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Edgar Allan Poe
Poe in 1849
Poe in 1849
BornEdgar Poe
(1809-01-19)January 19, 1809
Boston,Massachusetts, U.S.
DiedOctober 7, 1849(1849-10-07)(aged 40)
Baltimore,Maryland, U.S.
Resting placeWestminster Hall and Burying Ground,Baltimore
Spouse
​
​
(m.1836; died 1847)​
Parents
Relatives
Signature
Topics related to
Edgar Allan Poe
In popular culture
In music
In television and film
Dark Romanticism
Edgar Awards
Death
Bibliography

Edgar Allan Poe(néEdgar Poe;January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an Americanwriter,poet,editor,andliterary criticwho is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales involving mystery and themacabre.He is widely regarded as one of the central figures ofRomanticismandGothic fictionin the United States, and of earlyAmerican literature.[1]Poe was one of the country's first successful practitioners of theshort story,and is generally considered to be the inventor of thedetective fictiongenre. In addition, he is credited with contributing significantly to the emergence ofscience fiction.[2]He is the first well-known American writer to earn a living by writing alone, which resulted in a financially difficult life and career.[3]

Poe was born inBoston.He was the second child of actorsDavidandElizabeth "Eliza" Poe.[4]His father abandoned the family in 1810, and when Eliza died the following year, Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan ofRichmond, Virginia.They never formally adopted him, but he lived with them well into young adulthood. Poe attended theUniversity of Virginia,but left after only a year due to a lack of money. He frequently quarreled with John Allan over the funds needed to continue his education as well as his gambling debts. In 1827, having enlisted in theUnited States Armyunder the assumed name of Edgar A. Perry, he published his first collection,Tamerlane and Other Poems,which was credited only to "a Bostonian". Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement after the death of Allan's wife Frances in 1829. However, Poe later failed as an officer cadet atWest Point,declared his intention to become a writer, primarily of poems, and parted ways with Allan.

Poe switched his focus to prose, and spent the next several years working forliterary journalsand periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move between several cities, includingBaltimore,Philadelphia,andNew York City.In 1836, when he was 27, he married his 13-year-old cousin,Virginia Clemm.She died oftuberculosisin 1847.

In January 1845, he published his poem "The Raven"to instant success. He planned for years to produce his own journalThe Penn,later renamedThe Stylus.But before it began publishing, Poe died in Baltimore in 1849, aged 40, undermysterious circumstances.The cause of his death remains unknown and has been attributed to many causes, including disease, alcoholism,substance abuse,and suicide.[5]

Poe's works influenced the development of literature throughout the world and even impacted such specialized fields ascosmologyandcryptography.Since his death, he and his writings haveappeared throughout popular culturein such fields as art, photography, literary allusions, music,motion pictures, and television.Several of his homes are dedicated museums. In addition, TheMystery Writers of Americapresents an annualEdgar Awardfor distinguished work in the mystery genre.

Early life and education

Plaque marking the approximate location of Poe's birth on Carver Street inBoston

Edgar Poe was born inBoston,Massachusetts,on January 19, 1809, the second child of American actorDavid Poe Jr.andEnglish-born actressElizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe.He had an elder brother,Henry,and a younger sister,Rosalie.[6]Their grandfather, David Poe, had emigrated fromCounty Cavan,Ireland, around 1750.[7]

His father abandoned the family in 1810,[8]and his mother died a year later frompulmonary tuberculosis.Poe was then taken into the home of John Allan, a successful merchant inRichmond, Virginia,who dealt in a variety of goods, including cloth, wheat, tombstones, tobacco, and slaves.[9]The Allans served as a foster family and gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe",[10]although they never formally adopted him.[11]

The Allan family had Poe baptized into theEpiscopal Churchin 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son.[10]The family sailed to the United Kingdom in 1815, and Poe attended a grammar school for a short period inIrvine, Ayrshire,Scotland, where Allan was born, before rejoining the family in London in 1816. There he studied at a boarding school inChelseauntil summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at the ReverendJohn Bransby's Manor House School inStoke Newington,then a suburb 4 miles (6 km) north of London.[12]

Poe moved to Richmond with the Allans in 1820. In 1824, he served as the lieutenant of the Richmond youth honor guard as the city celebrated thevisit of the Marquis de Lafayette.[13]In March 1825, Allan's uncle and business benefactor William Galt died, who was said to be one of the wealthiest men in Richmond,[14]leaving Allan several acres of real estate. The inheritance was estimated at $750,000 (equivalent to $20,000,000 in 2023).[15]By summer 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing a two-story brick house called Moldavia.[16]

Poe may have become engaged toSarah Elmira Roysterbefore he registered at theUniversity of Virginiain February 1826 to study ancient and modern languages.[17][18]The university was in its infancy, established on the ideals of its founder,Thomas Jefferson.It had strict rules against gambling, horses, guns, tobacco, and alcohol, but these rules were mostly ignored. Jefferson enacted a system of student self-government, allowing students to choose their own studies, make their own arrangements for boarding, and report all wrongdoing to the faculty.

The unique system was rather chaotic, and there was a high dropout rate.[19]During his time there, Poe lost touch with Royster and also became estranged from his foster father over gambling debts. He claimed that Allan had not given him sufficient money to register for classes, purchase texts, or procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did send additional money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased.[20]Poe gave up on the university after a year, but did not feel welcome to return to Richmond, especially when he learned that his sweetheart, Royster, had married another man, Alexander Shelton. Instead, he traveled to Boston in April 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and newspaper contributor. Poe started using thepseudonymHenri Le Rennet during this period.[21]

Military career

In May 1827, Poe enlisted in theU.S. Army,where he was first stationed atFort IndependenceinBoston.

As Poe was unable to support himself, he decided to enlist in theUnited States Armyas a private on May 27, 1827, using the name "Edgar A. Perry". Although he claimed that he was22 years old,he was actually 18.[22]He first served atFort IndependenceinBoston Harborfor five dollars a month.[23]That same year, his first book was published, a 40-page collection of poetry titledTamerlane and Other Poems,attributed only to "A Bostonian". 50 copies were printed, and the book received virtually no attention.[24]Poe's1st Regiment of Artillery[25]was posted toFort MoultrieinCharleston, South Carolina,before embarking on the brigWalthamon November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted tradesman tasked with preparing shells for artillery. His monthly pay doubled.[26]Poe served for two years, attaining the rank of sergeant major for artillery, the highest rank that a non-commissioned officer could achieve. He then sought to end his five-year enlistment early.

Poe revealed his real name and his actual circumstances to his commanding officer, Lieutenant Howard, who promised to allow Poe to be honorablydischargedif he reconciled with Allan. Poe then wrote a letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic and spent several months ignoring Poe's pleas. Allan may not have written to Poe to inform him of his foster mother's illness. Frances Allan died on February 28, 1829. Poe visited the day after her burial. Perhaps softened by his wife's death, Allan agreed to support Poe's desire to receive an appointment to theUnited States Military AcademyatWest Point, New York.[27]

Poe was finally discharged on April 15, 1829, after securing a replacement to finish his enlistment.[28]Before entering West Point, he moved to Baltimore, where he stayed with his widowed aunt, Maria Clemm, her daughterVirginia Eliza Clemm(Poe's first cousin), his brother Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe.[29]That September, Poe received "the very first words of encouragement I ever remember to have heard"[30]in a review of his poetry by influential criticJohn Neal,which prompted Poe to dedicate one of the poems to Neal[31]in his second book,Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems,published in Baltimore in 1829.[32]

Poe traveled to West Point and matriculated as a cadet on July 1, 1830.[33]In October 1830, Allan married his second wife Louisa Patterson.[34]This marriage and the bitter quarrels with Poe over children born to Allan out of extramarital affairs led to the foster father finally disowning Poe.[35]Poe then decided to leave West Point by intentionally gettingcourt-martialed.On February 8, 1831, he was tried for gross neglect of duty and disobedience of orders for refusing to attend formations, classes, and church. Knowing he would be found guilty, Poe pleaded not guilty to the charges in order to induce dismissal.[36]

Poe left for New York in February 1831 and then released a third volume of poems, simply titled,Poems.The book was financed with help from his fellow cadets at West Point, some of whom donated as much as 75 cents to the cause. The total raised was approximately $170. They may have been expecting verses similar to the satirical ones Poe had written about commanding officers in the past.[37]The book was printed by Elam Bliss of New York, labeled as "Second Edition", and included a page saying, "To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this volume is respectfully dedicated". It once again reprinted the somewhat lengthy poems, “Tamerlane,” and “Al Araaf,” while also including six previously unpublished poems, conspicuous among which are, “To Helen",and"The City in the Sea".[38]Poe returned to Baltimore and to his aunt, brother, and cousin in March 1831. His elder brother Henry had been seriously ill for some time, in part due to complications resulting from alcoholism, and he died on August 1, 1831.[39]

Publishing career

In 1835, at age 26, Poe obtained a license to marry his cousinVirginia Clemm,who was then aged 13; they were married for 11 years until her death.
An 1845 portrait of Poe bySamuel Stillman Osgood
The cottage in theFordhamsection ofthe Bronx,where Poe spent his last years

After his brother's death, Poe's earnest attempts to make a living as a writer were mostly unsuccessful. However, he eventually managed to earn a living by his pen alone, becoming one of the first American authors to do so. His efforts were initially hampered by the lack of an internationalcopyright law.[40]American publishers often chose to sell unauthorized copies of works by British authors rather than pay for new work written by Americans, regardless of merit. The initially anemic reception of Edgar Allan Poe's work may also have been influenced by thePanic of 1837.[41]

There was a booming growth in American periodicals around this time, fueled in part by new technology, but many did not last beyond a few issues.[42]Publishers often refused to pay their writers or paid them much later than they promised,[43]and Poe repeatedly resorted to humiliating pleas for money and other assistance.[44]After his early attempts at poetry, Poe turned his attention to prose, perhaps based on John Neal's critiques inThe Yankeemagazine.[45]He placed a few stories with aPhiladelphiapublication and began work on his only drama,Politian.TheBaltimore Saturday Visiterawarded him a prize in October 1833 for his often overlooked short story "MS. Found in a Bottle".[46]The tale brought him to the attention ofJohn P. Kennedy,a Baltimorean of considerable means who helped Poe place some of his other stories and introduced him to Thomas W. White, editor of theSouthern Literary Messengerin Richmond.

In 1835, Poe became assistant editor of theSouthern Literary Messenger,[47]but White discharged him within a few weeks, allegedly for being drunk on the job.[48]Poe then returned toBaltimore,where he obtained a license to marry his cousin Virginia on September 22, 1835, though it is unknown if they were actually married at that time.[49]He was 26 and she was only 13.

Poe was reinstated by White after promising to improve his behavior, and he returned to Richmond with Virginia and her mother. He remained at theMessengeruntil January 1837. During this period, Poe claimed that its circulation increased from 700 to 3,500.[6]He published several poems, and many book reviews, critiques, essays, and articles, as well as a few stories in the paper. On May 16, 1836, he and Virginia were officially married at aPresbyterianwedding ceremony performed byAmasa Converseat their Richmond boarding house, with a witness falsely attesting Clemm's age as 21.[49][50]

Philadelphia

In 1838, Poe relocated toPhiladelphia,where he lived at four different residences between 1838 and 1844,one of which at 532 N. 7th Streethas been preserved as aNational Historic Landmark.

That same year, Poe's only novel,The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucketwas published and widely reviewed.[51]In the summer of 1839, he became assistant editor ofBurton's Gentleman's Magazine.He published numerous articles, stories, and reviews, enhancing the reputation he had established at theMessengeras one of America's foremost literary critics. Also in 1839, the collectionTales of the Grotesque and Arabesquewas published in two volumes, though Poe received little remuneration from it and the volumes received generally mixed reviews.[52]

In June 1840, Poe published aprospectusannouncing his intentions to start his own journal calledThe Stylus,[53]although he originally intended to call itThe Penn,since it would have been based in Philadelphia. He bought advertising space for the prospectus in the June 6, 1840, issue of Philadelphia'sSaturday Evening Post:"Prospectus of the Penn Magazine, a Monthly Literary journal to be edited and published in the city of Philadelphia by Edgar A. Poe."[54]However, Poe died before the journal could be produced.

Poe leftBurton'safter a year and found a position as writer and co-editor atGraham's Magazine,which was a successful monthly publication.[55]In the last number ofGraham'sfor 1841, Poe was among the co-signatories to an editorial note of celebration concerning the tremendous success the magazine had achieved in the past year: "Perhaps the editors of no magazine, either in America or in Europe, ever sat down, at the close of a year, to contemplate the progress of their work with more satisfaction than we do now. Our success has been unexampled, almost incredible. We may assert without fear of contradiction that no periodical ever witnessed the same increase during so short a period."[56]

Around this time, Poe attempted to secure a position in theadministrationofJohn Tyler,claiming that he was a member of theWhig Party.[57]He hoped to be appointed to theUnited States Custom HouseinPhiladelphiawith help from President Tyler's sonRobert,[58]an acquaintance of Poe's friend Frederick Thomas.[59]However, Poe failed to appear for a meeting with Thomas to discuss the appointment in mid-September 1842, claiming to have been sick, though Thomas believed that he had been drunk.[60]Poe was promised an appointment, but all positions were eventually filled by others.[61]

One evening in January 1842, Virginia showed the first signs of consumption, ortuberculosis,while singing and playing the piano, which Poe described as the breaking of a blood vessel in her throat.[62]She only partially recovered, and Poe is alleged to have begun to drink heavily due to the stress he suffered as a result of her illness. He then leftGraham'sand attempted to find a new position, for a time again angling for a government post. He finally decided to return to New York where he worked briefly at theEvening Mirrorbefore becoming editor of theBroadway Journal,and later its owner.[63]There Poe alienated himself from other writers by, among other things, publicly accusingHenry Wadsworth Longfellowofplagiarism,though Longfellow never responded.[64]Poe later emended his accusations by expressing his belief that many writers, having absorbed ideas from others in the past, often confuse the source of their ideas with their original thoughts, but most of his contemporaries found that interpretation incomprehensible, and continued to be antagonistic towards Poe.[citation needed]On January 29, 1845, Poe's poem, "The Raven,”appeared in theEvening Mirrorand quickly became a popular sensation. It made Poe a household name almost instantly,[65]though at the time, he was paid only $9 (equivalent to $294 in 2023) for its publication.[66]It was concurrently published inThe American Review: A Whig Journalunder the pseudonym "Quarles".[67]

The Bronx

TheBroadway Journalfailed in 1846,[63]and Poe then moved to a cottage inFordham, New York,inthe Bronx.That home, now known as theEdgar Allan Poe Cottage,was relocated in later years to a park near the southeast corner of theGrand Concourseand Kingsbridge Road. Nearby, Poe befriended theJesuitsat St. John's College, nowFordham University.[68]Virginia died at the cottage on January 30, 1847.[69]Biographers and critics often suggest that Poe's frequent theme of the "death of a beautiful woman" stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his life, including his wife.[70]However, as Poe was a prolific writer before Virginia's death, others have suggested that this explanation of his work is an oversimplification.[citation needed][who?]

Poe was increasingly unstable after his wife's death. He attempted to court the poetSarah Helen Whitman,who lived inProvidence, Rhode Island.Their engagement failed, purportedly because of Poe's drinking and erratic behavior. There is also strong evidence that Whitman's mother intervened and did much to derail the relationship.[71]Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with his childhood sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster.[72]

Death

Main article:Death of Edgar Allan Poe
Poe is interred atWestminster HallinBaltimore,Maryland(Lat: 39.29027; Long: −76.62333); the circumstances and cause of his death remain uncertain.

On October 3, 1849, Poe was found semiconscious inBaltimore,"in great distress, and... in need of immediate assistance", according to Joseph W. Walker, who found him.[73]He was taken toWashington Medical College,where he died on Sunday, October 7, 1849, at 5:00 in the morning.[74]

Poe was not coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition and why he was wearing clothes that were not his own. He is said to have repeatedly called out the name "Reynolds" on the night before his death, though it is unclear to whom he was referring. His attending physician said that Poe's final words were, "Lord help my poor soul".[74]All of the relevant medical records have been lost, including Poe'sdeath certificate.[75]

Newspapers at the time reported Poe's death as "congestion of the brain" or "cerebral inflammation", common euphemisms for death from disreputable causes such as alcoholism.[76]The actual cause of death remains a mystery.[77]Speculation has includeddelirium tremens,heart disease,epilepsy,syphilis,meningeal inflammation,[5]cholera,[78]carbon monoxide poisoning,[79]andrabies.[80]One theory dating from 1872 suggests that Poe's death resulted fromcooping,a form ofelectoral fraudin which citizens were forced to vote for a particular candidate, sometimes leading to violence and even murder.[81]

Griswold's memoir

Immediately after Poe's death, his literary rivalRufus Wilmot Griswold,wrote a slanted, high-profile obituary under a pseudonym, filled with falsehoods that cast Poe as a lunatic, and which described him as a person who "walked the streets, in madness or melancholy, with lips moving in indistinct curses, or with eyes upturned in passionate prayers, (never for himself, for he felt, or professed to feel, that he was already damned)".[82]

The long obituary appeared in theNew York Tribune,signed, “Ludwig" on the day Poe was buried inBaltimore.It was further published throughout the country. The obituary began, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it."[83]"Ludwig" was soon identified as Griswold, an editor, critic, andanthologistwho had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became Poe'sliterary executorand attempted to destroy his enemy's reputation after his death.[84]

Griswold wrote a biographical article of Poe called "Memoir of the Author", which he included in an 1850 volume of the collected works. There he depicted Poe as a depraved, drunken, drug-addled madman, including some of Poe's "letters" as evidence.[84]Many of his claims were either outright lies or obvious distortions; for example, there is little to no evidence that Edgar Allan Poe was a drug addict.[85]Griswold's book was denounced by those who knew Poe well,[86]including John Neal, who published an article defending Poe and attacking Griswold as a "Rhadamanthus,who is not to be bilked of his fee, a thimble-full of newspaper notoriety ".[87]Griswold's book nevertheless became a popularly accepted biographical source. This was in part because it was the only full biography available and was widely reprinted, and in part because readers thrilled at the thought of reading works by an "evil" man.[88]Letters that Griswold presented as proof were later revealed asforgeries.[89]

Literary style and themes

Genres

Poe's best-known fiction works have been labeled asGothichorror,[90]and adhere to that genre's general propensity to appeal to the public's taste for the terrifying or psychologically intimidating.[91]His most recurrent themes seem to deal with death. The physical signs indicating death, the nature ofdecomposition,the popular concerns of Poe's day aboutpremature burial,the reanimation of the dead, are all at length explored in his more notable works.[92]Many of his writings are generally considered to be part of thedark romanticismgenre, which is said to be a literary reaction totranscendentalism,[93]which Poe strongly criticized.[94]He referred to followers of the transcendental movement, including Emerson, as "Frog-Pondians", after the pond onBoston Common,[95][96]and ridiculed their writings as "metaphor—run mad,"[97]lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism's sake".[94]However, Poe once wrote in a letter toThomas Holley Chiversthat he did not dislike transcendentalists, "only the pretenders andsophistsamong them ".[98]

Beyond the horror stories he is most famous for, Poe also wrote a number ofsatires,humor tales, and hoaxes. He was a master of sarcasm. For comic effect, he often used irony and ludicrous extravagance in a deliberate attempt to liberate the reader from cultural and literary conformity.[91]"Metzengerstein"is the first story that Poe is known to have published,[99]and his first foray into horror, but it was originally intended as aburlesquesatirizing the popular genres of Poe's time.[100]Poe was also one of the forerunners of Americanscience fiction,responding in his voluminous writing to such emerging literary trends as the explorations into the possibilities of hot air balloons as featured in such works as, "The Balloon-Hoax".[101]

Much of Poe's work coincided with themes that readers of his day found appealing, though he often professed to abhor the tastes of the majority of the people who read for pleasure in his time. In his critical works, Poe investigated and wrote about manyof the pseudosciencesthat were then popular with the majority of his fellow Americans. They included, but were not limited to, the fields of astrology, cosmology,phrenology,[102]andphysiognomy.[103]

Literary theory

Poe's writings often reflect the literary theories he introduced in his prolific critical works and expounded on in such essays as, "The Poetic Principle".[104]He dislikeddidacticism[105]and imitation masquerading as influence, believing originality to be the highest mark of genius. In Poe's conception of the artist's life, the attainment of the concretization of beauty should be the ultimate goal. That which is unique is alone of value. Works with obvious meanings, he wrote, cease to be art.[106]He believed that any work worthy of being praised should have as its focus a single specific effect.[104]That which does not tend towards the effect is extraneous. In his view, every serious writer must carefully calculate each sentiment and idea in his or her work to ensure that it strengthens the theme of the piece.[107]

Poe describes the method he employed while composing his most famous poem, “The Raven,” in an essay entitled "The Philosophy of Composition.”However, many of Poe's critics have questioned whether the method enunciated in the essay was formulated before the poem was written, or afterward, or, asT. S. Eliotis quoted as saying, "It is difficult for us to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a little more pains over it: the result hardly does credit to the method."[108]Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as "a rather highly ingenious exercise in the art of rationalization".[109]

Legacy

Influence

An 1875 illustration of Poe by French impressionistÉdouard Manetfor theStéphane Mallarmétranslation of "The Raven"
Poe depicted in a modern retouched version of adaguerreotype

During his lifetime, Poe was mostly recognized as a literary critic. The vast majority of Edgar Allan Poe's writings are nonfictional. Contemporary criticJames Russell Lowellcalled him, “the most discriminating, philosophical, and fearless critic upon imaginative works who has written in America,” suggesting—rhetorically—that he occasionally usedprussic acidinstead of ink.[110]Poe's often caustic reviews earned him the reputation of being a "tomahawk man".[111]Poe's idea of criticism was not to praise prose or poetry that was obviously successful, and therefore could speak for itself, but to draw attention to what was not successful in the writings of even those he highly respected, his aim being to elevate the art of literature as a whole.[citation needed]Poe felt no need to praise what was already so obviously praiseworthy. Rather, he attempted to point out the imperfections in works other critics considered perfect, so as to hasten the evolution of literature, and in particular, American literature.[citation needed]A so-called “favorite target”[who?]of Poe's criticism was Boston's acclaimed poetHenry Wadsworth Longfellow,who was defended by his friends, literary and otherwise, in what was later called, “The Longfellow War". Poe accused Longfellow of "the heresy of the didactic", writing poetry that was preachy, derivative, and thematically plagiarized.[112]Poe correctly predicted that Longfellow's reputation and style of poetry would decline, concluding, "We grant him high qualities, but deny him the Future".[113]

Poe became known as the creator of a type of fiction that was difficult to categorize and nearly impossible to imitate. He was one of the first American authors of the 19th century to become more popular in Europe than in the United States.[114]Poe was particularly esteemed in France, in part due to early translations of his work byCharles Baudelaire.Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions of Poe's work in Continental Europe.[115]

Poe's early mystery tales featuring the detective,C. Auguste Dupin,though not numerous, laid the groundwork for similar characters that would eventually become famous throughout the world. SirArthur Conan Doylesaid, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?"[116]TheMystery Writers of Americahave named their awards for excellence in the mystery genre "TheEdgars".[117]Poe's work also influenced writings that would eventually come to be called "science fiction", notably the works ofJules Verne,who wrote a sequel to Poe's novelThe Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of NantucketcalledAn Antarctic Mystery,also known asThe Sphinx of the Ice Fields.[118]And as the authorH. G. Wellsnoted, "Pymtells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago ".[119]In 2013,The GuardiancitedPymas one of the greatest novels ever written in the English language, and noted its influence on later authors such as Doyle,Henry James,B. Traven,andDavid Morrell.[120]

Horror author and historianH. P. Lovecraftwas heavily influenced by Poe's horror tales, dedicating an entire section of his long essay, "Supernatural Horror in Literature",to his influence on the genre.[121]In his letters, Lovecraft described Poe as his "God of Fiction".[122]Lovecraft's earliest stories are clearly influenced by Poe.[123]At the Mountains of Madnessdirectly quotes him. Lovecraft made extensive use of Poe's concept of the “unity of effect” in his fiction.[124]Alfred Hitchcockonce said, "It's because I liked Edgar Allan Poe's stories so much that I began to make suspense films".[125]Many references to Poe's works are present inVladimir Nabokov's novels.[126]Other writers inspired by Poe's poetry and fiction include, but are not limited to, Ray Bradbury, Stephen King, and the beat generation's Allen Ginsberg. In Japan,Edogawa Ranpowas so inspired by Poe that his pen name is a rendering of his name into Japanese.[citation needed]

Poe's works have spawned many imitators.[127]One trend among Poe's more ardent fans has been the tendency to employ clairvoyants or psychics to "channel” original poems from Poe's spirit. One of the most notable of these manuscripts was byLizzie Doten,who published,Poems from the Inner Lifein 1863, in which she claimed to have "received" new compositions by Poe. However, the writings appeared to be simple revisions of previously published poems.[citation needed]

Poe has also received criticism. This is partly because of the negative perception of his personal character and its influence upon his reputation.[114]William Butler Yeatswas occasionally critical of Poe and once called him "vulgar".[128]TranscendentalistRalph Waldo Emersonreacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I see nothing in it",[129]and derisively referred to Poe as "the jingle man".[130]Aldous Huxleywrote that Poe's writing "falls into vulgarity" by being "too poetical" —the equivalent of wearing a diamond ring on every finger.[131]

It is believed that only twelve copies have survived of Poe's first bookTamerlane and Other Poems.In December 2009, one copy sold atChristie's auctioneersin New York City for $662,500, a record price paid for a work of American literature.[132]

Physics and cosmology

Eureka: A Prose Poem,an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory that presaged theBig Bangtheory by 80 years,[133][134]as well as the first plausible solution toOlbers' paradox.[135][136] Poe eschewed thescientific methodinEurekaand instead wrote from pureintuition.[137]For this reason, he considered it a work of art, not science,[137]but insisted that it was still true[138]and considered it to be his career masterpiece.[139]Even so,Eurekais full of scientific errors. In particular, Poe's suggestions ignoredNewtonian principlesregarding the density and rotation of planets.[140]

Cryptography

Poe had a keen interest incryptography.He had placed a notice of his abilities in the Philadelphia paperAlexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger,inviting submissions ofcipherswhich he proceeded to solve.[141]In July 1841, Poe had published an essay called "A Few Words on Secret Writing" inGraham's Magazine.Capitalizing on public interest in the topic, he wrote "The Gold-Bug"incorporating ciphers as an essential part of the story.[142]Poe's success with cryptography relied not so much on his deep knowledge of that field (his method was limited to the simplesubstitution cryptogram) as on his knowledge of the magazine and newspaper culture. His keen analytical abilities, which were so evident in his detective stories, allowed him to see that the general public was largely ignorant of the methods by which a simple substitution cryptogram can be solved, and he used this to his advantage.[141]The sensation that Poe created with his cryptography stunts played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.[143]

Two ciphers he published in 1841 under the name "W. B. Tyler" were not solved until 1992 and 2000 respectively. One was a quote fromJoseph Addison's playCato;the other is probably based on a poem byHester Thrale.[144][145]

Poe had an influence on cryptography beyond increasing public interest during his lifetime.William Friedman,America's foremost cryptologist, was heavily influenced by Poe.[146]Friedman's initial interest in cryptography came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as a child, an interest that he later put to use in deciphering Japan'sPURPLEcode duringWorld War II.[147]

Commemorations and namesake

On October 7, 1949, the U.S. Post Office issued a commemorative stamp honoring Edgar Allen Poe on the 100th anniversary of his death.[148]
Main articles:Edgar Allan Poe in popular cultureandEdgar Allan Poe in television and film

Poe's image and namesake has often been used in a number of different capacities including literature, historic places, artistic works, books, film and commemorations.

Character

The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized character, often in order to represent the "mad genius" or "tormented artist" and in order to exploit his personal struggles.[149]Many such depictions also blend in with characters from his stories, suggesting that Poe and his characters share identities.[150]Often, fictional depictions of Poe use his mystery-solving skills in such novels asThe Poe ShadowbyMatthew Pearl.[151]

Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums

TheEdgar Allan Poe National Historic SiteinPhiladelphia,one of several preserved former residences of Poe

No childhood home of Poe is still standing, including the Allan family's Moldavia estate. The oldest standing home inRichmond,the Old Stone House, is in use as theEdgar Allan Poe Museum,though Poe never lived there. The collection includes many items that Poe used during his time with the Allan family, and also features several rare first printings of Poe works. 13 West Range is the dorm room that Poe is believed to have used while studying at theUniversity of Virginiain 1826; it is preserved and available for visits. Its upkeep is overseen by a group of students and staff known as theRaven Society.[152]

The earliest surviving home in which Poe lived is at 203 North Amity St. inBaltimore,which is preserved as theEdgar Allan Poe House and Museum.Poe is believed to have lived in the home at the age of 23 when he first lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia and possibly his grandmother and possibly his brother William Henry Leonard Poe.[153]It is open to the public and is also the home of the Edgar Allan Poe Society.

While in Philadelphia between 1838 and 1844, Poe lived at at least four different residences, including the Indian Queen Hotel at 15 S. 4th Street, at a residence at 16th andLocust Streets,at 2502 Fairmount Street, and then in theSpring Gardensection of the city at 532 N. 7th Street, a residence that has been preserved by theNational Park Serviceas theEdgar Allan Poe National Historic Site.[154][155]Poe's final home inBronx,New York City, is preserved as theEdgar Allan Poe Cottage.[69]

InBoston,a commemorative plaque onBoylston Streetis several blocks away from the actual location of Poe's birth.[156][157][158][159]The house which was his birthplace at 62 Carver Street no longer exists; also, the street has since been renamed "Charles Street South".[160][159]A "square" at the intersection of Broadway, Fayette, and Carver Streets had once been named in his honor,[161]but it disappeared when the streets were rearranged. In 2009, the intersection of Charles and Boylston Streets (two blocks north of his birthplace) was designated "Edgar Allan Poe Square".[162]

In March 2014, fundraising was completed for construction of a permanent memorial sculpture, known asPoe Returning to Boston,at this location. The winning design byStefanie Rocknakdepicts a life-sized Poe striding against the wind, accompanied by a flying raven; his suitcase lid has fallen open, leaving a "paper trail" of literary works embedded in the sidewalk behind him.[163][164][165]The public unveiling on October 5, 2014, was attended by former U.S.poet laureateRobert Pinsky.[166]

Other Poe landmarks include a building on theUpper West Side,where Poe temporarily lived when he first moved to New York City. A plaque suggests that Poe wrote "The Raven"here. OnSullivan's IslandinCharleston County, South Carolina,the setting of Poe's tale "The Gold-Bug"and where Poe served in the Army in 1827 atFort Moultrie,there is a restaurant called Poe's Tavern. In theFell's Pointsection ofBaltimore,a bar still stands where legend says that Poe was last seen drinking before his death. Known as "The Horse You Came in On", local lore insists that a ghost whom they call "Edgar" haunts the rooms above.[167]

Photographs

An 1848 "Ultima Thule"daguerreotypeof Poe

Earlydaguerreotypesof Poe continue to arouse great interest among literary historians.[168]Notable among them are:

  • "Ultima Thule" ( "far discovery" ) to honor the new photographic technique; taken in November 1848 inProvidence, Rhode Island,probably by Edwin H. Manchester
  • "Annie", given to Poe's friend Annie L. Richmond; probably taken in June 1849 inLowell, Massachusetts,photographer unknown

Poe Toaster

Main article:Poe Toaster

Between 1949 and 2009, a bottle ofcognacand three roses were left at Poe's original grave marker every January 19 by an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the "Poe Toaster". Sam Porpora was a historian at the Westminster Church inBaltimore,where Poe is buried; he claimed on August 15, 2007, that he had started the tradition in 1949. Porpora said that the tradition began in order to raise money and enhance the profile of the church. His story has not been confirmed,[169]and some details which he gave to the press are factually inaccurate.[170]The Poe Toaster's last appearance was on January 19, 2009, the day of Poe's bicentennial.[171]

List of selected works

Main article:Edgar Allan Poe bibliography

Short stories

Poetry

Other works

See also

References

Citations

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  2. ^Stableford 2003,pp. 18–19.
  3. ^Meyers 1992,p. 138.
  4. ^Semtner, Christopher P. (2012).Edgar Allan Poe's Richmond: the Raven in the River City.Charleston, SC: History Press. p. 15.ISBN978-1-60949-607-4.OCLC779472206.
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  144. ^"Though some wondered whether Poe wrote the source text, I find that it previously appeared in theBaltimore Sunof July 4, 1840; and that it was in turn based on a widely reprinted poem ( "Nuptial Repartee" ) that first appeared in the June 21, 1813,Morning Heraldof London. A manuscript in the hand of Hester Thrale (i.e., Hester Lynch Piozzi) in Harvard's library hints that she may be the true author. "FromEdgar Allan Poe: The Fever Called Livingby Paul Collins. Boston: New Harvest/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,2014: p. 111.
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Sources

Further reading

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Edgar Allan Poe
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