Zhangpu County
Zhangpu County
Chương phổ huyện Changpu | |
|---|---|
 Zhaojiabao( "Zhao family castle" ), a fortified family residence in Huxi She Township | |
  Zhangpu Location of the seat in Fujian | |
| Coordinates:24°07′01″N117°36′50″E/ 24.117°N 117.614°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Fujian |
| Prefecture-level city | Zhangzhou |
| Time zone | UTC+8(China Standard) |
Zhangpu County(Chinese:Chương phổ;pinyin:Zhāngpǔ;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Chiuⁿ-phó͘) is a county ofZhangzhouprefecture-level cityin far southernFujianprovince, People's Republic of China. The county seat is located in the town ofSui'an(Tuy an trấn).
Zhangpu is bordered by theLonghai Cityin the north, the counties ofPingheandYunxiaoin the west, and theTaiwan Straitin the south and east.
Administration[edit]
BesidesSui'an,Zhangpu oversees 16 other towns (Trấn):
- Fotan (Phật đàm)
- Chihu (Xích hồ)
- Jiuzhen (Cựu trấn)
- Duxun (Đỗ tầm)
- Xuemei (Hà mỹ)
- Gongfu (Quan tầm)
- Changqiao (Trường kiều)
- Qianting (Tiền đình)
- Shentu(Thâm thổ)
- Pantuo (Bàn đà)
- Maping (Mã bình)
- Shiliu (Thạch lựu)
- Shaxi (Sa tây)
- Da'nanban (Đại nam bản)
- Liu'ao(Lục ngao)
- Gulei(Cổ lôi)
The last two (Liu'ao and Gulei) share names with the long peninsulas where they are situated, which project into the Taiwan Strait to form large bays.
There are also four townships (Hương): Nanpu (Nam phổ), Chitu (Xích thổ), Huxi (Hồ tây) and Chiling (Xích lĩnh). The latter two are protected ethnic (minority) townships (Dân tộc hương), both for theShe people.
Transportation[edit]
The majorShenyang–Haikou coastal expresswaycuts through the county, keeping about midway between the coast and the oldChina National Highway 324.
TheXiamen–Shenzhen Railwayruns through Zhangpu County; itsZhangpu Railway Stationis located a few kilometers to the west of the county seat.
Historical sites[edit]
In Huxi She Township (Hồ tây xa tộc hương) there is a fortified compound called Zhaojiabao (Triệu gia bảo), where a party ofSouthern Songroyals in flight from theMongolinvaders of the late 13th century are said to have taken up a residence long in term and low in profile. With theMingrestoration ofHan Chineseethnic supremacy to the empire some ninety years and five generations later, the Zhao family (Triệu gia) revealed their pedigree and the compound received its current name.[citation needed]
Zhaojiabao has its own exit right on the Shenyang—Haikou expressway, about 40 minutes south of downtownZhangzhou(i.e. of Zhangzhou' central urban district,Xiangcheng).
Another fortified compound, Yianbao (Di an bảo), dating from theKangxiera (1687) is located in the same Huxi She Autonomous Township as well.
The ruins of theLiu'ao Fortress(Lục ngao cổ thành;Liù'áo gǔchéng,orLục ngao thành tường;Liù'áo chéngqiáng) are located near the tip of the Liu'ao Peninsula. The fortress - a contemporary of the better known (and much better preserved - or restored)ChongwuFortress inHui'an County- was constructed in 1388 by theHongwu Emperor's generalZhou Dexing.[1]
Tulou[edit]
Although most of the famousFujian Tulouare located in Fujian's interior (Nanjing County,Yongding County,and surrounding areas), there are a fewtuloustructures in Zhangpu County as well. According to a 2001 survey of Fujian'stulou,out of the province's 3733tulouknown to the researchers, 125 were located within Zhangpu County. Among them were 60 roundtulou(out of the total of 1193 such structures in the province), 48 rectangular ones, and 17 of other types.[3]
A characteristic feature of thetulouof Zhangpu County (and of the coastal Fujian in general) was the use ofgraniteblocks for the lower part of the wall, as opposed to boulders/cobblestones which were used for a similar purpose in Fujian's interior.[4]
Although the local folk tradition may claim greater antiquity for sometulouelsewhere, several of the oldest tulou whose age is documented are located in Zhangpu county. According toHuang Hanmin,the oldest currently known construction date for any of China'stulouis 1558 - which is the date (Year 37 of theJiajingera) that appears above the main gate of Yidelou (Nhất đức lâu), a rectangular tulou in Makeng Village (Mã khanh thôn), Sui'an Town, Zhangpu County.[5]It is a three-storey rectangular compound with walls 1.3 m thick; the compound is surrounded by an elliptic wall 1.6 m tall. It was damaged by bombs dropped from a Japanese aircraft in 1934.[5]
Several moretulouof comparable age (all of them of the rectangular type) are found within Zhangpu County as well. Merely two years "younger" than Yidelou is another three-storey rectangulartulou,Yiyanlou (Di yến lâu), located in Guotian Village (Quá điền thôn) of Xiamei Town (Hà mỹ trấn), Yiyan Lou (Di yến lâu) and dated 1560 (Jiajing 39) by a similar door inscription. In Yuntou (Vận đầu) Village of the same town, Qingyunlou (Khánh vân lâu) is dated 1569 (Longqing3).[5]Yanhailou (Yến hải lâu) in Tanzitou Village (Đàm tử đầu thôn,orĐàm tử đầu thôn), Jiu Town (Cựu trấn) dates from 1585, and the construction of Wanbilou (Hoàn bích lâu), which is located inside the Zhaojiabao (see above) started in 1600.[5]
Out of the 56 "exemplary tulou" listed in Huang Hanmin's monograph, 6 are in Zhangpu County. One of them, Jinjiang Lou (24°03′49″N117°46′24″E/ 24.063501°N 117.773239°E), located in Jinjiang village[6]of Shentu Town, was built in 1791-1803, and consists of 3 concentric rings. It is one of the fewtuloulocated in the immediate proximity (a few kilometers) of Fujian's sea coast.[7][8]
Notable people[edit]
- Huang Daozhou,scholar and calligrapher during theMing Dynasty
- Lin Hejie,painter
Climate[edit]
| Climate data for Zhangpu (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) |
30.0 (86.0) |
32.2 (90.0) |
35.2 (95.4) |
35.9 (96.6) |
37.4 (99.3) |
38.7 (101.7) |
37.5 (99.5) |
36.3 (97.3) |
34.8 (94.6) |
32.5 (90.5) |
29.1 (84.4) |
38.7 (101.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.3 (70.3) |
25.3 (77.5) |
28.4 (83.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.9 (91.2) |
32.6 (90.7) |
31.3 (88.3) |
28.4 (83.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
20.5 (68.9) |
26.2 (79.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.8 (56.8) |
14.2 (57.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.9 (80.4) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.1 (82.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
21.5 (70.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.7 (51.3) |
11.3 (52.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.1 (75.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
24.9 (76.8) |
23.6 (74.5) |
20.1 (68.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
12.4 (54.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) |
1.4 (34.5) |
1.9 (35.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
12.3 (54.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.9 (71.4) |
16.6 (61.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
5.8 (42.4) |
0.1 (32.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 44.7 (1.76) |
69.9 (2.75) |
101.7 (4.00) |
137.6 (5.42) |
215.3 (8.48) |
283.1 (11.15) |
162.4 (6.39) |
264.0 (10.39) |
161.8 (6.37) |
58.1 (2.29) |
43.2 (1.70) |
43.2 (1.70) |
1,585 (62.4) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 6.9 | 9.7 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 15.3 | 17.1 | 10.9 | 13.8 | 9.7 | 3.2 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 123.4 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 73 | 76 | 78 | 78 | 81 | 83 | 79 | 80 | 77 | 69 | 71 | 70 | 76 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 123.7 | 99.9 | 103.5 | 117.6 | 129.6 | 150.0 | 226.4 | 198.2 | 172.9 | 176.6 | 144.3 | 136.1 | 1,778.8 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 37 | 31 | 28 | 31 | 31 | 37 | 54 | 50 | 47 | 50 | 44 | 41 | 40 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[9][10] | |||||||||||||
Notes[edit]
- ^Yang Shuiming ( dương thủy minh ).Lục ngao cổ thành: Khuynh thính lịch sử đích đào thanh[The old Liu'ao Fortress: listening to the waves of history] (in Simplified Chinese).
- ^Chương phổ hành ( tam ) thâm thổ trấn đích đặc sắc thổ lâu(Zhangpu trip (3): Shentu Town's peculiar tulou)
- ^Huang 2009,p. 35. The data are from the table containing the results of a preliminary, but pretty detailed "census" of all extanttulouof Fujian, conducted by researchers and provincial authorities in 2001. The numbers don't includetulouruins.
- ^Huang 2009,pp. 218–219
- ^abcdHuang 2009,pp. 154–157
- ^The "natural" Jinjiang village is part of the "administrative village" (Hành chính thôn) of Jindong (Cẩm đông), and it is the latter that's more often shown on maps (e.g., sogou.com).
- ^Cẩm giang lâu(Jinjiang Lou)(in Chinese)
- ^Huang 2009,pp. 354–356
- ^Trung quốc khí tượng sổ cư võng – WeatherBk Data(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved23 June2023.
- ^ "Experience Template"Trung quốc khí tượng sổ cư võng(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved23 June2023.
References[edit]
- Hoàng hán dân, Huang Hanmin (2009),Phúc kiến thổ lâu - trung quốc truyện thống dân cư đích côi bảo[Fujian Tulou: a jewel of China's traditional residential architecture] (in Chinese), tam liên thư điếm [Sanlian Books],ISBN978-7-108-03175-4
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