Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps
(Redirected fromAlveolar tap)
Thevoiced alveolar taporflapis a type ofconsonantalsound, used in some spokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents adental,alveolar,orpostalveolartap or flapis ⟨ɾ⟩.
The termstapandflapare often used interchangeably.Peter Ladefogedproposed the distinction that a tap strikes its point of contact directly, as a very brief stop, and a flap strikes the point of contact tangentially: "Flaps are most typically made by retracting the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing."[1]That distinction between the alveolar tap and flap can be written in the IPA with tap ⟨ɾ⟩ and flap ⟨ɽ⟩, the 'retroflex' symbol being used for the one that starts with the tongue tip curled back behind the alveolar ridge. The distinction is noticeable in the speech of some American English speakers in distinguishing the words "potty" (tap[ɾ]) and "party" (retroflex[ɽ]).
For linguists who do not make the distinction, alveolars and dentals are typically calledtapsand other articulationsflaps.No language contrasts a tap and a flap at the same place of articulation.
The sound is often analyzed and thus interpreted by non-native English-speakers as an'R-sound'in many foreign languages. In languages for which the segment is present but not phonemic, it is often an allophone of either analveolar stop([t],[d],or both) or arhotic consonant(like thealveolar trillor thealveolar approximant).
If the alveolar flap is the only rhotic consonant in the language, it may be transcribed with ⟨r⟩ although that symbol technically represents the trill.
Thevoiced alveolar tapped fricativereported from some languages is actually a very briefvoiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative.
Voiced alveolar tap and flap
[edit]| Voiced alveolar tap or flap | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɾ | |||
| IPA Number | 124 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ɾ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+027E | ||
| X-SAMPA | 4 | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
Features
[edit]
Features of the voiced alveolar tap or flap:
- Itsmanner of articulationistap or flap,which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
- Itsplace of articulationisdentaloralveolar,which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth or at thealveolar ridge.It is most oftenapical,which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Egyptian[2] | رجل | [ɾeɡl] | 'leg' | SeeEgyptian Arabic phonology |
| Lebanese | إجر | [ʔəʒəɾ] | 'wages' | ||
| Moroccan | رما /rma | [ɾma] | 'he threw' | ||
| South Iraqi | أريد | [aɾid] | 'I want' | ||
| Aragonese | aragonés | [aɾaɣoˈnes] | 'Aragonese' | Contrasts with/r/. | |
| Armenian | Eastern[3] | րոպե | 'minute' | Contrasts with/r/in all positions. | |
| Assyrian | ܪܝܫܐrìsha | [ɾiʃa] | 'head' | Contrasts with ‘dark’ R. | |
| Asturian | hora | [ˈoɾa] | 'hour' | Contrasts with/r/. | |
| Basque | begiratu | [beˈɣiɾaˌtu] | 'look' | Contrasts with/r/.SeeBasque phonology | |
| Bengali | আবার | [abaɾ] | 'again' | Main realisation of /r/. Corresponds to [r~ɹ] in others and may occur word-medially and finally against [r]. SeeBengali phonology | |
| Catalan[4] | truc | [ˈtɾuk] | 'trick' | Contrasts with/r/.SeeCatalan phonology | |
| Danish[5][6] | nordisk | [ˈnoɐ̯ɾisk] | 'Nordic' | Possible realization of intervocalic/d/between phonetic vowels.[5][6]SeeDanish phonology | |
| Dutch | reden | [ˈɾeːdə(n)] | 'reason' | Especially in the region of West Frisia. Realization of /r/ varies widely in Dutch. SeeDutch phonology | |
| English | Cockney[7] | better | [ˈbe̞ɾɐ] | 'better' | Intervocalicallophoneof/t/.In free variation with [ʔ~tʰ~tˢ]. SeeFlapping |
| Australian[8] | [ˈbeɾɐ] | Intervocalic allophone of/t/and/d/.SeeAustralian English phonology,New Zealand English phonologyandFlapping | |||
| New Zealand[9] | |||||
| Dublin[10] | Intervocalic allophone of/t/and/d/,present in many dialects. In Local Dublin it can be[ɹ]instead, unlike New and Mainstream. SeeEnglish phonologyandFlapping | ||||
| North America[11] | |||||
| Ulster | |||||
| West Country | |||||
| Irish | three | [θɾiː] | 'three' | Conservative accents. Corresponds to [ɹ~ɻ~ʁ] in other accents. | |
| Scottish[12] | Most speakers. Others use [ɹ~r]. | ||||
| OlderReceived Pronunciation[13] | Allophone of/ɹ/ | ||||
| Scouse[12] | |||||
| South African[12] | Broad speakers. Can be [ɹ~r] instead | ||||
| Esperanto | Esperanto | [espeˈɾanto] | 'one who hopes' | Usually a flap[ɾ],but can be a trilledr.SeeEsperanto phonology | |
| Greek[14] | μηρός/mirós | [miˈɾ̠o̞s] | 'thigh' | Somewhat retracted. Most common realization of/r/.SeeModern Greek phonology | |
| Hindustani | मेरा/میرا | [meːɾaː] | 'My' | Allophone of /r/ in intervocalic position. SeeHindi phonology | |
| Irish | fear | [fʲaɾˠ] | 'man' | SeeIrish phonology | |
| Kinyarwanda | uRwanda | [uɾgwɑː.ndɑ] | 'Rwanda' | ||
| Japanese[dubious–discuss] | Tâm/こころkokoro | 'heart' | [15]Varies with[ɺ].[16]SeeJapanese phonology | ||
| Kazakh | бер/ber | 'give' | SeeKazakh phonology | ||
| Korean | 여름/yeoreum | [jʌɾɯm] | 'summer' | Allophone of /l/ between vowels or between a vowel and an /h/ | |
| Malay | راتوس/ratus | [ɾä.tos] | 'hundred' | Common realisation of /r/. May be trill [r] or postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠]. SeeMalay phonology | |
| Māori | whare | [ɸaɾɛ] | 'house' | Sometimes trilled. | |
| Marathi | वारा | [ʋaːɾaː] | 'wind' | ||
| Nepali[17] | तारा | [t̪äɾä] | 'star' | Intervocalic allophone of /r/. SeeNepali phonology | |
| Norwegian[18] | bare | 'only' | May be realised as a trill[r],approximant[ɹ]or uvular[ʀ~ʁ]depending on dialect. SeeNorwegian phonology | ||
| Odia | ରାତି/rāti | [ɾäti] | 'night' | ||
| Polish | który | [ˈkt̪u.ɾɘ̟] | 'which' | Can also sometimes be an approximant, a fricative, and rarely - a trill. SeePolish phonology | |
| Portuguese[19] | prato | [ˈpɾatu] | 'dish' | Dental toretroflexallophones, varying by dialect. Contrasts only intervocalically with/ʁ/,with itsgutturalallophones. SeePortuguese phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | mòr | [moːɾ] | 'big' | Both the lenited and non-initial broad form ofr.Often transcribed simply as/r/.The initial unlenited broad form is a trill[rˠ],while the slender form is[ɾʲ]([ð]in some dialects). SeeScottish Gaelic phonology. | |
| Spanish[20] | caro | 'expensive' | Contrasts with/r/.SeeSpanish phonology | ||
| Tagalog | biro | [ˈbiɾɔʔ] | 'joke' | SeeTagalog phonology | |
| Tamil | மரம் | [maɾam] | 'tree' | SeeTamil phonology | |
| Thai | Some speakers | พระ / prá | [pʰɾaʔ˦˥] | 'monk' | |
| Turkish[21] | ara | [ˈɑɾɑ] | 'interval' | Intervocalically; may not make full contact elsewhere.[21]SeeTurkish phonology | |
| Uzbek[22] | ёмғир/yomg‘ir/یامغیر | [ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪] | 'rain' | Denti-alveolar.[22] | |
| West Coast Bajau[23] | bara' | [ba.ɾaʔ] | 'to tell' | Voiced dental flap in intervocalic position. | |
Alveolar nasal tap and flap
[edit]| Alveolar nasal tap/flap | |
|---|---|
| ɾ̃ | |
| n̆ | |
| IPA Number | 124 424 |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | 4~ or n_X |
Features
[edit]Features of the alveolar nasal tap or flap:
- Itsmanner of articulationistap or flap,which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
- Itsplace of articulationisalveolar,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge,termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anasalconsonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English[24] | Estuary | twenty | 'twenty' | Allophone of unstressed intervocalic/nt/for some speakers, especially in rapid or casual speech. SeeEnglish phonology,North American English regional phonologyandflapping | |
| North American[25] | |||||
| Guarani[26] | porã | [põˈɾ̃ã] | 'good' | Nasalized allophone of/ɾ/as a result of nasal harmony. SeeGuarani language § Nasal harmony | |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^Valentin-Marquez (2015)
- ^Watson (2002:16)
- ^Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
- ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^abGrønnum (2005:157)
- ^abBasbøll (2005:126)
- ^Wells (1982:324–325)
- ^Cox & Palethorpe (2007:343)
- ^Trudgill & Hannah (2002:24)
- ^"Glossary".Retrieved2021-05-22.
- ^Ogden (2009:114)
- ^abcOgden (2009:92)
- ^Wise (1957:?)
- ^Arvaniti (2007:15–18)
- ^Labrune (2012),p. 92.
- ^Akamatsu (1997),p. 106.
- ^Khatiwada, Rajesh (December 2009)."Nepali".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.39(3): 373–380.doi:10.1017/S0025100309990181.ISSN1475-3502.
- ^Kristoffersen, Gjert (2015)."En innføring i norsk fonologi"[An introduction to Norwegian phonology](PDF)(in Norwegian) (4 ed.).University of Bergen.p. 21.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2018-10-24.Retrieved2020-07-09.
I østlandsk er denne lyden normalt en såkalt tapp
- ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^abYavuz & Balcı (2011:25)
- ^abSjoberg (1963:13)
- ^Miller, Mark T. (2007).A Grammar of West Coast Bajau(Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. p. 34.hdl:10106/577.
- ^Kwan-Young Oh."Reanalysis of Flapping on Level Approach".Retrieved2023-04-29.
- ^Tomasz P. Szynalski."Flap t FAQ".Retrieved2013-11-24.
- ^Walker (2011:9–10)
References
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{{citation}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Yavuz, Handan; Balcı, Ayla (2011),Turkish Phonology and Morphology(PDF),Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi,ISBN978-975-06-0964-0[permanent dead link]
