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Heraklion

Coordinates:35°20′25″N25°8′4″E/ 35.34028°N 25.13444°E/35.34028; 25.13444
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For other uses, seeHeraklion (disambiguation).
"Kandiye" redirects here. Not to be confused withKandy.
Heraklion
Ηράκλειο
Municipality
Heraklion montage. Clicking on an image in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article, if it exists.Panoramic view of the city of HeraklionVenetian fortress of Koules/CastelloAgios Minas CathedralHarbor of Heraklion
Clockwise from top:Panoramic view of the city of Heraklion and theSea of Crete,Agios Minas Cathedral,Night view of theHarbor of Heraklion,andVenetian fortress of Koules/Castello.
Seal
Heraklion is located in Greece
Heraklion
Heraklion
Location within the region
Coordinates:35°20′25″N25°8′4″E/ 35.34028°N 25.13444°E/35.34028; 25.13444
CountryGreece
Administrative regionCrete
Regional unitHeraklion
Government
• MayorAlexis Kalokairinos[1](since 2023)
Area
• Municipality244.6 km2(94.4 sq mi)
• Municipal unit109.0 km2(42.1 sq mi)
Highest elevation
33 m (108 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
(2021)[3]
• Municipality179,302
• Density730/km2(1,900/sq mi)
•Urban
211,370[2]
• Municipal unit
156,842
• Municipal unit density1,400/km2(3,700/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Heraklian, Heraclian
Time zoneUTC+2(EET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+3(EEST)
Postal code
70x xx, 71x xx, 720 xx
Area code(s)281
Vehicle registrationHK, HP, HZ
WebsiteHeraklion-city.gr

HeraklionorHerakleion(/hɪˈrækliən/hih-RAK-lee-ən;Greek:Ηράκλειο,Irákleio,pronounced[iˈrakli.o]),[4]sometimesIraklion,is the largest city and the administrativecapitalof the island ofCreteand capital ofHeraklionregional unit. It is the fourth largest city inGreecewith a municipal population of 179,302 (2021)[3]and 211,370 in its wider metropolitan area,[5]according to the 2011 census.

The ancientMinoan palaceatKnossosis located 5.5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of the city. It is the second most visitedarchaeological sitein Greece, after theParthenon.

Heraklion was Europe's fastest growing tourism destination for 2017, according to Euromonitor, with an 11.2% growth in international arrivals.[6]According to the ranking, Heraklion was ranked as the 20th most visited region in Europe, as the 66th area on the planet and as the 2nd in Greece for the year 2017, with 3.2 million visitors[7]and the 19th in Europe for 2018, with 3.4 million visitors.[8]

Etymology

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The Arab traders fromal-Andalus(Iberia) who founded theEmirate of Crete(824/827–961 CE) moved the island's capital fromGortynato a new castle they calledrabḍ al-ḫandaq(Arabic:ربض الخندق,"Castle of the Moat" ) in the 820s.[9]This was hellenized as Χάνδαξ (Chándax) or Χάνδακας (Chándakas) and Latinized asCandia,which was taken into other European languages: inItalianandLatinasCandia,in French asCandie,in English asCandy,all of which could refer to the island of Crete as a whole as well as to the city alone; theOttomanname wasKandiye.[citation needed]

After theByzantine reconquest of Crete,the city was locally known asMegalo Kastro(Μεγάλο Κάστρο,[citation needed]'Big Castle' inGreek) and its inhabitants were calledKastrinoi(Καστρινοί, "castle-dwellers" ).

The ancient name Herakleion (Ηράκλειον) was revived in the 19th century.[10]It derives from the ancient sunken port city ofHeracleion,located near theCanopic Mouthof the Nile, and which remained submerged until its rediscovery in the 2000s.

History

[edit]
Knossosis located within the Municipality of Heraklion and has been called Europe's oldest city[11]

Minoan era

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Heraklion is close to the ruins of the palace ofKnossos,which inMinoantimes was the largest centre of population onCrete.Knossos had a port at the site of Heraklion (in the Poros-Katsambas[12]neighborhood) from the beginning of theEarly Minoanperiod (3500 to 2100 BC).

The snake goddess (c.1600 BC) inHeraklion Archaeological Museum

Antiquity

[edit]
Main article:Heracleium

After the fall of the Minoans, Heraklion, as well as the rest of Crete in general, fared poorly, with very little development in the area. Only with the arrival of the Romans did some construction in the area begin, yet especially early intoByzantinetimes the area abounded with pirates and bandits.[13]

Emirate of Crete

[edit]

The present city of Heraklion was founded in 824 by theArabsunderAbu Hafs Umarwho had been expelled fromAl-Andalusby EmirAl-Hakam Iand had taken over the island from the Eastern Roman Empire.[citation needed]They built amoataround the city for protection, and named the cityrabḍ al-ḫandaq(ربض الخندق, "Castle of the Moat", hellenized as Χάνδαξ,Chandax). It became the capital of theEmirate of Crete(c. 827–961). The Saracens allowed the port to be used as a safe haven for pirates who operated against Imperial (Byzantine) shipping and raided Imperial territory around the Aegean.[citation needed]

Byzantine era

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Further information:Byzantine Crete

In 960,Byzantineforces under the command ofNikephoros Phokas,later to become Emperor, landed in Crete and attacked the city. After aprolonged siege,the city fell in March 961. The Saracen inhabitants were slaughtered, the city looted and burned to the ground.[citation needed]Soon rebuilt, the town remained underByzantinecontrol for the next 243 years.[citation needed]

Venetian era

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Representation of the city of Candia and the surrounding area byFrancesco Basilicata,1618
Further information:Kingdom of Candia
Further information:Siege of Candia

In 1204, the city was bought by theRepublic of Veniceas part of a complicated political deal which involved, among other things, the Crusaders of theFourth Crusaderestoring the deposed Eastern Roman EmperorIsaac II Angelusto his throne. The Venetians improved on the ditch of the city by building enormous fortifications, most of which are still in place, including a giant wall, in places up to 40 metres (130 ft) thick, with seven bastions, and a fortress in the harbour. Chandax was renamedCandiaand became the seat of theDuke of Candia,and the Venetian administrative district of Crete became known as "Regno di Candia" (Kingdom of Candia). The city retained the name of Candia for centuries and the same name was often used to refer to the wholeislandof Crete as well. To secure their rule, the Venetians began in 1212 to settle families fromVeniceon Crete. The coexistence of two different cultures and the stimulus of theItalian Renaissanceled to a flourishing of letters and the arts in Candia and Crete in general, that is today known as theCretan Renaissance.

Ottoman era

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Further information:Cretan War (1645–1669)

During theCretan War (1645–1669),the Ottomansbesieged the cityfor 21 years, from 1648 to 1669, the longest siege in history up until that time. In its final phase, which lasted for 22 months, 70,000 Turks, 38,000 Cretans and slaves and 29,088 of the city's Christian defenders perished.[14]The Ottoman army under anAlbaniangrand vizier,Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pashaconquered the city in 1669.

The tomb ofNikos Kazantzakisin the Martinengo bastion

Under the Ottomans,Kandiye(Ottoman Turkishقنديه) was the capital of Crete (Girit Eyâleti) until 1849, whenChania(Hanya) became the capital, and Kandiye became asancak.[15]In Greek, it was commonly calledMegalo Castro(Μεγάλο Κάστρο 'Big Castle').

During the Ottoman period, theharboursilted up, so most shipping shifted toChaniain the west of the island.

Modern era

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Panoramic view of the port of Heraklion fromKoules Fortress

Anearthquakelocated off the northern coast of Crete on October 12, 1856, destroyed most of the over 3,600 homes in the city. Only 18 homes were left intact. The disaster claimed 538 victims in Heraklion.[16]

In 1898, the autonomousCretan Statewas created, under Ottomansuzerainty,with Prince George of Greece as its High Commissioner and under international supervision. During the period of direct occupation of the island by the Great Powers (1898–1908), Candia was part of theBritishzone. At this time, the city was renamed "Heraklion", after theRomanport of Heracleum ( "Heracles' city "), whose exact location is unknown.[citation needed]

In 1913, with the rest ofCrete,Heraklion was incorporated into theKingdom of Greece.Heraklion became again capital of Crete in 1971, replacing Chania.[17]

Architecture, urban sculpture and fortifications

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Further information:Fortifications of Heraklion

The oldest monument of architecture is the palace inKnossoson the outskirts of the city.

Two largest medieval churches in the city were the Dominican church of St. Peter (built between 1248 and 1253) and the San Salvatore, belonging to theAugustinian Friars.The latter one stood in Kornaros Square, but was demolished in 1970.[18]

Other monuments of architecture from Venetian times include theSaint Mark's Basilicaand the Renaissance loggia next toLions Square(1626–28).

Around the historic city center of Heraklion there are also a series ofdefensive walls, bastions and other fortificationswhich were built earlier in the Middle Ages, but were completely rebuilt by theRepublic of Venice.The fortifications managed to withstandthe longest siege in historyfor 21 years, before the city fell to theOttomansin 1669. TheKoules Fortress(Castello a Mare),the rampartsand the arsenal dominate the port area.

Many fountains of the Venetian era are preserved, such as theBembofountain, thePriulifountain,Palmetifountain,Sagredofountain andMorosinifountain inLions Square(1628).

Architecture from the 19th century is represented by theSt Titus Cathedral,built in 1869 as the Yeni Cami ( "New Mosque" ), and theAgios Minas Cathedral(1862–95).

An example of modern architecture in Heraklion is theHeraklion Archaeological Museumbuilt between 1937 and 1940 by architect Patroklos Karantinos.

Several sculptures, statues and busts commemorating significant events and figures of the city's and island's history, likeEl Greco,Vitsentzos Kornaros,Nikos KazantzakisandEleftherios Venizeloscan be found around the city.

Municipality

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The Saint Peter of Dominicans, one of the oldest monuments of architecture of the Cistercian monks in the 12th century.

The municipality Heraklion was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[19]

The municipality has an area of 244.613 km2,the municipal unit 109.026 km2.[20]

Neighborhoods

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Historical Museum of Crete
• Agia Ekaterini • Dimokratias • Marathitis
• Agia Erini Chrisovalantou • Estavromenos • Mastabas
• Agia Marina • Filothei • Mesabelies
• Agia Triada • Fortetsa • Mpentevi
• Agios Dimitrios • Ilioupoli • Nea Alatsata
• Agios Ioannis Chostos • Kamaraki • Pananio
• Agios Minas • Kaminia • Papatitou Metochi
• Agios Titos • Katsampas • Pateles
• Akadimia • Kenouria Porta • Poros
• Ampelokipoi • Kipoupoli • Therissos
• Analipsi • Komeno Mpenteni • Tris Vagies
• Atsalenio • Korakovouni • Xiropotamos
• Chanioporta • Koroni Magara
• Chrisopigi • Knossos
• Dilina • Lido

Suburbs

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A panoramic view ofAmnissos
• Agia Erini • Finikia • Ksirokabos
• Agia Marina • Gazi urban area • Malades
• Agioi Theodoroi • Giofyrakia •Nea Alikarnassosurban area
• Agios Syllas • Gournes Temenous • Sillamos
• Ammoudara • Kallithea • Skafidaras
•Amnisos • Karteros • Skalani
• Ano Kalesia • Kato Kalesia • Vasilies
• Athanati • Kavrochori • Voutes
•Dafnes • Kollyvas

Villages

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Transportation

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Port

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Heraklion is an important shipping port and ferry dock. Travellers can take ferries and boats from Heraklion to destinations includingSantorini,Ios Island,Paros,Mykonos,andRhodes.There are direct ferries toNaxos,Karpathos,Kasos,Sitia,Anafi,ChalkiandDiafani.[21]There are also several daily ferries toPiraeus,the port ofAthensin mainland Greece. The port of Heraklion was built bySir Robert McAlpineand completed in 1928.[22]

Airport

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Heraklion International Airport

Heraklion International Airport,or Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is located about 5 kilometres (3 miles) east of the city. The airport is named after Heraklion nativeNikos Kazantzakis,a writer and a philosopher. It is the second busiest airport of Greece afterAthens International Airport,first in charter flights and the 59th busiest in Europe, because of Crete being a major holiday destination with 8,066,000 passengers in 2022 (List of the busiest airports in Europe).

The airfield is shared with the 126th Combat Group of theHellenic Air Force.

Highway network

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European route E75runs through the city and connects Heraklion with the three other major cities of Crete:Agios Nikolaos,Chania,andRethymno.

Public transit

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Urban bus in Heraklion

Urban buses serve the city, with 39 different routes.[23]Intercity buses connect Heraklion to many major destinations in Crete.[24]

Railway

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From 1922 to 1937, a working industrial railway connected the Koules in Heraklion to Xiropotamos for the construction of the harbor.[25]

In the summer of 2007, at the Congress of Cretan emigrants, held in Heraklion, two qualified engineers, George Nathenas (from Gonies, Malevizi Province) and Vassilis Economopoulos, recommended the development of a railway line in Crete, linking Chania, Rethymno and Heraklion, with a total journey time of 50 minutes (30 minutes between Heraklion and Rethymno, 20 minutes from Chania to Rethymno) and with provision for extensions to Kissamos, Kastelli Pediados (for the planned new airport), and Agios Nikolaos. No plans exist for implementing this idea.[citation needed]

Climate

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Heraklion has a hot-summerMediterranean climate(Csain theKöppen climate classification). Summers are warm to hot and dry with clear skies. Dry hot days are often relieved by seasonal breezes. Winters are mild with moderate rain. Because Heraklion is further south thanAthens,it has a warmer climate during winter but cooler during summer because of theAegean Sea.The maximum temperature during the summer period is usually not more than 28 - 30 °C (Athens normal maximum temperature is about 5 °C higher). The minimum temperature record is -0.8 °C in the airport while in the port it has never dropped below 0 °C. Snowfalls are rare with the last significant snowfall with a measurable amount on the ground occurring in February 2004.[26]Heraklion falls in 11ahardiness zone.[27]

Climate data for Heraklion Port 10 m a.s.l. (2007-2024)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.7
(85.5) 		29.4
(84.9) 		26.4
(79.5) 		33.5
(92.3) 		38.3
(100.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		36.6
(97.9) 		38.0
(100.4) 		37.3
(99.1) 		32.8
(91.0) 		31.7
(89.1) 		29.6
(85.3) 		38.3
(100.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3) 		16.1
(61.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.9
(67.8) 		23.1
(73.6) 		26.2
(79.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		28.3
(82.9) 		26.4
(79.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		17.5
(63.5) 		21.9
(71.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6) 		13.5
(56.3) 		14.6
(58.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		20.5
(68.9) 		24.1
(75.4) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.7
(80.1) 		24.4
(75.9) 		20.9
(69.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		19.6
(67.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.5
(50.9) 		10.8
(51.4) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.5
(58.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		24.9
(76.8) 		25.1
(77.2) 		22.4
(72.3) 		18.7
(65.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		12.5
(54.5) 		17.2
(63.0)
Record low °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		2.4
(36.3) 		3.4
(38.1) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.9
(55.2) 		15.6
(60.1) 		19.9
(67.8) 		20.7
(69.3) 		15.8
(60.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		9.3
(48.7) 		5.0
(41.0) 		1.4
(34.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 61.7
(2.43) 		49.0
(1.93) 		31.4
(1.24) 		13.0
(0.51) 		12.8
(0.50) 		4.1
(0.16) 		0.2
(0.01) 		1.6
(0.06) 		15.2
(0.60) 		43.8
(1.72) 		32.4
(1.28) 		53.4
(2.10) 		318.6
(12.54)
Source 1:National Observatory of AthensMonthly Bulletins (May 2007 - Jan 2024)[28]
Source 2: Heraklion Port N.O.A station[29]andWorld Meteorological Organization[30]
Climate data for Heraklion 1955-2010 (HNMS)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.9
(85.8) 		28.8
(83.8) 		34.0
(93.2) 		37.5
(99.5) 		38.0
(100.4) 		41.3
(106.3) 		43.6
(110.5) 		44.5
(112.1) 		39.5
(103.1) 		37.0
(98.6) 		32.8
(91.0) 		28.5
(83.3) 		44.5
(112.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		27.3
(81.1) 		28.9
(84.0) 		28.8
(83.8) 		26.6
(79.9) 		23.6
(74.5) 		20.2
(68.4) 		17.1
(62.8) 		22.0
(71.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.1
(53.8) 		12.2
(54.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		16.6
(61.9) 		20.4
(68.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.3
(79.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		16.8
(62.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		18.9
(66.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 9.1
(48.4) 		8.9
(48.0) 		9.8
(49.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		15.1
(59.2) 		19.2
(66.6) 		21.9
(71.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		19.5
(67.1) 		16.7
(62.1) 		13.5
(56.3) 		10.9
(51.6) 		14.9
(58.8)
Record low °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		0.3
(32.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		12.2
(54.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		16.6
(61.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		8.7
(47.7) 		4.2
(39.6) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−0.8
(30.6)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 91.0
(3.58) 		69.0
(2.72) 		53.4
(2.10) 		28.2
(1.11) 		13.4
(0.53) 		2.9
(0.11) 		0.8
(0.03) 		0.9
(0.04) 		16.7
(0.66) 		59.4
(2.34) 		59.6
(2.35) 		85.6
(3.37) 		480.9
(18.94)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 10.1 9.1 6.9 3.4 1.9 0.5 0.1 0.1 1.3 4.9 6.0 8.9 53.2
Average rainy days 16.0 13.6 11.4 7.6 4.6 1.3 0.3 0.5 2.8 7.5 10.6 15.2 91.4
Averagerelative humidity(%) 68.4 66.4 65.9 62.3 61.2 57.0 57.1 59.1 61.9 65.7 67.9 68.3 63.4
Averagedew point°C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		6.0
(42.8) 		7.1
(44.8) 		8.9
(48.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		17.0
(62.6) 		15.6
(60.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		10.4
(50.7) 		7.8
(46.0) 		11.3
(52.4)
Mean monthlysunshine hours 119.9 132.3 181.5 234.8 298.5 356.2 368.3 343.5 275.8 206.9 145.5 115.4 2,778.6
Source 1:HNMS[31][32]
Source 2: meteo-climat (extremes)[33]

NOAA(precipitation days - dew point 1961-1990)[34]

Climate data for Heraklion
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean number of days withthunder 3.6 3.0 2.9 1.8 1.5 0.9 0.2 0.1 1.2 4.1 3.5 4.4 27.2
Mean number of days withhail 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.8
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 17.1
(62.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		16.5
(61.7) 		17.1
(62.8) 		19.5
(67.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		25.4
(77.7) 		26.1
(79.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		23.3
(73.9) 		20.6
(69.1) 		18.4
(65.1) 		20.7
(69.3)
Mean daily daylight hours 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 12.1
AverageUltraviolet index 3 4 5 7 9 10 11 10 8 5 3 2 6.4
Source 1: NOAA (days with thunder and hail 1961-1990)[34]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[35]
Climate graph of Heraklion

Colleges, universities, libraries, and research centers

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Culture

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Natural History Museum of Crete
Cultural and Conference Center
Pankritio Stadium
Heraklion Indoor Sports Arena

Museums

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Arts

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TheCultural and Conference Center of Heraklionis a centre for the performing arts.

Sports

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The city is home to several sports clubs. Most notably, Heraklion hostsOFIandErgotelis,twofootballclubs with earlier presence in theGreek Superleague,the top tier of theGreek football league system.Furthermore, the city is the headquarters of theHeraklion Football Clubs Association,which administers football in theentire region.Other notable sport clubs includeIraklio B.C.(basketball),Atsalenios(football) andIrodotos(football) in the suburbs ofAtsalenioandNea Alikarnassosrespectively.

Notable Sport clubs based in Heraklion
Club Founded Sports Current Season
OFI 1925 Football,Basketball Superleague,Greek C Basket League
Ergotelis 1929 Football,Basketball Football League,Cretan Basket League
Iraklio 1928 Basketball Cretan Basket League
Irodotos 1932 Football,Basketball Football League,Cretan Basket League
Atsalenios 1951 Football Gamma Ethniki

Local TV stations

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Notable people

[edit]
Nicholas Kalliakiswas a significantRenaissance humanist,scholar andphilosopherfrom Heraklion.[36]
El Greco (Dominikos Theotokopoulos)
Cyril Lucaris
Epitaph onNikos Kazantzakis' grave.I hope for nothing, I fear nothing, I'm free.

Heraklion has been the home town of some of Greece's most significant people, including the novelistNikos Kazantzakis(best known forZorba the Greek), the poet and Nobel Prize winnerOdysseas Elytisand the world-famous painter Domenicos Theotokopoulos (El Greco).

Literature

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Scientists and academia

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Painting and sculpture

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Film industry

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Music

[edit]
Francesco Barozzi

Spirituality

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Sports

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Business

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Politics and law

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Clergy

[edit]
Marcus Musurus

Fashion

[edit]

International relations

[edit]
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece
Prefecture of Crete

Consulates

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Twin towns and sister cities

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Heraklion istwinnedwith:

Location

[edit]
Fira
Chania–Rethymno Agios Nikolaos
Tympaki–Moires Archanes Ierapetra
[edit]
  • View of the port from the fortress
    View of the port from the fortress
  • View of the port
    View of the port
  • The harbour
    The harbour
  • Α part of the Venetian harbour (used as shipyards)
    Α part of the Venetian harbour (used as shipyards)
  • The Phaistos Disk (2nd millennium BC) in Heraklion Archaeological Museum
    ThePhaistos Disk(2nd millennium BC) inHeraklion Archaeological Museum
  • Depiction of Candia, 1487
    Depiction of Candia, 1487
  • Idomeneas fountain
    Idomeneas fountain
  • Jesus Gate, part of the Fortifications of Heraklion
    Jesus Gate, part of theFortifications of Heraklion
  • Chanioporta and Pantokratoras Gate
    Chanioporta and Pantokratoras Gate
  • Bembo fountain
    Bembo fountain
  • Saint Catherine Church
    Saint Catherine Church
  • Depiction of the Siege of Candia
    Depiction of theSiege of Candia
  • St. Matthew of the Sinaites Byzantine church
    St. Matthew of the SinaitesByzantine church
  • Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium, home ground of OFI FC
    Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium,home ground ofOFI FC
  • Interior of the Fortress
    Interior of the Fortress
  • A monk shows the Saracens where to build Chandax
    A monk shows the Saracens where to build Chandax
  • Map of Heraklion and its fortifications in 1651
    Map of Heraklion and its fortifications in 1651
  • Minoan fresco depicting a bull leaping scene, found in Knossos, 1600-1400 BC, Heraklion Archaeological Museum
    Minoan fresco depicting a bull leaping scene, found in Knossos, 1600-1400 BC, Heraklion Archaeological Museum

See also

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References

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  1. ^Municipality of Heraklion, Municipal elections – October 2023Archived2024-05-08 at theWayback Machine,Ministry of Interior
  2. ^"appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu".Archivedfrom the original on 2020-12-20.Retrieved2020-07-17.
  3. ^ab"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό"[Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
  4. ^"Pronunciation for Ηράκλειο".Archivedfrom the original on 2019-03-31.Retrieved2016-08-16.
  5. ^"Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas".Eurostat.Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2020.Retrieved1 June2022.
  6. ^"Top 100 City Destination Ranking 2017".Market Research Blog.2017-01-26. Archived fromthe originalon 2020-11-29.Retrieved2019-04-01.
  7. ^"Top 100 City Destinations Ranking: WTM London 2017 Edition".Market Research Blog.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-04-01.Retrieved2019-04-01.
  8. ^Geerts, Wouter (2018)."Top 100 City Destinations 2018"(PDF).Euromonitor International.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2019-04-01.Retrieved2019-04-01.
  9. ^Encyclopaedia of Islam,s.v.Iķrīṭish
  10. ^It was in use by the local people by 1867, seeHowe, Samuel Gridley (1868).The Cretan refugees and their American helpers.Boston: Lee and Shepard. p. 33 – via archive.org.
  11. ^Whitelaw, Todd; Morgan, Catherine (November 2009). "Crete".Archaeological Reports.55:79.doi:10.1017/s0570608400001307.ISSN0570-6084.S2CID231735198.
  12. ^Dimopoulou, N.; Wilson, D.E.; Day, P.M. (2007). "The Earlier Prepalatial Settlement of Poros-Katsambas: craft production and exchange at the harbour town of Knossos". In Day, P.M.; Doonan, R. (eds.).Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean.Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology. Oxbow Books. pp. 84–97.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-04-20.Retrieved2019-01-31.
  13. ^"History of Heraklion in Crete island - Greeka.com".Greeka.Archivedfrom the original on 12 February 2019.Retrieved11 February2019.
  14. ^"The War for Candia".Archivedfrom the original on 2016-03-04.Retrieved2006-08-05.
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  18. ^Ilko, Krisztina (2021)."Recovering the Augustinian Convent of San Salvatore in Venetian Candia".Journal of Ecclesiastical History.72(2): 259–263.doi:10.1017/S0022046920000755.S2CID228866606.Archivedfrom the original on 21 November 2020.Retrieved7 April2021.
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  22. ^"Sir Robert McAlpine".Grace's Guide.Archivedfrom the original on 16 December 2019.Retrieved16 December2019.
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  24. ^"ΚΤΕΛ Ηρακλείου - Λασιθίου Κρήτης | Online Κράτηση εισιτηρίων για λεωφορεία - Δρομολόγια Λεωφορεία Κρήτης".Archivedfrom the original on 2017-08-28.Retrieved2017-08-27.
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  32. ^"Climate Atlas of Greece (for sunshine 1977-2002)".HNMS.Archivedfrom the original on 9 July 2021.Retrieved20 July2021.
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  36. ^Lathrop C. Harper (1886).Catalogue / Harper (Lathrop C.) inc., New York, Issue 232.Lathrop C. Harper, Inc. p. 36.OCLC11558801.Calliachius (1645–1707) was born on Crete and went to Italy at an early age, where he soon became one of the outstanding teachers of Greek and Latin.
  37. ^Rose, Hugh James; Rose, Henry John; Wright, Thomas (1857).A new general biographical dictionary, Volume 5.T. Fellowes. p. 425.OCLC309809847.CALLIACHI, (Nicholas,) a native of Candia, where he was born in 1645. He studied at Rome for ten years, at the end of which time he was made doctor of philosophy and theology. In 1666 he was invited to Venice, to take the chair of professor of the Greek and Latin languages, and of the Aristotelic philosophy; and in 1677 he was appointed professor of belles-lettres at Padua, where he died in 1707. His works on antiquities are valuable, and have been published by the marquis Poloni in the third volume of his Supplement to the Thesaurus Antiquitatum.
  38. ^Convegno internazionale nuove idee e nuova arte nell '700 italiano, Roma, 19–23 maggio 1975.Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. 1977. p. 429.OCLC4666566.Nicolò Duodo riuniva alcuni pensatori ai quali Andrea Musalo, oriundo greco, professore di matematica e dilettante di architettura chiariva le nuove idée nella storia dell'arte.
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[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toHeraklion (town).
Wikisourcehas the text of the1911Encyclopædia Britannicaarticle "Candia".
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