia.[50]The ships and crews made a very good impression while visiting Malta.[51]In 1932, the British navalattachéreported that Yugoslav ships engaged in few exercises, manoeuvres or gunnery training due to reduced budgets.[52]By 1939, the maximum speed achieved by the 250t class in Yugoslav service had declined to 24 kn (44 km/h; 28 mph).[9]

World War II and post-war service

[edit]

In April 1941, Yugoslavia enteredWorld War IIwhen it wasinvadedby theGerman-ledAxis powers.At the time of the invasion,T5was assigned to the 3rd Torpedo Division located atŠibenik,which also included her sistersT3,T6andT7.On the first day of the invasion, 6 April, they were anchored across the entrance of theSt. Anthony Channelthat links Šibenik Bay to the Adriatic, on a line betweenJadrijaon the northern side of the channel and Zablaće on the southern side, when aircraft of theRegia Aeronautica(Italian Royal Air Force) attacked Šibenik.[48]On the same day,Kapetan bojnog broda[c]Ivan Kernarrived to take command of the division, and the four boats sailed up the channel towards Šibenik then north toZatonwhere they were again attacked unsuccessfully by Italian bombers.[31]T3incurred boiler damage and was sent south toPrimoštenfor repairs to be undertaken.[48]

On 8 April more unsuccessful Italian air attacks on the three boats occurred, and the only effective anti-aircraft gun between them – the 40 mm (1.6 in) gun onT6– malfunctioned. The three vessels then sailed east acrossLake ProkljantoSkradinwhere the population begged them to leave the harbour to avoid the town being bombed by the Italians. Their request was rebuffed, and during an Italian bombing raid some of the boats along with thewater carrierPerunwere slightly damaged.[54]On the following morning, Italian aircraft attempted to sinkPerunusingaerial torpedoes,but all missed. In response, Kern orderedT6to escortPerunto the Bay of Kotor, and the two vessels arrived there the next day without incident, whereT6's malfunctioning gun was repaired and she was loaded with weapons, supplies and extra men and sent to Šibenik. On the return journey she stopped atMakarskaand learned of the declaration of the creation of the Axis puppetfasciststate, theIndependent State of Croatia(NDH).[55]On the same day, the division, along with other vessels, were tasked to support an attack on the Italian enclave ofZaraon the Dalmatian coast, which was quickly cancelled as soon as the establishment of the NDH was declared.[56][57]On the evening of 11 April,T6met withT5and the rest of the division near Šibenik. Kern ordered her to deliver her load to Šibenik then meet the rest of the division atMilnaon the island ofBrač,which she did on 12 April. Kern was unable to obtain orders from Šibenik Command by telephone, so took theUskok-classtorpedo boatUskokto try to obtain some. His second-in-command was unable to maintain order, and a third of the crews deserted. When Kern returned, he gave orders to sail to the Bay of Kotor,[55]but the crews of the division refused to follow his orders.[58]He retrieved his personal gear fromT7and taking command ofUskok,sailed to the Bay of Kotor.[55]Eventually Kern fled into exile with other KM vessels.[59]On 13 April, theOrjen-classtorpedo boatTriglavarrived with orders that the division should return to Šibenik to evacuate the staff of Šibenik Command. The first order was complied with, but upon arrival at Šibenik the boat crews were given the choice of returning to their homes or sailing toSplitto join the NDH navy. The boats then sailed to nearby Divulje, to follow through on an intention to join NDH navy,[31]but all four boats of the division were then captured by the Italians.[60]

T5was then operated by the Italians under her Yugoslav designation, conducting coastal, second-line escort, and anti-Partisanduties in the Adriatic. Her main guns were replaced by two76.2 mm (3.00 in) L/30anti-aircraft guns,[61]she was fitted with one or twoBreda 20 mm (0.79 in) L/65anti-aircraft guns,[62]her bridge was enclosed,[5]and one pair of torpedo tubes may have also been removed.[63]She was also painted in a camouflage pattern.[64]According to Italian records, in February 1942,T5and her sisterT6(ex-93 Fthen93) chased an Allied submarine between Split and the island of Mulo near Primošten, but there is no record of this incident in British records.[31]On 8 October 1942,T5was escorting thecoastal steamshipGiuseppe Magliulowhen they were unsuccessfully attacked by the British submarineHMSSafarinearCape Planka.[65]On 28 December 1942, the Partisans established their first naval station atPodgoraon the Dalmatian coast. From this base, the fledglingPartisan Navyattacked and captured five coastal steamships over the next few days. On 1 January 1943,T5,along with two captured YugoslavArbe-classminelayers, a patrol vessel and an armed tug, attacked Podgora from the sea, and an Italian landing party was put ashore. The Italian troops were repelled by the Partisan 4th Dalmatian Brigade. The operation was repeated three days later, with the addition of air support, but a planned second landing was cancelled.[66]On 12 February,T5was escorting a convoy of four coastal steamers near Cape Planka whenHMSThunderboltunsuccessfully attacked the group.[65]

About 18:00 on 10 September 1943, at the time of the Italiancapitulation,T5,thesub-chaserErnesto Giovannini,and several smaller vessels escaped from Split.[67]The commander ofMaridalmazia(the maritime command of Dalmatia),Ammiraglio di divisione[d]Antonio Bobbiese,along with his staff, escaped from Split on board a motor boat and when he arrived at the island ofSusakoff the northern Adriatic coast, he took overT5.[67]The boat reached the island ofLastovowest ofDubrovnikand on the evening of 13 September sailed in a convoy toBrindisiin Italy, docking there at midday the following day. Bobbiese was strongly reprimanded for leaving his command prematurely.[68]T5was sent to Malta and returned to the KM-in-exile on 7 December, but was not considered operational and thus survived the war.[2][69]

T5was commissioned asCerby the newYugoslav Navyafter the war, initially as astražarski brod(guard ship) with the designation SBR 92. She was later reclassified as apatrolni brod(patrol ship) with the designation PBR 92. Her post-war fit-out included replacing her guns with two semi-automatic Škoda 40 mm L/67 anti-aircraft guns on single mounts, one quadruple and one twin mount ofFlakvierling 38 20 mm (0.79 in) guns,and one set of torpedo tubes were removed. She was fitted with two depth charge racks. In JRM service her maximum speed was 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph), her range amounted to 1,100 nmi (2,000 km; 1,300 mi) at 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph), and she had a crew of 52.Cerwas allocated to the JRM's 6th Division, which largely consisted ofescort destroyers,and was also employed in a training role,[70]until she wasstricken off the naval registerin 1963.[35]She was then towed to theBrodospasscrapyard at Split to bebroken up.[70]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^L/30 denotes the length of the gun's barrel. In this case, the L/30 gun is 30calibre,meaning that the barrel was 30 times as long as the diameter of its bore.[11]
  2. ^Sources differ on what the exact time was when the attack took place. Sieche states that the time was 3:15 am when theSzent Istvánwas hit,[39]while Sokol claims that the time was 3:30 am.[38]
  3. ^Kapetan bojnog brodain the KM was equivalent to a contemporary BritishRoyal Navycaptain.[53]
  4. ^Ammiraglio di divisionein theRegia Marinawas equivalent to a contemporary BritishRoyal Navyvice admiral.[53]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^abcdFreivogel 2022,p. 60.
  2. ^abcdefghiGardiner 1985,p. 339.
  3. ^Freivogel 2022,p. 59.
  4. ^abcdGreger 1976,p. 58.
  5. ^abcFreivogel 2020,p. 102.
  6. ^abFreivogel 2022,p. 70.
  7. ^abcdefFreivogel 2020,p. 115.
  8. ^O'Hara, Worth & Dickson 2013,pp. 26–27.
  9. ^abcdFreivogel 2020,p. 103.
  10. ^Freivogel 2022,p. 65.
  11. ^Friedman 2011,p. 294.
  12. ^Freivogel 2022,pp. 64–65.
  13. ^abFreivogel 2022,p. 63.
  14. ^Greger 1976,p. 60.
  15. ^Freivogel 2022,p. 67.
  16. ^Freivogel 2019,p. 68.
  17. ^Freivogel 2019,p. 69.
  18. ^Freivogel 2019,p. 206.
  19. ^abcdFreivogel 2019,p. 221.
  20. ^abcdeFreivogel 2022,p. 94.
  21. ^Cernuschi & O'Hara 2015,p. 169.
  22. ^abCernuschi & O'Hara 2015,p. 170.
  23. ^abFreivogel 2022,p. 88.
  24. ^Freivogel 2019,p. 238.
  25. ^Freivogel 2019,p. 255.
  26. ^Freivogel 2022,p. 100.
  27. ^Freivogel 2019,p. 256.
  28. ^Cernuschi & O'Hara 2015,p. 171.
  29. ^Freivogel 2022,p. 66.
  30. ^Freivogel 2019,p. 324.
  31. ^abcdeFreivogel 2020,p. 116.
  32. ^Freivogel 2022,pp. 94–95.
  33. ^Freivogel 2019,pp. 341–342.
  34. ^Cernuschi & O'Hara 2016,p. 68.
  35. ^abcdefghFreivogel 2022,p. 95.
  36. ^Freivogel 2019,p. 368.
  37. ^Sokol 1968,pp. 133–134.
  38. ^abSokol 1968,p. 134.
  39. ^abSieche 1991,pp. 127, 131.
  40. ^Sokol 1968,p. 135.
  41. ^Cernuschi & O'Hara 2016,p. 75.
  42. ^Freivogel 2019,p. 386.
  43. ^Freivogel 2022,p. 93.
  44. ^Freivogel 2019,pp. 386–387.
  45. ^abHalpern 2012,pp. 259–261.
  46. ^Vego 1982,p. 345.
  47. ^Chesneau 1980,p. 355.
  48. ^abcFreivogel 2020,p. 104.
  49. ^Jarman 1997a,p. 733.
  50. ^Adriatic Guard 1930.
  51. ^Jarman 1997b,p. 183.
  52. ^Jarman 1997b,p. 451.
  53. ^abFreivogel 2020,p. 348.
  54. ^Freivogel & Rastelli 2015,p. 97.
  55. ^abcFreivogel & Rastelli 2015,p. 98.
  56. ^Terzić 1982,p. 333.
  57. ^Freivogel 2020,p. 25.
  58. ^Terzić 1982,p. 404.
  59. ^Freivogel & Rastelli 2015,pp. 100–101.
  60. ^Greger 1976,pp. 58 & 60.
  61. ^Brescia 2012,p. 151.
  62. ^Freivogel 2020,pp. 116 & 119.
  63. ^Freivogel 2020,p. 119.
  64. ^Freivogel 2020,p. 123.
  65. ^abFreivogel & Rastelli 2015,p. 142.
  66. ^Freivogel & Rastelli 2015,pp. 128–129.
  67. ^abFreivogel & Rastelli 2015,p. 164.
  68. ^Freivogel 2020,pp. 116–117.
  69. ^Freivogel 2020,p. 117.
  70. ^abFreivogel 2021,pp. 107–108.

References

[edit]
  • Brescia, Maurizio (2012).Mussolini's Navy.Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Seaforth Publishing.ISBN978-1-59114-544-8.
  • Cernuschi, Enrico & O'Hara, Vincent P. (2015). "The Naval War in the Adriatic Part I: 1914–1916". In Jordan, John (ed.).Warship 2015.London: Bloomsbury. pp. 161–173.ISBN978-1-84486-295-5.
  • Cernuschi, Enrico & O'Hara, Vincent P. (2016). "The Naval War in the Adriatic Part II: 1917–1918". In Jordan, John (ed.).Warship 2016.London: Bloomsbury. pp. 62–75.ISBN978-1-84486-438-6.
  • Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980).Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946.London: Conway Maritime Press.ISBN978-0-85177-146-5.
  • Freivogel, Zvonimir & Rastelli, Achille (2015).Adriatic Naval War 1940-1945.Zagreb: Despot Infinitus.ISBN978-953-7892-44-9.
  • Freivogel, Zvonimir (2019).The Great War in the Adriatic Sea 1914–1918.Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus.ISBN978-953-8218-40-8.
  • Freivogel, Zvonimir (2020).Warships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy 1918-1945.Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus.ISBN978-953-8218-72-9.
  • Freivogel, Zvonimir (2021).Warships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy 1945-1991.Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus.ISBN978-953-366-006-6.
  • Freivogel, Zvonimir (2022).Austro-Hungarian Torpedo-Boats in World War One.Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus.ISBN978-953-366-036-9.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)
  • Friedman, Norman(2011).Naval Weapons of World War One.Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN978-1-84832-100-7.
  • Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1985).Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921.London: Conway Maritime Press.ISBN978-0-85177-245-5.
  • Greger, René (1976).Austro-Hungarian Warships of World War I.London: Ian Allan.ISBN978-0-7110-0623-2.
  • Halpern, Paul G. (2012).A Naval History of World War I.Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN978-0-87021-266-6.
  • Jarman, Robert L., ed. (1997a).Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965.Vol. 1. Slough, Berkshire: Archives Edition.ISBN978-1-85207-950-5.
  • Jarman, Robert L., ed. (1997b).Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965.Vol. 2. Slough, Berkshire: Archives Edition.ISBN978-1-85207-950-5.
  • O'Hara, Vincent; Worth, Richard & Dickson, W. (2013).To Crown the Waves: The Great Navies of the First World War.Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN978-1-61251-269-3.
  • Sieche, Erwin F. (1991). "S.M.S. Szent István: Hungaria's Only and Ill-Fated Dreadnought".Warship International.XXVII(2): 112–146.ISSN0043-0374.
  • Sokol, Anthony Eugene (1968).The Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Navy.Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Institute.OCLC1912.
  • Spomenica prvog putovanja kr. mornarice u inostrane vode: Krf-Malta-Bizerta: Maj, 1929[The Account of the First Voyage of the Royal Navy to Foreign Waters: Corfu–Malta-Bizerte: May 1929] (in Serbo-Croatian). Split, Yugoslavia: Izvršni odbor Jadranske straže [Executive Board of the Adriatic Guard]. 1930.OCLC442500742.
  • Terzić, Velimir (1982).Slom Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1941: Uzroci i posledice poraza[The Collapse of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941: Causes and Consequences of Defeat] (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 2. Belgrade, Yugoslavia: Narodna knjiga.OCLC10276738.
  • Vego, Milan (1982). "The Yugoslav Navy 1918–1941".Warship International.XIX(4): 342–361.ISSN0043-0374.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_torpedo_boat_T5&oldid=1253067764"