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Zaporizhzhia

Coordinates:47°51′00″N35°07′03″E/ 47.85000°N 35.11750°E/47.85000; 35.11750
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For other uses, seeZaporizhzhia (disambiguation).

Zaporizhzhia
Запоріжжя
City
Ukrainiantranscription(s)
•National/"BGN/PCGN"Zaporizhzhia
•ALA-LCZaporiz͡hz͡hi͡a
•ScholarlyZaporižžja
From top to bottom and left to right:
Flag of Zaporizhzhia
Flag
Coat of arms of Zaporizhzhia
Coat of arms
Official logo of Zaporizhzhia
Tourist logo (since 2017)
Zaporizhzhia is located in Zaporizhzhia Oblast
Zaporizhzhia
Zaporizhzhia
Zaporizhzhia is located in Ukraine
Zaporizhzhia
Zaporizhzhia
Coordinates:47°51′00″N35°07′03″E/ 47.85000°N 35.11750°E/47.85000; 35.11750
CountryUkraine
OblastZaporizhzhia Oblast
RaionZaporizhzhia Raion
HromadaZaporizhzhia urban hromada
Founded1770
City rights1806
Raions
7
Government
•MayorRehina Kharchenko[uk]
Area
•City334 km2(129 sq mi)
• Metro
4,675 km2(1,805 sq mi)
Population
(2022)
•City710,052
• Density1,365.2/km2(3,536/sq mi)
•Metro
840,866
Time zoneUTC+2(EET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+3(EEST)
Postal code
69xxx
Area code+380 61(2)
ClimateDfa

Zaporizhzhia[1][note 1](Ukrainian:Запоріжжя,IPA:[zɐpoˈriʒʲːɐ]ⓘ;‹See Tfd›Russian:Запорожье,romanized:Zaporozhye,IPA:[zəpɐˈroʐje]ⓘ), formerly known asOleksandrivskuntil 1921,[note 2]is a city in southeastUkraine,situated on the banks of theDnieper River.It is theadministrative centreofZaporizhzhia Oblast.[2]Zaporizhzhia has a population of710,052 (2022 estimate).[3]

Zaporizhzhia is known for the historic island ofKhortytsia,multiplepower stationsand for being an important industrial centre. Steel, aluminium, aircraft engines, automobiles, transformers for substations, and other heavy industrial goods are produced in the region.

Names and etymology

The nameZaporizhzhiarefers to the position of the city: "beyond the rapids" —downstream or south of theDnieper Rapids.These were previously an impediment to navigation and the site of importantportages.In 1932, the rapids were flooded to become part of the reservoir of theDnieper Hydroelectric Station.[4]

Before 1921, the city was called Aleksandrovsk (or Oleksandrivsk), named after the original fortress that formed a part of theDnieper Defence Lineof theRussian Empire.

History

Main article:History of Zaporizhzhia

Zaporizhzhia was founded in 1770, when the Aleksandrovskaya (Александровская) Fortress was built as a part of the Dnieper Defence Line, to protect the southern territories of the Russian Empire fromCrimean Tatarinvasions.[5]Following theTreaty of Küçük Kaynarcain 1775, the southern lands of the Russian Plain and the Crimean peninsula were absorbed into the Russian Empire. The Aleksandrovskaya Fortress then lost its military significance, and became a small rural town, which from 1806 to around 1930 was called Alexandrovsk.[4]

The opening of the Kichkas Bridge at the start of the 20th century, the first rail crossing of theDnieper,was followed by the industrial growth of Zaporizhzhia.[6]In 1916, during World War I, theDEKA Stock Associationtransferred its aircraft engine manufacturing plant fromSaint Petersburgto Zaporizhzhia.[7]

During theRussian Civil War(1918–1921), Zaporizhzhia was the scene of fierce fighting between the Red Army and the White armies ofDenikinandWrangel,Petliura'sUkrainian People's Armyof theUkrainian People's Republic,and German-Austrian troops. The opposing armies used the strategically important Kichkas Bridge to transfer troops, ammunition, and medical supplies. The Soviet government industrialized Zaporizhzhia still further during the 1920s and 1930s, when the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station, and theZaporizhzhia Steel Plant,and the Dnieper Aluminium Plant were built.[8][9][10]In the 1930s, the American United Engineering and Foundry Company built astrip millsimilar to theFord River Rouge steel millto produce rolling steel strip. The annual capacity of the mill reached 540,000 tonnes (600,000 short tons) of 170 cm (66 inches) wide steel.[11]

World War II (1941–1945)

A Red Army soldier near theDnieper hydro-electric dam

After the outbreak of theWar between the USSR and Nazi Germanyin June 1941, theSoviet governmentbegan evacuating Zaporizhzhia's industries toSiberia.[12]and the Soviet security forces began shooting political prisoners in the city.[13]On 18 August 1941, elements of theGerman 1st Panzergruppereached the outskirts of Zaporizhzhia on the right bank and seized the island of Khortytsia.[14]

The Red Army blew a 120 by 10 metres (394 ft × 33 ft) hole in the Dnieper hydroelectric dam on 18 August 1941, producing a flood wave that swept from Zaporizhzhia toNikopol.[12]The flood killed local residents as well as soldiers from both armies, with historians estimating a death toll between 20,000 and 100,000.[15]Despite reinforcements, Zaporizhzhia was taken on 3 October 1941.[16]The German occupation lasted two years; during which the Germans shot over 35,000 people, and sent 58,000 people to Germany asforced labourers.[12]

The Germans reformedArmy Group Southin February 1943, and put its headquarters in Zaporizhzhia.[17]Adolf Hitlervisited the headquarters in February 1943, and again the following month, where he was briefed by Field MarshalEric von Mansteinand his air force counterpart Field MarshalWolfram Freiherr von Richthofen,and in September 1943,[18]the month the Army Group moved its headquarters toKirovohrad.[19]

In August 1943, the Germans built thePanther-Wotandefence line along the Dnieper fromKyivtoCrimea.They retreated back to this line in September 1943, holding the city as a bridgehead over the Dnieper with elements of 40th Panzer and 17th Corps.[20]The SovietSouthwestern Front,commanded byArmy GeneralRodion Malinovsky,attacked Zaporizhzhia on 10 October 1943.[20]The defenders repelled these attacks, but the Red Army launched a surprise night attack on 13 October, which succeeded in reclaiming most parts of the city.[21]

1991–present

Modern Zaporizhzhia (2015)

In 2004, to alleviate congestion around theZaporizhzhia Arch Bridgearea, construction began on theNew Zaporizhzhia Dniper Bridge,although construction was halted soon after it began, due to a lack of funding.[22]

During the2014 Euromaidan regional state administration occupations,during protests against PresidentViktor Yanukovych,[23]Zaporizhzhia'sregional state administrationbuilding was occupied by 4,500 protesters,[24]and there were clashes between Ukrainian andpro-Russian activistsin April 2014.[25]

On 19 May 2016, theVerkhovna Radaapproved the "Decommunisation Law".[26]Since the introduction of the law, the city council renamed over 50 streets and administrative areas of the city,[note 3]monuments of theSoviet Union leadersLeninandFelix Dzerzhinskyhave been destroyed,[27][28]and names honouring Soviet leaders in the titles of industrial plants, factories, culture centres, and theDniproHEShave been removed.[29]

Russian invasion (2022)

Further information:2022 bombing of Zaporizhzhia
Residential buildings in Zaporizhzhia after Russian missile strikes on 22 March 2023

Russian forces have been engaged in ongoing attacks on Zaporizhzhia since the beginning of the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.On 27 February, fighting was reported in the southern outskirts,[30]and Russian forces began shelling the city later that evening.[31]Russiainvaded and occupied part of Zaporizhzhia Oblastbut failed to take Zaporizhzhia itself. On 3 March, Russian forces approached theZaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant,raising concerns about a potential nuclear meltdown.[32][33]Russian military forces fired missiles on Zaporizhzhia on the evening of 12/13 May.[34]

On 30 September, hours before Russia formallyannexed Southern and Eastern Ukraine,the Russian Armed Forceslaunched S-300 missiles at a civilian convoy in Zaporizhzhia,killing at least 30 people.[35]On 9 October, Russian forceslaunched rocketsat residential buildings, killing at least 17 people.[36]

Geography

Zaporizhzhia is located in south-easternUkraine.The Dnieper splits the city in two; between them isKhortytsia Island.The city covers 334 km2(129 sq mi) at an elevation of 50 m (160 ft) above sea level.[37]The New and Old Dnieper flow past around Khortytsia: TheNew Dnieper[uk]is about 800 m (2,600 feet) wide while theOld Dnieper[uk]is about 200 m (660 feet) wide. The island size is 12 km × 2 km (7.5 mi × 1.2 mi). Smaller rivers in the city also enter the Dnieper:Sukha[uk]andMokra Moskovka[uk],Kushuhum[uk],andVerkhnia Khortytsia[uk].

The flora of Khortytsia is unique and diverse, due to the drysteppeair and a large freshwater basin, which cleans the air polluted by industry. The island is anational park.The ground surface is cut by large ravines ( "balka"), hiking routes and historical monuments. The island, which is a popular recreational area, hassanatoriums,resorts, health centres, and sandy beaches.[38]

Climate

Climate data for Zaporizhzhia (1991–2020, extremes 1959–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.2
(54.0) 		17.1
(62.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		31.4
(88.5) 		35.9
(96.6) 		36.5
(97.7) 		39.5
(103.1) 		40.2
(104.4) 		35.9
(96.6) 		35.0
(95.0) 		20.9
(69.6) 		16.0
(60.8) 		40.2
(104.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		1.2
(34.2) 		7.5
(45.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		26.6
(79.9) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.0
(84.2) 		22.7
(72.9) 		14.7
(58.5) 		6.5
(43.7) 		1.3
(34.3) 		14.8
(58.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.1
(26.4) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		3.0
(37.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.9
(69.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		22.6
(72.7) 		16.7
(62.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		3.1
(37.6) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		10.0
(50.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.8
(21.6) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		5.0
(41.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17.1
(62.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		11.3
(52.3) 		5.5
(41.9) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		5.5
(41.9)
Record low °C (°F) −29.3
(−20.7) 		−26.1
(−15.0) 		−25
(−13) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−2
(28) 		3.9
(39.0) 		8.2
(46.8) 		3.9
(39.0) 		−3
(27) 		−8.9
(16.0) 		−18.6
(−1.5) 		−26.2
(−15.2) 		−29.3
(−20.7)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 39
(1.5) 		32
(1.3) 		37
(1.5) 		41
(1.6) 		51
(2.0) 		61
(2.4) 		45
(1.8) 		44
(1.7) 		38
(1.5) 		34
(1.3) 		40
(1.6) 		53
(2.1) 		515
(20.3)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 7
(2.8) 		8
(3.1) 		4
(1.6) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.4) 		3
(1.2) 		8
(3.1)
Average rainy days 10 8 11 12 13 13 10 8 10 11 13 11 130
Average snowy days 14 14 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 13 58
Averagerelative humidity(%) 85.2 82.4 77.6 67.2 63.1 66.0 63.6 62.1 68.5 75.5 84.3 86.1 73.5
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[39]
Source 2:World Meteorological Organization(humidity 1981–2010)[40]

Governance

See also:List of mayors of Zaporizhzhia

Zaporizhzhia is the main city ofZaporizhzhia Oblastwith a form of self-rule within the oblast. The city is divided into 7urban districts.


The population of the districts of the city of Zaporizhzhia as of 1 November 2015:[41]

№ Raion Population Percent of Total
1 Oleksandrivskyi 68,666 9.06
2 Zavodskyi 50,750 6.7
3 Komunarskyi 133,752 17.64
4 Dniprovskyi 135,934 17.95
5 Voznesenivskyi 101,349 13.37
6 Khortytskyi 115,641 15.27
7 Shevchenkivskyi 151,558 20.0
    Districts of Zaporizhzhia

Demographics

City population

People in Zaporizhzhia in 1990
People in Zaporizhzhia in 2018
Historical population
YearPop.±%
189718,849—
192655,260+193.2%
1939289,280+423.5%
1959434,638+50.2%
1970657,890+51.4%
1979780,745+18.7%
1989883,909+13.2%
2001815,256−7.8%
2011776,535−4.7%
2022710,052−8.6%
Source:[42]

The city population has been declining since the first years of state independence. In 2014–2015 the rate of the population decrease was −0.56%/year.[43]

In January 2017, the population was 750,685.[44] The total reduction of the population of the city since independence has been around 146,000 (not including 2017–2018).

Year Population Source
1781 329 [7]
1795 1,230 [7]
1804 2,500 [7]
1824 1,716 [45]
1859 3,100 [45]
1861 3,819 [7][46]
1864 4,354 [45]
1870 4,601 [47]
1885 6,707 [48]
1894 16,100 [49]
1897 16,393 [50]
year Population Source
1900 24,196 [51]
1902 35,000 [45]
1910 38,000 [52]
1913 63,000 [7]
1915 about 60,000 [45]
1916 72,900 [7]
1917 58,517 [53]
1926 55,744 [54][55]
1937 243,148 [55]
1939 289,188 [56][57]
1943 120,000 [56][58]
year Population Source
1956 381,000 [52]
1959 449,000 [57]
1970 658,000 [59]
1971 676,000 [57]
1979 781,000 [60]
1989 897,600 [61]
1991 896,600 [62]
2001 815,300 [63]
2010 776,918 [64]
2011 775,678 [65]
2015 757,650 [66]
2017 750,685 [67]

Ethnic structure

According to the2001 census,[68]70.28% of the population of Zaporizhzhia (total population 815,300) wereUkrainians,25.39% wereRussians,0.67% were Belarusians, 0.44% were Bulgarians, 0.42% were Jews, 0.38% were Georgians, 0.38% were Armenians, 0.27% were Tatar, 0.15% were Azeris, 0.11% were Roma (Gypsies), 0.1% were Poles, 0.09% were Germans, 0.09% were Moldovans, and 0.07% were Greeks.

Language

Ukrainian is used for official government business. The native language of people living in Zaporizhzhia, according to censuses in Ukraine (by percent):

Language 1897[69] 1926[70] 1989[71] 2001[72]
Ukrainian 43.0 33.8 41.3 41.6
Russian 24.8 52.2 57.0 56.8
Yiddish 27.8 9.7 0.1

Religion

The following religious denominations are present in Zaporizhzhia:[73]

Christianity
Orthodoxy
Holy Protection Cathedral

Most of the citizens are Orthodox Christians ofUkrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)orOrthodox Church of Ukraine.Among the Orthodox churches theChurch of the Intercession[uk],which is under the Moscow Patriarchate, is most popular. There are also St. Nicholas Church and St. Andrew's Cathedral in the city.

Protestantism

Protestantism is represented by:

Catholicism

Catholicism is represented by:

The biggest Catholic church is Church of God, the Father of Mercy

Judaism

Orthodox Judaismis represented by one union and six communities.

Islam

In the Zaporizhzhia district there are five communities which are part of theSpiritual Administration of Muslims of Ukraineand four independent Muslim communities.

Hinduism

The city hosts a branch of theVedic Academy.

Economy

Industry

Industry and river port

Zaporizhzhia is an important industrial centre of Ukraine, the country's main car manufacturing company, theMotor-Sichaircraft engine manufacturer. Well supplied with electricity, Zaporizhzhia forms, together with the adjoining Donets Basin (Donbas) and the Nikopol manganese andKryvyi Rihiron mines, one of Ukraine's leading industrial complexes.

The city is a home of Ukraine's main automobile production centre, which is based at theZaporizhzhia Automobile Factory(ZAZ), producing Ukrainian car brands such asZaporozhetsandTavria.

After the end of theRussian Revolution,the city became an important industrial centre. The presence of cheap labor and the proximity of deposits of coal, iron ore, and manganese created favorable conditions for large-scale enterprises of the iron and mechanical engineering industries. Today Zaporizhzhia is an important industrial centre of the region with heavy industry (particularlymetallurgy), aluminium, and chemical industry. Cars, avia motors and radioelectronics are manufactured in the city. The port of Zaporizhzhia is important for transshipment for goods from the Donbas.

Zaporizhstal, Ukraine's fourth largest steel maker, and ranking 54th in the world, is based in the city.

Electricity generation

Zaporizhzhia is a large electricity generating hub. There arehydroelectricpower plantknown as "DniproHES" Dnieper Hydroelectric Station and the largest nuclear power plant in Europe. Prior to the 2022 invasion, the plants generated about 25% of the Ukrainian electricity supply. Located nearEnerhodarand about 60 km (37 miles) from Zaporizhzhia is theZaporizhzhia thermal power stationand theZaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant,the largest nuclear power plant in Europe.

Culture

Magara Academic Drama Theatre

Zaporizhzhia has an orchestra, museums, theatres, and libraries. These include the Magara Academic Drama Theatre, the Municipal Theatre Lab "VIE", the Theatre for Young-Age spectators, the Theatre of Horse Riding "Zaporizhzhian Cossacks",the Zaporizhzhia Regional Museum, the National Museum of the History of the Zaporizhzhian Cossacks, the Zaporizhzhia RegionalArt Museum,the Motor Sich Aviation Museum, and theZaporizhzhia Region Universal Scientific Library.

There are a number of small amateur groups of folk music bands,art galleriesin Zaporizhzhia. The city regularly holds festivals,Cossackmartial arts competitions, and art exhibitions.

Zaporizhzhia has an open-air exhibition-and-sale ofZaporizhzhia city association of artists «Kolorit»near the 'Fountain of Life' at theMayakovskoho square[uk].A daily exhibition of artists' organizations of the city is a unique place in Zaporizhzhia, where people can meetcraftsmenand artists, watchcarving,embroidery,beadingclasses, and receive advice from professional artists and designers.

Main sights

Khortytsya island.
'Fountain of Life' in Zaporizhzhia (built in 2004) with the daily exhibition ofZaporizhzhian artists.

The historical and cultural museum "Zaporizka Sich" is placed on the northern rocky part of Khotritsa Island. The museum is a reconstruction of the stronghold of the Zaporizhzhian Cossacks, and contains features of the military camp life and their lifestyle.

Each of the smaller islands between the dam and the island Khortytsia has its own legend. On one of them,Durnya Scala( "Rock of the Fool" ),TzarPeter the Greatfloggedthe Cossacks for their betrayal of the Russians during theGreat Northern Warbetween Russia and Sweden. Another small island,Stolb( "Pillar" ), has a geological feature, which looks like a large bowl ingraniteslabs, the Cossack's Bowl. It is said that in summer days, water can be boiled in this "bowl", and the Cossacks used it for cookinggalushki(boiled dough in a spicy broth).[75]

Zaporizhzhia International Airportin 2019

Zaporizhzhia is an important transportation hub in Ukraine that includes roads, as well as rail, river and air links for passenger and freight transport.Zaporizhzhia International Airport,located to the east of the city on the left-bank of the Dnieper, serves domestic and international flights. Shyroke Airfield is to the west of the city on the right-bank of the Dnieper.

Zaporizhzhia is bypassed beyond its eastern outskirts by a major nationalhighway M18,which connectsKharkivwithSimferopol.TheH08,which starts just outside Kyiv and travels southeast along the Dnieper throughKremenchuk,Kamianske,Dnipro,passes through Zaporizhzhia on the way toMariupol.TheH15fromDonetskand theH23[de]from Kropyvnytskyi via Kryvyi Rih, both end in Zaporizhzhia.

There are four road bridges and two rail bridges over the Dnieper, nearly all of which bridges cross Khortytsia Island. PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyyopened the first stage of theNew Zaporizhzhia Dniper Bridgeearly in 2022.

The city has two rail stations,Zaporizhzhia-1 railway stationand Zaporizhzhia-the-Second. The First is the central station, located in the southern part of the city and is a part of Simferopol-Kharkiv, the "north-south" transit route. The line of the Zaporizhzhia-the-Second station connects the Donbas coalfield with Kryvyi Rih. The city has an extensive tram network with 7 lines called theZaporizhzhia Tram.

The city's two river ports are part of the national water transportation infrastructure that connects Kyiv toKhersonalong the Dnieper. Freight ships andcutter boatstravel between Zaporizhzhia and nearby villages. The island of Khortytsia splits the Dnieper into two; the main channel passes the island on its eastern side, with theStaryi Dnipro(Old Dnieper) flowing past the island on the western side.

Notable people

Valentyna Danishevska,2019
Alina Gorlova,2021
Valeriy Ivaschenko,2015
Gosha Kutsenko,2016
Maria Nikiforova,1909

Sport

Vita Styopina,2012
Denys Sylantyev,2014

Zaporizhzhia is a setting in twoAxis victory in World War IIshort novels by the American authorHarry Turtledove,Ready for the Fatherland(1991) andThe Phantom Tolbukhin(1998).

Twin towns – sister cities

See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

Zaporizhzhia istwinnedwith:[76][77]

In 1969, the city renamed one of its streets after the city of Wrocław. The Wrocław authorities reciprocated, and a part of the Sudecka – Grabiszyńska Street towards the Square of the Silesian Insurgents was renamed Zaporoska Street.[78]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Also spelled asZaporizhzhyaorZaporizhia.
  2. ^‹See Tfd›Russian:Александровск,romanized:Aleksandrovsk;Ukrainian:Олександрівськ.
  3. ^Since modern Zaporizhiazhia was greatly enlarged in theSoviet Union,many typography in the city had to be renamed. In the year of the fall of theRussian Empire(1917), the population of Alexandrovsk was about 60,000 people. In the year ofUkraine's declaration of independence(1991), the city's population reached almost 1 million people.

References

  1. ^"Про затвердження транслітерації написання географічної назви міста Запоріжжя латиницею. Рішення виконавчого комітету №476".Zaporizhzhia city council. Executive committee. 28 August 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 26 July 2020.Retrieved20 January2020.
  2. ^(in Ukrainian)[1]Archived6 May 2021 at theWayback Machine
  3. ^Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022[Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022](PDF)(in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv:State Statistics Service of Ukraine.Archived(PDF)from the original on 4 July 2022.
  4. ^abPospelov, pp. 25–26
  5. ^Я. П. Новицкий.История города Александровска, (Екатеринославской губ.) в связи с историей возникновения крепостей Днепровской линии 1770–1806 г.Archived3 March 2016 at theWayback Machine– Екатеринослав: Типография Губернского Земства, 1905. – 176 с.(in Russian)
  6. ^The bridges of Zaporizhzhia(Мосты Запорожья)Archived8 March 2012 at theWayback Machine,by L. Adelberg (Адельберг Л), pub RA Tandem st, Zaporizhzhia, 2005.(in Russian)
  7. ^abcdefgOfficial Portal Zaporizhzhia city authorities, History(Офіційний портал, Запорізької міської влади, Історія міста)Archived21 January 2012 at theWayback Machine,accessed 11 April 2011.(in Ukrainian)
  8. ^"Sovetskai︠a︡ arkhitektura".Искусство. 27 October 1969 – via Google Books.
  9. ^Меерович М. Г. Соцгород – базовое понятие советской градостроительной теории первых пятилетокArchived28 September 2011 at theWayback Machine
  10. ^"История Запорожья".photoalbum.zp.ua.Archivedfrom the original on 2 May 2008.Retrieved11 April2011.
  11. ^The Soviet economy and the Red Army, 1930–1945,by Walter Scott Dunn, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995ISBN0-275-94893-5,page 13.
  12. ^abcThe Great Patriotic War on the territory of Zaporizhzhia (Великая Отечественная война на территории Запорожья)Archived20 December 2011 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  13. ^Germany and the Second World War, Volume IV The Attack on the Soviet Union,byHorst Boog,Jürgen Förster,Joachim Hoffmann,Ernst Klink,Rolf-Dieter Müller,Gerd R. Ueberschär,pub Clarendon Press, 1998,ISBN0-19-822886-4,p. 909.
  14. ^"The Eastern Front, Timeline 1941".Archived fromthe originalon 19 July 2011.Retrieved18 April2011.
  15. ^Radio Free Europe Radio LibertyArchived22 September 2016 at theWayback Machine,Ukrainian Activists Draw Attention To Little-Known WWII Tragedy,by Dmytro Moroz and Claire Bigg, 23 August 2013.
  16. ^Germany and the Second World War, Volume IV The Attack on the Soviet Union,p. 607, says that Zaporizhzhia was captured on 1 October 1941.
  17. ^Lost Victories,by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein, translated by Anthony G Powell,pdf version p267-270.
  18. ^Lost Victories,by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein, pdf version p290-2.
  19. ^Lost Victories,by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein, says that the Germans finished repairing the railway bridge only a few months before they lost the city in October 1943.
  20. ^ab"The Eastern Front, Timeline 1943".Archived fromthe originalon 19 July 2011.Retrieved18 April2011.
  21. ^Moscow-Stalingrad-Berlin-Prague, Memories of Army Commander( "Москва-Сталінград-Берлін-Прага". Записки командарма)Archived15 May 2013 at theWayback Machine,by Dmitri Danilovich Lelyushenko (Лелюшенко Дмитро Данилович), pub Nauka, Moscow, 1987, chapter 4.
  22. ^"Почему мосты строят по 14 лет – и что говорит Укравтодор".Archivedfrom the original on 13 August 2018.Retrieved4 July2018.
  23. ^Buckley, Neil (26 January 2014)."Ukraine protests spread to Yanukovich heartland".Financial Times.Archivedfrom the original on 16 November 2018.Retrieved27 October2018.
  24. ^"В Запорожье участники Майдана опечатали кабинеты руководства Запорожской ОГА: Новости УНИАН".Ukrainian Independent Information Agency.Archivedfrom the original on 26 February 2014.Retrieved24 February2014.
  25. ^Ukraine Tensions Escalate as Russia, U.S. Exchange BarbsArchived15 September 2014 at theWayback Machine
  26. ^Poroshenko signed the laws about decommunizationArchived23 April 2016 at theWayback Machine.Ukrainska Pravda.15 May 2015
    Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimesArchived2 August 2018 at theWayback Machine,Interfax-Ukraine.15 May 20
    Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbolsArchived7 March 2016 at theWayback Machine,BBC News(14 April 2015)
  27. ^Vitaly Shevchenko (1 June 2016),In pictures: Ukraine removes communist-era symbols,BBC News,archivedfrom the original on 27 December 2019,retrieved30 September2021
  28. ^"Полный перечень переименованных в Запорожье улиц".Archivedfrom the original on 5 December 2019.Retrieved9 July2018.
  29. ^(in Ukrainian)In Zaporizhzhia began to "dekomunize" DniproGESArchived30 September 2021 at theWayback Machine,Radio Free Europe(4 April 2016)
  30. ^Свобода, Радіо (27 February 2022)."Техніка росіян зайшла до Бердянська, в Запоріжжі зброю дають усім готовим захищати обласний центр".Радіо Свобода(in Ukrainian).Archivedfrom the original on 27 February 2022.Retrieved28 February2022.
  31. ^"Жителів Запоріжжя просять не покидати укриття: Обстрілюють аеродром – новини Запоріжжя".www.depo.ua(in Ukrainian).Archivedfrom the original on 27 February 2022.Retrieved28 February2022.
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  33. ^"Update 1-Ukraine nuclear power plant Zaporizhzhia on fire, town mayor says". Reuters. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  34. ^"Invaders fire missiles on Zaporizhzhia, Sumy region at night".13 May 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 16 May 2022.Retrieved16 May2022.
  35. ^"Ukraine war: Survivors speak of horror as Zaporizhzhia convoy hit".BBC News. 30 September 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 1 October 2022.Retrieved30 September2022.
  36. ^"At least 17 are killed in Zaporizhzhia".The New York Times.9 October 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 9 October 2022.Retrieved9 October2022.
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  38. ^"The interactive map of island of Khortitsa (Russian)".Archived fromthe originalon 2 July 2011.Retrieved2 July2011.
  39. ^ ПОГОДА в Запорожье(in Russian). Погода и климат. Archived fromthe originalon 13 December 2019.Retrieved8 November2021..Snow days have been taken to mean days on which it snowed, not days with snow cover on the ground.
  40. ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010".World Meteorological Organization. Archived fromthe originalon 17 July 2021.Retrieved18 July2021.
  41. ^Головне управління статистики в Запорізькій області — Чисельність населення м. ЗапоріжжяArchived13 February 2019 at theWayback Machine на 1 листопада 2015 року]
  42. ^"Cities & Towns of Ukraine".
  43. ^"Zaporizhzhia · Population".population.city.Archivedfrom the original on 4 July 2018.Retrieved4 July2018.
  44. ^"Держстат України"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 February 2022.Retrieved4 July2018.
  45. ^abcdeNatalia Ostasheva Venger (2003)."The Mennonite Industrial Dynasties in Alexandrovsk".Journal of Mennonite Studies.Vol. V21.Dnipropetrovsk National University.pp. 89–110.Archivedfrom the original on 19 August 2011.Retrieved12 April2011.
  46. ^Collection of scientific works of graduate students(Збiрник наукових праць аспірантів), by T H Shevchenka, pub Vyd-vo Kyïvsʹkoho University, 1963,p87Archived3 September 2023 at theWayback Machinegives the 1861 population as 3,729.(in Ukrainian)
  47. ^Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A. (Charles Anderson) (27 October 1879)."The American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge. Edited by George Ripley and Charles A. Dana".New York D. Appleton – via Internet Archive.
  48. ^Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedia(Энциклопедический Словарь Ф.А.Брокгауза и И.А.Ефрона)Archived21 December 2010 at theWayback Machine,edited by Professor IE Andreevskago, and K. Arseniev, pub FA Brockhaus (Leipzig) and IA Efron (St Petersburg), 1890–1907, entry for Aleksandrovsk in Yekaterinoslavskaya province (Александровск, уездный город Екатеринославской губернии).(in Russian)
  49. ^Universal Calendar for 1898(Всеобщий календарь на 1898 год)Archived8 January 2011 at theWayback Machine,pub Hermann Hoppe (St Petersburg), 1898,p217Archived17 August 2011 at theWayback MachineList of the populated areas of the Russian Empire, Abakan – Alekseevskoe (Роспись населённых местностей Российской империи, Абаканское – Алексеевское).(in Russian)
  50. ^Large Encyclopedia(Большая Знциклопедія)Volume I, pub Prosveshechenie (St Petersburg), 1903,p323.pdf version(in Russian)
  51. ^Russian Calendar for 1906(Русский календарь на 1906 г.)Archived8 January 2011 at theWayback Machine,pub A. Suvorina (St Petersburg), 1906,p108Archived17 August 2011 at theWayback MachineList of the populated areas of the Russian Empire, Abbas-Tuman – Belev (Список городов и других населённых пунктов Российской империи, Аббас-Туман – Белев).(in Russian)
  52. ^abUkrainian SSR(Украинская ССР)Archived3 September 2023 at theWayback Machine,pub Economic Institute of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 1958, p87.
  53. ^Sergina V. "City Z:1921-199", film "Year 1926" Сергина В. Город Z: 1921–1991 (Невыдуманные истории): Исторически–познавательный ТВ проект для любой зрительской аудитории. – К., 2005. – 1 компакт – диск. Фильм "Год 1926"
  54. ^Economic geography of the USSRArchived13 January 2016 at theWayback Machineby S S Balźak, V F Vasyutin, Ya G Feigin, pub Macmillan, 1956.
  55. ^abHalf a century classified as 'Secret': All-Union census in 1937(Полвека под грифом 'секретно': Всесоюзная перепись населения 1937 года)Archived25 May 2013 at theWayback Machine,by Valentina B Zhiromskaya, I Kiselev, Yu A Polyakov, pub Nauka, 1996. This gives the 1926 population as 55,295.(DJV-ZIP – requiresDjVu viewer softwareArchived9 April 2006 at theWayback Machine)(in Russian)
  56. ^abThe emergency evacuation of cities: a cross-national historical and geographical studyArchived26 April 2023 at theWayback Machine,by Wilbur Zelinsky, Leszek A. Kosiński, pub Rowman & Littlefield, 1991,ISBN0-8476-7673-0.
  57. ^abcThe Great Soviet Encyclopedia(Большая Советская Энциклопедия), entry forZaporizhzhia – Zaporizhzhia oblast centre(Запорожье – центр Запорізької обл.)Archived24 March 2012 at theWayback Machine,3rd edition, pub 1969 to 1978.(in Russian)
  58. ^Sergina V. "City Z:1921-199", film "Year 1942" (Сергина В. Город Z: 1921–1991 (Невыдуманные истории): Исторически–познавательный ТВ проект для любой зрительской аудитории. – К., 2005.- 1 компакт – диск. Фильм "Год 1942" ) said the population for 1942 was 103,400.
  59. ^The Ukrainian quarterly,Volumes 26–27, pub Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1970, p223Archived3 September 2023 at theWayback Machine.
  60. ^The population of the USSR: According to the Proc. Census 1979(Население СССР: По данным Всесоюзной переписи населения 1979 г.), pub Politizdat (Moscow), 1980 – table:USSR, the Soviet population in 1979, cities with a population of 100 thousand and more people(СССР, население СССР на 1979 год, Население союзных и автономных республик)Archived21 July 2011 at theWayback Machine.(in Russian)
  61. ^www.larousse.fr/encyclopedieL’Encyclopédie en ligneentry forZaporojie.(in French)
  62. ^Rand McNally atlas of world geography,pub Rand McNally Company, 1996, p38.
  63. ^The size and composition of the population of Zaporizhzhia region up to the Ukrainian population census 2001(Численность и состав населения Запорожской области по итогам Всеукраинской переписи населения 2001 года)Archived23 July 2011 at theWayback Machine.(in Russian)
  64. ^Population on 1 August 2010(Чисельність населення на 1 серпня 2010 року), press release No 1377 issued by the State Department of Statistics in the Zaporizhzhia oblast (Держкомстат. Головне управління статистики у Запорізькій області), 16 September 2010[dead link].(in Ukrainian)
  65. ^Population on 1 March 2011(Чисельність населення на 1 березня 2011 року), press release No 1163 issued by the State Department of Statistics in the Zaporizhzhia oblast (Держкомстат. Головне управління статистики у Запорізькій області), 18 April 2011Archived8 July 2012 at theWayback Machine.(in Ukrainian)
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Sources

  • Е. М. Поспелов (Ye. M. Pospelov). "Имена городов: вчера и сегодня (1917–1992). Топонимический словарь." (City Names: Yesterday and Today (1917–1992). Toponymic Dictionary. "Москва," Русские словари ", 1993.
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