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Ziad Jarrah

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In thisLebanese name,thefather's nameisSamirand thefamily nameisJarrah.
Ziad Jarrah
زياد الجراح
Jarrah in May 2001
Born(1975-05-11)11 May 1975
Beirut,Lebanon
Died11 September 2001(2001-09-11)(aged 26)
Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania,U.S. aboardUnited Airlines Flight 93
Cause of deathSuicidebyplane crash(September 11 attacks)
Alma materUniversity of Greifswald
Hamburg University of Applied Sciences
Height1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
PartnerAysel Şengün (girlfriend)

Ziad Samir al-Jarrah(Arabic:زياد سمير جراح,romanized:Ziyād Samīr al-Jarrāḥ;11 May 1975 – 11 September 2001) was a Lebanese terrorist hijacker. He was one of the fourhijackersofUnited Airlines Flight 93,which was crashed into a field in arural area near Shanksville, Pennsylvania,following a passenger revolt, as part of the11 September attacks.[a]

After a wealthy upbringing, Jarrah moved to Germany in 1996. He became involved in the planning of the 9/11 attacks while attendingHamburg University of Applied Sciences(HAW) in the late 1990s, meetingMohamed Atta,Marwan al-ShehhiandRamzi bin al-Shibh,forming what is now known as theHamburg cell.Jarrah was recruited byOsama bin Ladenfor the attacks in 1999. Unique among the hijackers, he was close to his family and girlfriend. He was reportedly the only hijacker who had any significant apprehensions about carrying out the attacks. His family and friends continue to deny his association with the attacks.

Jarrah arrived in the United States in June 2000. He trained atHuffman Aviationtogether with Atta and Al-Shehhi with their flight instructorRudi Dekkersfrom June 2000 to January 2001, after relocating to Florida from New Jersey. On 7 September 2001, Jarrah flew fromFort LauderdaletoNewark.Four days later, he boardedUnited Airlines Flight 93,and was believed to have taken over as the pilot of theaircraftalong with his team of hijackers, which includedSaeed al-Ghamdi,Ahmed al-NamiandAhmed al-Haznawi,who together made an attempt to crash the plane into either theUnited States Capitolor theWhite House,which was thwarted when the passengers revolted against the hijackers.[b]

Early life and education

[edit]

Ziad Jarrah was born on 11 May 1974 inBeirut,Lebanonto a wealthy Muslim family. He was brought up in a prominent quarter of the city, Tariq al-Jadida, and received his primary and secondary education from schools in that area. His father, Samir Jarrah, worked as a social service inspector for theLebanese governmentand his mother taught at an elementary school.[3]His parents were nominallySunniMuslim,although they lived asecularlifestyle. In his childhood, he had always wanted to fly planes, but his family discouraged this. "I stopped him from being a pilot," his father told theWall Street Journala week after the attacks. "I only have one son and I was afraid that he would crash."[4]

From 1995 to 1996, while Jarrah was still living inYemen,according to his family, somebody of the same name rented an apartment inBrooklyn,New York.The landlords claimed it was the same Jarrah as in the FBI photographs.[5]

In the spring of 1996, Jarrah moved toGermanywith his cousin, Salim. They were there to take acertificatecourse inGermanat theUniversity of Greifswald,which was required of foreigners studying in Germany who do not speak the language. While sharing an apartment with his cousin, he reportedly attendeddiscosand beach parties, and his attendance at themosquefell off. He met Aysel Şengün, aGerman-born woman ofTurkishancestry studyingdentistry,and the two became good friends. They dated on and off for the remainder of his life and lived together briefly, which vexed his more religious friends.[6]

In September 1997, Jarrah left Greifswald and instead began studyingaerospace engineeringat theFachhochschule(University of Applied Sciences) inHamburg,while working at aVolkswagenpaint shop in nearbyWolfsburg.While in Hamburg, he rented an apartment from Rosemarie Canel, who would paint a portrait of him that he would bring back as a gift for his mother that December.[7]

The9/11 Commission Reportstates that Jarrah was a member of theHamburg cell,along withMohamed Attaand the others. He did not live with any of the others, however, and can be confirmed to have met with any of them in Hamburg only on a single occasion: that ofSaid Bahaji's wedding at the al-Quds Mosque in October 1999.[8]

Training in Afghanistan

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In late 1999, Jarrah,Mohamed Atta,Marwan al-Shehhi,Said Bahaji,andRamzi bin al-Shibhdecided to travel toChechnyato fightRussiansoldiers in theSecond Chechen War.Khalid al-MasriandMohamedou Ould Slahiconvinced them at the last minute to travel instead toAfghanistanto meet withOsama bin Ladenand train for terrorist attacks.[9]Jarrah was given thekunya(teknonym)Abū Ṭāriq( "father of Tariq" ) likely in honor ofTariq ibn Ziyad,the commander who led theMuslim conquest of Spain.[10]

They were told they were on a highly secret mission and were instructed to return to Germany after the operation and enroll in flight school.[c]In October 1999, Jarrah was filmed atSaid Bahaji's wedding with other 9/11 hijackers, including al-Shehhi.[8][11]

In 2006, a video surfaced showing Jarrah, still bearded, reading his will in January 2000 along withMohamed Atta.[12]Not long after this, Jarrah shaved his beard and began to act in a more secular way, according to Şengün. Many of the future hijackers attempted to hide their radicalism and blend in with the population. To hide his travels to Afghanistan (which may have concerned security officials at international airports) Jarrah reported hispassportstolen in February 2000 and received a blank duplicate, just as hijackers Atta and Shehhi had done the previous month.[13]

Jarrah dropped out of theFachhochschuleand began looking at flight schools. He claimed that this was to fulfill his childhood dream of being a pilot. After looking in several countries, he decided that none of the flight schools in Europe were adequate. On the advice of a childhood friend, he prepared to move to the United States.[citation needed]

In the United States

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Jarrah flying inFlorida,December 2000

Jarrah apparently entered the United States on seven separate occasions, more than any other hijacker. On 25 May 2000, he applied for and received a five-year USB-1/B-2 (tourist/business) visain Berlin. On 27 June 2000, he went to the US for the first time, arriving atNewark International Airport.He then traveled toFloridatogether with al-Shehhi andAtta,where the three men enrolled full-time atHuffman Aviation,inVenice.Jarrah did not apply for a change in his status, from a tourist visa to a student visa, thus violating his immigration status.[14]

Jarrah was enrolled in flight school for six months, from June 2000 to 15 January 2001. At the flight school, many of his classmates remember him fondly, describing him as kind and trustworthy, and remember him drinking beer occasionally.[15]Jarrah was unique among the hijackers in that he did not live with any other hijackers, but rather with a German student named Thorsten Biermann. Biermann did not observe Jarrah acting particularly religiously or overtly politically. Jarrah occasionally flew back to Germany to visit Aysel Şengün, his Turkish-German girlfriend, and called or e-mailed her nearly every day.

Rudi Dekkers, aDutchmanand the flight instructor of Huffman Aviation (which is now out of business), was interviewed after the attacks in 2001 by authorities. According to Dekkers, both Jarrah and al-Shehhi were good students, unlike Atta, who misbehaved and refused to follow instructions. Dekkers told Atta that he was going to kick him out of the school if his behavior did not change, and as a response, Atta's behavior began to improve. Dekkers also said that he went with al-Shehhi and Jarrah to a bar inSarasota, Floridanamed Shamrock Pub after one of their flight lessons. At the bar, they talked to Dekkers about their plans after getting their pilot licenses, and Jarrah said to Dekkers "I got a job lined up and we are planning to become pilots."

Jarrah had obtained his license to fly small aircraft in August 2000, and began training to fly large jets later that year.[16]He flew to Beirut to visit his family, and then to Germany to visit his girlfriend, Şengün. He brought her back to the United States for a ten-day visit, and she even attended a flight school session with him. In late January 2001, he again flew to Beirut to visit his father, who was ill, and then to Germany to visit his girlfriend. He returned to the United States once again in late February. His behavior was markedly different from the other hijackers, who broke off all familial and romantic relations.[17]

On his way back to the US, he passed through theUnited Arab Emirates,according to that country's officials, where he was initially reported as having been interviewed by authorities on 30 January 2001, at the request of theCIA.[18]He allegedly admitted to having been to Afghanistan andPakistan,[18][19]although the CIA has since denied the claim and the9/11 Commission Reportdoes not mention it. The Florida flight school where Jarrah had been studying also said he was in school there until 15 January 2001.[20]

Ziad Jarrah's Florida drivers license, which he received on May 2, 2001

On 6 May, Jarrah registered for a two-month membership at the US1 Fitness Center, a gym inDania Beach, Florida—he would later renew his membership for two more months, and eventually had lessons in close-quarters combat.[21][22]It is believed that sometime in that month,Ahmed al-Haznawi,who arrived on June 8, moved in with Jarrah. Jarrah rented a new apartment inLauderdale-by-the-Seaafter both men gave the landlord photocopies of their German passports, which he later turned over to the FBI.[23]

On 25 June, Jarrah took Haznawi to Holy Cross Hospital inFort Lauderdale, Florida,on the advice of his landlord. Haznawi was treated by Dr. Christos Tsonas, who gave him antibiotics for a cut on his left calf. While he told staff that he had bumped into a suitcase,[24]the media briefly reported it as a sign ofcutaneous anthrax,hoping to show a link to the2001 anthrax attacks,although the FBI later addressed the rumors, stating that "exhaustive testing did not support that anthrax was present anywhere the hijackers had been."[25]

In mid-July 2001, some of the hijackers and members of the Hamburg cell gathered nearSalou,Spain,for a period of a few days up to a couple of weeks. There seemed to be tension between Jarrah and Atta about the plot in its late stages. Atta had complained toRamzi bin al-Shibhabout his difficulty in getting through to Jarrah and his fear that Jarrah might withdraw from the plot completely. On 25 July, Jarrah flew to Germany on a one-way ticket and again met with his girlfriend, the last time she saw him (though they would talk by telephone at least once more). Later, he met with bin al-Shibh who convinced Jarrah to go through with the operation.[26]Jarrah arrived back in the United States on 5 August, though other sources indicate that he took his pilot's test on 2 August, having missed his sister's wedding to do so.[27]On 27 August, he checked into the Pin-Del Motel inLaurel, Maryland,only a mile away from the Valencia Motel, where four other hijackers were staying.[28]On 7 September 2001, all four of the Flight 93 hijackers flew fromFort LauderdaletoNewark International AirportaboardSpirit Airlines.[29]

In the early morning hours of 9 September 2001, Jarrah was pulled over for speeding inMarylandand received a ticket.[30][31]Jarrah phoned his parents later that day, mentioning that he had received the money order they had sent five days earlier.[32]He told them he intended to see them on 22 September for his cousin's wedding.[32]

On 10 September, Jarrah spent his final evening writing a letter to Şengün, with whom he had made marriage plans. This letter is widely interpreted as asuicide note.The letter did not reach Şengün; she had entered witness protection shortly after the attacks and her apartment was unattended. The letter was returned to the United States by the German postal service, where it was discovered and delivered to the FBI.[33][34]The note contained the phrases "I did what I had to" and "It is a great honour and you will see the result, and everyone will be celebrating."[35]

According to one source, Jarrah had set up a large mockcockpitmade of cardboard boxes in his apartment just before the attacks.[22]

9/11 attacks

[edit]
Charred passport found among the wreckage ofFlight 93
Jarrah – 09:31:57
First announcement made by Ziad Jarrah.
Jarrah – 09:39:11
Second announcement made by Ziad Jarrah.
Main article:United Airlines Flight 93

At 5:01 AM on 11 September 2001, Jarrah inNewarkplaced a phone call toUnited Airlines Flight 175hijacker pilotMarwan al-ShehhiinBoston;the pair spoke for less than a minute, likely to confirm that the plan for the attacks was ready to proceed.[36]While Jarrah made a similar call toAmerican Airlines Flight 11hijacker pilotMohamed Atta,this did not occur between Jarrah andAmerican Airlines Flight 77hijacker pilotHani Hanjour.[37][38]Later that morning, Jarrah,Saeed al-Ghamdi,Ahmed al-NamiandAhmed al-HaznawiboardedUnited Airlines Flight 93fromNewark International Airportat gate A17 without incident, and sat in first-class seats near the cockpit. Before boarding, Jarrah called his girlfriend Aysel Şengün from a public telephone at the airport, repeating the words "I love you" over and over.[39]Due to a delay, the plane took off at 8:42, four minutes beforeAmerican Airlines Flight 11crashed into theWorld Trade Center.The pilot and crew were notified of the first two hijackings that day, and were told to be on alert. Within minutes, around 9:28a.m., Flight 93 was hijacked as well. The9/11 Commissionstated that Jarrah was the pilot.[40]

The voice of a pilot was heard byair traffic controltelling passengers to remain seated. Jarrah announcing, "Ladies and gentlemen: here the captain. Please sit down, keep remaining seating. We have a bomb on board. So sit."[41]At 9:39 a.m., the pilot announced over the radio, "This is the captain. Would like you all to remain seated. There is a bomb on board and we are going back to the airport, and to have our demands, so please remain quiet."[42]

At least two of the cellphone calls made by passengers indicate that all the hijackers they saw were wearing red bandanas, and indicated that one of the men, believed to be either al-Haznawi or al-Nami, had a box tied around his torso, and claimed there was a bomb inside. Passengers on the plane had learned the fates of the other hijacked planes through telephone calls; some decided to act, fearing their plane, too, would be used as a missile. A passenger uprising foiled the terrorists' plans, but failed to save the plane. Jarrah and the other hijackers were attacked.[43]According to the August 8, 2003, analysis of the plane'scockpit recordingby theUnited Statesinvestigators, a group of passengers tried to break into the cockpit. To knock them off balance, Jarrah rolled the plane to the left and right. When this failed, he then pitched the nose forward and back. Jarrah stabilized the plane at 10:00:03.[44]Five seconds later, he asked, "Is that it? Shall we finish it off?" Another hijacker responded, "No. Not yet. When they all come, we finish it off."[45]The voice recorder recorded the sound of the passengers using the food cart as a battering ram against the cockpit door.[44]Jarrah ceased the violent maneuvers at 10:01:00 and recited thetakbirseveral times. He then asked another hijacker, "Is that it? I mean, shall we put it down?" The other hijacker responded, "Yes, put it in it, and pull it down." The passengers continued their assault and at 10:02:17, a male passenger said, "Turn it up!" A second later, a hijacker said, "Pull it down! Pull it down!"[44]At 10:02:33, Jarrah made a desperate plea inArabic,screaming "Hey! Hey! Give it to me! Give it to me! Give it to me! Give it to me! Give it to me! Give it to me! Give it to me! Give it to me!", possibly referring to the plane's yoke.[46]The plane crashed justoutsideofShanksville, Pennsylvania,at 10:03:11, 125 miles (200 km) from Washington, D.C. All aboard died instantly. TheNational Transportation Safety Boardreported that the flight impacted at 563 mph (906 km/h; 252 m/s; 489 kn).

After 11 September, Jarrah's girlfriend, Şengün, filed a missing person report inBochum.Jarrah became a suspect as FBI agents found a "Ziad Jarrahi" in the flight manifest (the additionaliat the end a possible misspelling).[5]

Mistaken identity claims

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There have been claims that Jarrah was not a hijacker but rather an innocent passenger or that he was not present on the plane and his identity was stolen. It has been pointed out that his behavior deviated from the profile presented by the other hijackers and that the passengers reported three and not four hijackers. However, the October 2006 emergence of a video shot on 18 January 2000, showing Jarrah recording his will alongsideMohamed Attahas cast heavy doubt on such claims.[12]

Shortly after the 11 September attacks, family and friends claimed that Jarrah did not exhibit the same "smoldering political resentments" or "cultural conservatism" as Mohamed Atta and the other hijackers. Although his family was Sunni Muslim, Jarrah was not raised with a background of religious conviction and did not hold to an obviously conservative lifestyle. Personnel at the flight school Jarrah attended described him as "a normal person". Jarrah called his family two days, and his girlfriend Aysel Şengün three hours, before boarding United Airlines Flight 93; Şengün described the conversation as "pleasant" and "normal". She also claimed that he never mentioned any names of the other hijackers.[27]In his call two days before the attack, Jarrah told his family he would be coming home for a cousin's wedding. "It makes no sense," his uncle Jamal claimed. "He said he had even bought a new suit for the occasion." Jarrah's family inLebanonclaimed in September 2001 that he was an innocent passenger on the plane.[5]His uncle, Jamal Jarrah, is currently a deputy in theLebanese parliamentand was appointed minister on 18 December 2016, and a member of theFuture Movement,a pro-Saudi Arabian political party led bySaad Hariri.On 2 January 2012, in a televised interview on Future TV,MPJarrah denied his nephew's involvement in the 9/11 attacks, alluding to a conspiracy.[citation needed]

On 23 October 2001,John Ashcroftclaimed that Jarrah had shared a Hamburg apartment withMohamed AttaandMarwan al-Shehhi,[47]thoughGermanauthorities that same day told theLos Angeles Timesthat they had no evidence that any of Jarrah's three apartments in Hamburg had been connected with the other hijackers. One high-ranking German police official stated, "The only information we have connecting the three Hamburg suspects is the FBI's assertion that there is a connection."[27]In October 2006, however, a video surfaced showing Atta and Jarrah together in Afghanistan, clearly connecting Jarrah to the members of the Hamburg cell.[12]

The9/11 Commissionconcluded without qualification that Jarrah was a hijacker on the plane when it crashed in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.[48][49]

In October 2006, anal-Qaedavideo was released showing Jarrah and Mohamed Atta recording their wills in January 2000 inOsama bin Laden'sTarnak Farmsbase nearKandahar,Afghanistan.[12]

[edit]
  • Jarrah is the central character in the filmThe Hamburg Cell(2004), in which he is portrayed by French-Lebanese actor Karim Saleh.[50]The film, while showing the formation of theradical Muslims group of the same nameas well as preparations for the 9/11 attacks, presents the events from Jarrah's perspective and also features his indoctrination to extremism.
  • Television filmThe Flight That Fought Back(2005) portrays the passenger uprising inside the hijacked United Airlines 93, with Iranian-American actorPej Vahdatportraying Jarrah.
  • Iranian-American actorDominic Rainsportrayed Jarrah in the television filmFlight 93(2006), which focuses on the hijacking of United Airlines 93.[51]
  • Jarrah is portrayed by Egyptian-British actorKhalid Abdallain the award-winning filmUnited 93(2006), also featuring the hijacking of United Airlines 93, and the authorities' attempts to save the four hijacked planes during 9/11.[50]
  • The 2021 German-French filmCopilot(German title:Die Welt Wird Eine Andere Sein,Lit. trans.The World Will Be Different) is based on Jarrah's relationship with Aysel Şengün, prior to the events of 11 September 2001.[52]Portrayed by Lebanese actor Roger Azar, Jarrah is renamed as Saeed Awaad to distance the film from being a docudrama. It was an official Panorama entry at the71st Berlin International Film Festival,and was theatrically released on the 20th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Unless otherwise sourced, statements in this article come primarily from the9/11 Commission Report.[1]Where there is substantial disagreement with the report about significant facts in Jarrah's life, this is mentioned explicitly.
  2. ^Various sources have speculated that theWhite Housewas the target of Flight 93; the9/11 Commission Report,based on information derived from the interrogations ofKhalid Sheikh Mohammed,confidently asserts that it was, in fact, the Capitol Building that was targeted. Additionally, before he was captured, Sheikh Mohammed, along with bin al-Shibh, told an Al Jazeera reporter (who was taken blindfolded to his hideout) back in 2002 that the fourth target was in fact the Capitol Building.[2]
  3. ^This account, in the9/11 Commission Report,is provided solely from the testimony of capturedal-QaedamemberRamzi bin al-Shibh.

References

[edit]
  1. ^National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States(Ben-Veniste, Richard;Fielding, Fred F.;Gorelick, Jamie;Gorton, Slade;Hamilton, Lee H.;Kean, Thomas;Kerrey, Bob;Lehman, John F.;Roemer, Timothy J.;Thompson, James R.) (2004).The9/11 Commission Report:Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States.W.W. Norton & Company.ISBN0-393-32671-3,also availableonlineArchivedAugust 7, 2010, at theWayback Machine
  2. ^"Al-Qaeda 'plotted nuclear attacks'".BBC News.British Broadcasting Corporation. 8 September 2002.Retrieved9 October2010.
  3. ^Freedberg, Sydney (14 October 2001)."The Making of a Terrorist // He Seemed Like Such a Nice Boy".St. Petersburg Times.
  4. ^Walker, Marcus (18 September 2001)."A Student's Dreams Or a Terrorist's Plot?".Wall Street Journal.New York City:Dow Jones & Company.Retrieved28 November2018.
  5. ^abcNeuffer, Elizabeth (25 October 2001)."Hijack Suspect Lived a Life, or a Lie".The Boston Globe.Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Globe Partners L.P. Archived fromthe originalon 25 September 2001.
  6. ^Kakutani, Michiko (2004).The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States.p. 163.{{cite book}}:|newspaper=ignored (help)
  7. ^"The Story of Ziad Jarrah".CBC News.10 October 2001.Retrieved13 September2006.
  8. ^abBoettcher, Mike (7 May 2003)."Video shows inside look at al Qaeda cell, authorities say".CNN.Atlanta, Georgia:Turner Broadcasting Systems.Retrieved25 February2019.
  9. ^The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States.2004. pp. 165–166.
  10. ^Ruthven 2004,p. 301.
  11. ^"Wedding video shows Sept. 11 hijackers, plotters".USA Today.Mclean, Virginia:Gannett Company.Associated Press. 7 May 2003.
  12. ^abcd"Watch the video: Osama Bin Laden's HQ".The Times.London. 1 October 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 4 October 2006.
  13. ^"Personal Stories: Chronology of the Sept. 11 Terror Plot".PBS.11 September 2018.Retrieved25 February2019.
  14. ^"Staff Monograph on 9/11 and Terrorist Travel"(PDF).9/11 Commission. 2004.
  15. ^9-11 Report.p. 163. Retrieved on September 19, 2006.
  16. ^"The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States"(PDF).2004.p. 224
  17. ^"The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States"(PDF).2004.p. 227
  18. ^abMacVicar, Sheiula; Faraj, Caroline (1 August 2002)."September 11 hijacker questioned in January 2001".CNN.Atlanta, Georgia:Turner Broadcasting Systems.Archived fromthe originalon 15 September 2010.Retrieved8 September2006.
  19. ^Crewdson, John (13 December 2001). "Hijacker held, freed before Sept. 11 attack".Chicago Tribune.Chicago, Illinois:Tribune Publishing.
  20. ^Longman, Jere (2002).Among the Heroes.New York City:Simon & Schuster.pp. 101–102.ISBN0-7432-3098-1.
  21. ^Serrano, Richard A.; John-thor Dahlburg (20 September 2001)."Officials Told of 'Major Assault' Plans".Los Angeles Times.Archived fromthe originalon 23 September 2001.
  22. ^abRoddy, Dennis B.(28 October 2001)."Flight 93: Forty lives, one destiny".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: PG Publishing. Archived fromthe originalon 2 November 2001.Retrieved2 November2001.
  23. ^Viglucci, Andres; Garcia, Manny (15 September 2001)."Hijack plotters used S. Florida as a cradle for conspiracy".The Miami Herald.Archived fromthe originalon 16 September 2001.Retrieved8 September2006.
  24. ^Fainaru, Steve; Ceci Connolly (29 March 2002)."Memo on Florida Case Roils Anthrax Probe".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 10 June 2011.Retrieved8 September2006.
  25. ^"Report raises question of anthrax, hijacker link".CNN.23 March 2002.Retrieved8 September2006.
  26. ^"The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States"(PDF).2004. p. 246.
  27. ^abcWilliams, Carol J. (23 October 2001)."Friends of terror suspect say allegations make no sense".Los Angeles Times.Archived fromthe originalon 3 February 2002.Retrieved8 September2006.
  28. ^"Life of a 9/11 Hijacker".CBC News. 10 October 2001. Archived fromthe original(photos)on 23 January 2005.Retrieved23 January2005.
  29. ^"Statement for the Record, FBI Director Robert S. Mueller III".Joint Intelligence Committee Inquiry.Retrieved13 September2006.
  30. ^The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States.2004. p. 253.
  31. ^"Video of Ziad Jarrah traffic stop".9 September 2001. Archived fromthe originalon 20 December 2007.Retrieved26 April2014.
  32. ^ab"The Pilot – Story of Zaid Samir Jarrah".CBC the fifth estate.19 January 2005.Retrieved17 November2021.
  33. ^Williams, Carol J. (18 November 2001)."Love Letter Written by Suspected Hijacker Reportedly Surfaces".Los Angeles Times.Archived fromthe originalon 4 June 2004.Retrieved8 September2006.
  34. ^"Final Note to Aysel from Jarrah".CBC News. 19 January 2005. Archived fromthe originalon 24 February 2005.Retrieved24 February2005.
  35. ^Connolly, Kate (18 November 2001)."'I did what I had to,' says suicide pilot's last letter ".The Guardian.London.Retrieved25 February2019.
  36. ^McMillan, Tom (2014).Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11.Lanham, Maryland:Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN978-1442232853.Archivedfrom the original on 11 September 2021.Retrieved11 June2021.: 64 
  37. ^"9/11 Commission Report" (PDF). p. 18. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  38. ^"9/11 Commission Report" (PDF). p. 50. Retrieved May 19, 2023
  39. ^Vasagar, Jeevan (20 November 2002)."9/11 hijacker made last 'I love you' call".Retrieved6 March2017.
  40. ^"Flight 93 Hijacker:'Shall We Finish it Off?'".CNN. 23 July 2004.Retrieved30 July2021.
  41. ^Hirschkorn, Phil (12 April 2006)."On tape, passengers heard trying to retake cockpit".CNN.Retrieved23 June2008.
  42. ^The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States.2004. p. 29.
  43. ^"Passengers Defeated the Well-trained Hijacker Assigned to Flight 93".Newsweek.17 August 2021.
  44. ^abc"'We Have Some Planes'".9/11 Commission Report.National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004.Retrieved30 May2008.
  45. ^"United Airlines Flight No.93 Cockpit Voice Recorder Transcript"(PDF).CNN. 12 April 2006. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 8 December 2013.Retrieved4 July2009.
  46. ^Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11,pp 104–105
  47. ^Eggen, Dan (23 October 2001)."German Fugitives Sought in Attack Investigation".The Washington Post.Archived fromthe originalon 24 February 2011.Retrieved8 September2006.
  48. ^The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States.2004. p. 14.
  49. ^"Friends of terror suspect say allegations make no sense".Archived fromthe originalon 3 February 2002.
  50. ^ab"Do they really want the part?".Los Angeles Times.26 April 2006.Retrieved17 November2021.
  51. ^"Dominic Rains Actors | Soaps.com".Soaps.sheknows.com. 8 June 2015.Retrieved17 November2021.
  52. ^"Copilot".

Bibliography

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