Mantua
Mantua
Mantova(Italian) | |
|---|---|
| Comune di Mantova | |
 Panorama of Mantua | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Mantua  | |
  Mantua Location of Mantua in Italy  Mantua Mantua (Lombardy) | |
| Coordinates:45°9′23″N10°47′30″E/ 45.15639°N 10.79167°E | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Mantua(MN) |
| Frazioni | Castelletto Borgo, Cittadella, Formigosa, Frassino, Gambarara, Lunetta, Virgiliana |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Mattia Palazzi(PD) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 63.97 km2(24.70 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 19 m (62 ft) |
| Population (31 June 2009)[2] | |
| • Total | 48,353 |
| • Density | 760/km2(2,000/sq mi) |
| Demonyms |
|
| Time zone | UTC+1(CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2(CEST) |
| Postal code | 46100 |
| Dialing code | 0376 |
| Patron saint | Saint Anselm |
| Saint day | 18 March |
| Website | www |
Mantua(/ˈmæntjuə/MAN-tew-ə;Italian:Mantova[ˈmantova];LombardandLatin:Mantua) is acomune(municipality) in theItalianregion ofLombardy,and capital of theprovince of the same name.
In 2016, Mantua was designated as the "Italian Capital of Culture".[citation needed]In 2017, it was named as the "European Capital of Gastronomy",[citation needed]included in the Eastern Lombardy District (together with the cities ofBergamo,Brescia,andCremona).
In 2008, Mantua'scentro storico(old town) and the nearbycomuneofSabbionetawere declared byUNESCOto be aWorld Heritage Site.Mantua's historic power and influence under theGonzaga familybetween 1328 and 1708 made it one of the main artistic,cultural,and especially musical hubs of Northern Italy and of Italy as a whole. It had one of the most splendid courts of Europe of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and early seventeenth centuries.[3]Mantua is noted for its significant role in the history ofopera;the city is also known for its architectural treasures and artifacts, elegant palaces, and the medieval andRenaissancecityscape. It is the city where the composerMonteverdipremiered his 1607 operaL'Orfeoand to whereRomeowas banished inShakespeare's 1597 playRomeo and Juliet.It is the nearest town to the birthplace of the Roman classical poetVirgil,who is commemorated by a statue at the lakeside park "Piazza Virgiliana".
Mantua is surrounded on three sides by artificiallakes,created during the 12th century as the city's defence system. These lakes receive water from theRiver Mincio,a tributary of theRiver Po,which descends fromLake Garda.The three lakes are calledLago Superiore,Lago di Mezzo,andLago Inferiore( "Upper", "Middle", and "Lower" Lakes, respectively). A fourth lake, Lake Pajolo, which once served as a defensive water ring around the city, dried up at the end of the 18th century.
The area and its environs are important not only in naturalistic terms, but alsoanthropologicallyand historically; research has highlighted a number of human settlements scattered between Barche diSolferinoand Bande diCavriana,Castellaro and Isolone del Mincio. These dated, without interruption, fromNeolithictimes (5th–4th millennium BC) to theBronze Age(2nd–1st millennium BC) and theGallicphases (2nd–1st centuries BC), and ended with Roman residential settlements, which can be traced to the 3rd century AD.
In 2017,Legambienteranked Mantua as the best Italian city for quality of life and environment.[4]
Geography
[edit]Mantua lies in the east of theregionofLombardy,halfway betweenMilanandVenice,on the RiverMincio.It is south ofVerona,east ofCremona,north-east ofParma,northwest ofFerrara,and west-southwest ofPadua.
History
[edit]Mantua was an island settlement which was first established about the year 2000 BC on the banks of RiverMincio,which flows fromLake Gardato theAdriatic Sea.In the 6th century BC, Mantua was anEtruscanvillage which, in the Etruscan tradition, was re-founded byOcnus.[5][6]
The name may derive from the Etruscan godMantus.After being conquered by theCenomani,aGallictribe, Mantua was subsequently fought between the first and secondPunic warsagainst theRomans,who attributed its name toManto,a daughter ofTiresias.This territory was later populated by veteran soldiers ofAugustus.Mantua's most famous ancient citizen is the poetVirgil,or Publius Vergilius Maro (Mantua me genuit), who was born in the year 70 BC at a village near the city which is now known as Virgilio.[7]
After the Fall of the Roman Empire
[edit]After the fall of theWestern Roman Empireat the hands ofOdoacerin 476 AD, Mantua was, along with the rest of Italy, conquered by theOstrogoths.It was retaken by theEastern Roman Empirein the middle of the 6th century following theGothic warbut was subsequently lost again to theLombards.They were in turn conquered byCharlemagnein 774, thus incorporating Mantua into theFrankish Empire.Partitions of the empire (due to the Franks' use ofpartible inheritance) in theTreaties of VerdunandPrümled to Mantua passing toMiddle Franciain 843, then theKingdom of Italyin 855. In 962 Italy was invaded by KingOtto IofGermany,and Mantua thus became a vassal of the newly formedHoly Roman Empire.
In the 11th century, Mantua became a possession ofBoniface of Canossa,marquisofTuscany.The last ruler of that family was the countessMatilda of Canossa(d. 1115), who, according to legend, ordered the construction of the preciousRotonda di San Lorenzo(or St. Lawrence's Roundchurch) in 1082. The Rotonda still exists today and was renovated in 2013.
Free Imperial City of Mantua
[edit]After the death of Matilda of Canossa, Mantua became afreecommuneand strenuously defended itself from the influence of the Holy Roman Empire during the 12th and 13th centuries. In 1198, Alberto Pitentino altered the course of River Mincio, creating what the Mantuans call "the four lakes" to reinforce the city's natural protection. Three of these lakes still remain today and the fourth one, which ran through the centre of town, was reclaimed during the 18th century.
Podesteria Rule
[edit]
From 1215, the city was ruled under thepodesteriaof the Guelph poet-statesmanRambertino Buvalelli.
During the struggle between the Guelphs and theGhibellines,Pinamonte Bonacolsi took advantage of the chaotic situation to seize power of the podesteria in 1273. He was declared theCaptain General of the People.TheBonacolsifamily ruled Mantua for the next two generations and made it more prosperous and artistically beautiful. On 16 August 1328 Luigi Gonzaga, an official in Bonacolsi's podesteria, and his family staged a public revolt in Mantua and forced acoup d'étaton the last Bonacolsi ruler, Rinaldo.
House of Gonzaga
[edit]
Ludovico Gonzaga, who had beenPodestàof Mantua since 1318, was duly electedCapitano del popolo.The Gonzagas built new walls with five gates and renovated the city in the 14th century; however, the political situation did not settle until the third ruler of Gonzaga,Ludovico III Gonzaga,who eliminated his relatives and centralised power to himself. During the Italian Renaissance, the Gonzaga family softened their despotic rule and further raised the level of culture and refinement in Mantua.[8]Mantua became a significant center of Renaissance art and humanism. MarquisGianfrancesco Gonzagahad broughtVittorino da Feltreto Mantua in 1423 to open his famous humanist school, the Casa Giocosa.
Isabella d'Este,Marchioness of Mantua, married Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess ofMantuain 1490. When she moved to Mantua fromFerrara(she was the daughter ofDuke Ercolethe ruler ofFerrara) she created her famousstudiolofirstly inCastello di San Giorgiofor which she commissioned paintings fromMantegna,PeruginoandLorenzo Costa.She later moved her studiolo to the Corte Vecchia and commissioned two paintings fromCorreggioto join the five from Castello di San Giorgio. It was unusual for a woman to have a studiolo in 15th century Italy given they were regarded as masculine spaces. Isabella was a vociferous collector and such was her reputation that Niccolò da Corregio called her 'la prima donna del mondo'.
Through a payment of 120,000 goldenflorinsin 1433,Gianfrancesco Iwas appointed Marquis of Mantua by theEmperor Sigismund,whose nieceBarbara of Brandenburgmarried his son, Ludovico. In 1459,Pope Pius IIheld theCouncil of Mantuato proclaim a crusade against theTurks.Under Ludovico and his heirs, the famousRenaissancepainterAndrea Mantegnaworked in Mantua as court painter, producing some of his most outstanding works.
Duchy of Mantua
[edit]
The first Duke ofMantuawasFederico II Gonzaga,who acquired the title from the Holy Roman EmperorCharles Vin 1530. Federico commissionedGiulio Romanoto build the famousPalazzo Te,on the periphery of the city, and profoundly improved the city. In the late 16th century,Claudio Monteverdicame to Mantua from his native Cremona. He worked for the court ofVincenzo I Gonzaga,first as a singer and violist, then as music director, marrying the court singer Claudia Cattaneo in 1599.
From Gonzaga to Habsburg
[edit]In 1627, the direct line of the Gonzaga family came to an end with the vicious and weakVincenzo II,and Mantua slowly declined under the new rulers, theGonzaga-Nevers,a cadet French branch of the family. TheWar of the Mantuan Successionbroke out, and in 1630 anImperialarmy of 36,000 mercenaries underMatthias GallasandJohann von Aldringenbesieged and sacked Mantua, bringing the plague with them.Ferdinand Carlo IV,an inept ruler, whose only interest was in holding parties and theatrical shows, allied with France in theWar of the Spanish Succession.After the French defeat, he took refuge inVeniceand carried with him a thousand pictures. At his death in 1708, the Duke of Mantua was declared deposed and his family of Gonzaga lost Mantua forever in favour of theHabsburgsof Austria.
Under Austrian rule, Mantua enjoyed a revival and during this period the Royal Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts, the Scientific Theatre, and numerous palaces were built.
Napoleonic Wars
[edit]In 1786, ten years beforeNapoleon Bonaparte's campaign of Europe, the Austrian Duchy of Mantua briefly united with theDuchy of Milanuntil 1791.
On 4 June 1796 during theWar of the First Coalition,Mantua wasbesiegedbyNapoleon Bonaparte's French army. The first Austrian attempt to break the siege was successful and the siege was abandoned on 1 August. The Austrian army was defeated at theBattle of Castiglioneon 5 August and left the area.[9]The French resumed the siege on August 27 and accepted surrender of the city on 2 February 1797.[10]The city was recaptured by the Austrians in theWar of the Second Coalitionafter asiegelasting from 8 April to 28 July 1799.[11]
Later, the city again passed into Napoleon's control and became a part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy. In 1810Andreas Hoferwas shot by Porta Giulia, a gate of the town at Borgo di Porto (Cittadella) for leading the insurrection in theCounty of Tyrolagainst Napoleon.
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
[edit]After the brief period of French rule, Mantua returned to Austria in 1814, becoming one of theQuadrilaterofortress cities in northern Italy. Under theCongress of Vienna (1815),Mantua became a province in the Austrian Empire'sKingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.Agitation against Austria, however, culminated in a revolt which lasted from 1851 to 1855, but it was finally suppressed by the Austrian army. One of the most famous episodes of the ItalianRisorgimentotook place in the valley of the Belfiore, where a group of rebels was hanged by the Austrians.
Unification of Italy
[edit]At theBattle of Solferino(Second Italian War of Independence) in 1859, theHouse of Savoy's Piedmont-Sardinia sided with the French EmperorNapoleon IIIagainst the Austrian Empire. Following Austria's defeat, Lombardy was ceded to France, who transferred Lombardy to Piedmont-Sardinia in return forNiceandSavoy.
Mantua, although a constituent province of Lombardy, still remained under the Austrian Empire along with Venetia. In 1866, Prussia-ledNorth German Confederationsided with the newly established, Piedmont-led Kingdom of Italy against the Austrian Empire in theThird Italian War of Independence.The quick defeat of Austria led to its withdrawal of the Kingdom of Venetia (including the capital city,Venice). Mantua reconnected with the region of Lombardy and wasincorporatedinto theKingdom of Italy.
20th century
[edit]DuringWorld War II,in November 1943, Nazi Germany relocated the Stalag 337prisoner-of-war campfromLeśnainGerman-occupied Polandto Mantua.[12]The camp was dissolved in February 1944, and in April 1944 the Dulag 339 transit camp for British, Italian, American, French, Greek and Yugoslav POWs was established in its place, and remained operational until April 1945.[12]
Monuments and sites of interest
[edit]
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Part of | Mantua andSabbioneta |
| Criteria | Cultural: ii, iii |
| Reference | 1287-001 |
| Inscription | 2008 (32ndSession) |
| Area | 175ha |
| Buffer zone | 1,900 ha |
The Gonzagas protected the arts and culture, and were hosts to several important artists such asLeone Battista Alberti,Andrea Mantegna,Giulio Romano,Donatello,Peter Paul Rubens,Pisanello,Domenico Fetti,Luca Fancelliand Nicolò Sebregondi. Though many of the masterworks have been dispersed, the cultural value of Mantua is nonetheless outstanding, with many of Mantua's patrician and ecclesiastical buildings being uniquely important examples of Italian architecture.
Religious architecture and sites
[edit]- Basilica of Sant'Andreawas begun in 1462 according to designs byLeon Battista Albertibut was finished only in the 18th century when was built the massive dome designed byFilippo Juvarra.
- Duomo(Cathedral of St Peter the Apostle)
- Rotonda di San Lorenzo
- Church of San Sebastiano
- Museo diocesano Francesco Gonzaga,art museum displaying sacred artworks, armor, coins, tapestries, pottery, ancient and contemporary paintings.
- Santa Paola,church built in the early 15th century by the will of MarchionessPaola Malatesta,wife ofFrancesco I.Architects such asLuca FancelliandGiulio Romanocollaborated to its construction. It houses the tombs of five members of the Gonzaga family, including those of Paola and ofFrancesco II.
- Santa Maria del Gradaro,church built starting from 1256 on the site where, according to the tradition,Saint Longinuswas buried. In 1772 it became a store, and was reconsecrated only in the 1950s.
Secular architecture and sites
[edit]- Palazzo Te(1525–1535), semi-rural palace ofGiulio Romano[13](who lived in Mantua in his final years) in the matureRenaissancestyle, with some hints of a post-Raphaelianmannerism.It was the summer residential villa ofFrederick II of Gonzaga.It hosts the Museo Civico (with the donations ofArnoldo Mondadori,one of the most important Italian publishers, and Ugo Sissa, a Mantuan architect who worked inIraqfrom where he brought back importantMesopotamianartworks).
- Palazzo Ducale,famous residence of the Gonzaga family, made up of a number of buildings, courtyards and gardens[13]gathered around thePalazzo del Capitano,the Magna Domus and theCastle of St. Georgewith theCamera degli Sposi,a room frescoed byAndrea Mantegna.
- Palazzo Vescovile( "Bishops Palace" )
- Palazzo degli Uberti
- Palazzo d'Arco,a Neoclassical palace erected by the eponymous noble family from Trento starting from 1746. It is home to a museum and painting gallery with works byBernardino Luini,Alessandro Magnasco,Frans Pourbus the Younger,Anthony van Dyckand a painting cycle byGiuseppe Bazzani.
- Torre della Gabbia( "Cage Tower" )
- Palazzo del Podestà, Mantua
- Palazzo della Ragionewith theTorre dell'Orologio
- Palazzo Bonacolsi
- Palazzo Valenti Gonzaga,an example of Baroque architecture and decoration, with frescoes attributed to Flemish painterFrans Geffels.The façade of the palace was designed by Nicolò Sebregondi.
- Bibiena Theater,also known as theTeatro Scientifico,designed byAntonio Bibienain 1767–1769. Inaugurated officially on 3 December 1769 and on 16 January 1770, thirteen-year-oldWolfgang Amadeus Mozartplayed a concert.
- Casa del Mercato,a frescoed Renaissance building designed byLuca Fancelliin 1462 and later used by Andrea Mantegna.
- House of Mantegna,facing the church of San Sebastiano. It was built by the eponymous artist starting from 1476, and has plan with a circular internal court included within an external square building. It is now used for temporary exhibitions.
Transport
[edit]Car
[edit]By car, Mantova can be reached on the A4 (Milan-Venice) Highway up to Verona, then theA22(Brennero-Modena) Highway. Alternatively, the city can be reached from Milan on the State Road 415 (Milan-Cremona) to Cremona and from there State Road 10 (Cremona-Mantova), or from Verona on the State Road 62.
Railway
[edit]Mantova railway station,opened in 1873, lies on the train routes ofMilan-Codogno-Cremona-Mantua andVerona-Mantua-Modena.The station is a terminus for three regional lines, toCremonaandMilan,toMonselice,and toVerona Porta NuovaandModena.Trenitaliaoperates a daily high-speed connection withRome.
Air
[edit]The closest airport isVerona-VillafrancaAirport. The direct shuttle bus service running to and from Mantova railway station was canceled on 1 January 2015. Public connection is now provided by the airport bus running to and from Verona Porta Nuova railway station, and the Verona-Mantova railway line.
Bus
[edit]Local bus services,urbano(within the city area and suburbs) andinterurbano(within the surrounding towns and villages) are provided by APAM.
Cuisine
[edit]Miscellaneous
[edit]- An annual survey of Legambiente (an ecologist movement of Italy) in 2005 declared Mantua the most 'liveable' city of the country. The study was based on levels of pollution, quality of life, traffic, and public transport, among other criteria.[14]
- The body ofSaint Longinus,twice recovered and lost, was asserted to have been found once more at Mantua in 1304, together with the Holy Sponge stained with Christ's blood.
- The composerClaudio Monteverdiwas employed byVincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua,ruler of theDuchy of Mantua,when he wrote theVespro della Beata Vergine,published in 1610. Vincenzo's son and successor in 1612,Francesco IV Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua,summarily sacked Monteverdi, who went on to a more prestigious position at the Basilica ofSan Marco, Venice.
- Since 1997 Mantua has hosted theFestivaletteratura,one of the most renowned literary events in Europe.
- In 2007 the remains of two people, known as theLovers of Valdaro,were discovered during the construction of a factory. The remains are thought to be between 5000 and 6000 years old. It is speculated that the remains are of two young lovers because the two skeletons appear to be embracing.[15]
- In May 2012, a deadly earthquake struck Northern Italy, causing damage to some historic buildings in Mantua, including the Palazzo Ducale. After months of repair, the Palazzo reopened its doors in September 2012.
- The composerAntonio Vivaldiwas employed by the governor of Mantua in the period 1718–1720. Mantua inspired him to write the Four Seasons and has been a city of note in Italy to enjoy the seasonal variations since.
Government
[edit]Since local government political reorganization in 1993, Mantua has been governed by the City Council of Mantua. Voters elect directly 33 councilors and the mayor of Mantua every five years. The current mayor of Mantua isMattia Palazzi(PD), elected on 15 June 2015.
International relations
[edit]Twin towns — sister cities
[edit]
Charleville-Mézières,France, since 1959- Nevers,France, since 1959
Pushkin,Russia, since 1993
Weingarten,Germany, since 1998
Madison,U.S., since 2001
Ōmihachiman,Japan, since 2005
Oradea,Romania, since 2005
People
[edit]
- Andrea Andreani(1540–1623), engraver on wood. He usedchiaroscuro.[17]
- Marcus Antonius Antimachus(c. 1473– 1552), pioneer of Renaissance Greek language teaching
- Giovanni Battista Bertani(1516–1576), architect
- Giacomo Benefatti(1304–1332), Roman Catholic Bishop
- Constanzo Beschi(1680–1742), a well known Tamil poet. He is known as Vīramāmunivar in Tamil.
- Saverio Bettinelli(1718–1808), Jesuit writer, polymath, dramatist, polemicist, poet, and literary critic[18]
- Baldassare Castiglione(1478–1529), count of Casatico, courtier, diplomat, soldier and author[19]
- Gino Fano(1871–1952), mathematician
- Matteo Cressoni(born 1984), racing driver
- Federigo Giambelli(16th & 17th C.), military and civil engineer. He worked in Spain.[20]
- St. Aloysius Gonzaga(1568–1591), aristocrat and Jesuit
- Pietro Giovanni Guarneri(1655–1720), violin maker of theGuarneri family.He left Cremona in 1679, eventually establishing himself in Mantua.[21]
- Learco Guerra(1902–1963), professional road racing cyclist. In 1931 he won theworld cycling championship.
- Alfredo Guzzoni(1877–1965), Italian Army General inWorld War II
- Alberto Jori(born 1965), neo-aristotelian philosopher
- Lovers of Valdaro,a pair of human skeletons dated approx 6,000 years old
- Claudio Monteverdi(c. 1567– 1643), composer and violist to the duke of Mantua[22]
- Tazio Nuvolari(1892–1953), motorcycle and racecar driver
- Ippolito Nievo(1831–1861), writer, journalist and patriot
- Elisabetta Picenardi(1428–1468), Italian Roman Catholic, Servite Order professed member
- Dave Rodgers(born 1963), musician and singer
- Jean-Louis Preti(Jean-Louis Preti), musician and chess writer
- Pietro Pomponazzi(1462–1525), Italian philosopher. He is sometimes known by his Latin name,Petrus Pomponatius.[23]
- Samuel Romanelli(1757–1814),Jewishintellectual and travel writer who published the first modern ethnography of Moroccan Jewry
- Salamone Rossi(c. 1570– 1630), Jewish violinist and composer who served as concertmaster of the Mantua court from 1587 until 1628
- Giuseppe Sarto(1835–1914), appointedBishopin 1884, before he becamePope Pius Xin 1903
- Stefano Scarampella(1843–1925), violin maker. He leftBresciaand moved to Mantua in 1886.
- Ada Sacchi Simonetta(1874–1944), librarian and women's rights activist
- Leone de' Sommi(c. 1525–c. 1590), theater director and writer
- Sordelloor Sordel, a 13th-centuryLombardtroubadour,born in the municipality ofGoitoin the province of Mantua[24]
- Franca Sozzani(1950–2016), editor-in-chief atVogue Italia
- Virgil(70 BCE – 19 BCE), a classical Roman poet, born near Mantua[25]
In fiction
[edit]- InWilliam Shakespeare'sRomeo and Juliet,Romeo is punished for killingTybalt:he is exiled from Verona to Mantua. The plan was for both Romeo and Juliet to escape Verona after Juliet woke up from her fake death, but that never happened, because Romeo died, and she stabbed herself to death.
- In William Shakespeare's playThe Taming of the Shrew,the schoolmaster who pretends to beLucentio's father, Vincentio, is from Mantua. Hortensio is presented as "Licio, born in Mantua". Another character simply named "Pedant" states that he is from Mantua.[26]
- Giuseppe Verdi's operaRigoletto(based onVictor Hugo's playLe roi s'amuse) is set in Mantua. Austro-Hungarian authorities inVeniceforced him to move the action from France to Mantua. A medieval building with portico and 15th-century loggia in Mantua is said to be "Rigoletto's house". It was actually the house of the cathedral regulars. It was chosen by the Gonzaga family as the residence of the legendary fool who was then used by Verdi in his opera.
- Netflix's Italian mini-seriesThe Trial(Italian:Il processo), released in Italy in 2019, was primarily filmed in Mantua. It was directed byStefano Lodovichi,and was created byAlessandro Fabbri,in collaboration with Laura Colella and Enrico Audenino. It is the fictional story of the challenges faced by a local prosecutor as she takes up a murder case involving a local wealthy woman.
Climate
[edit]| Climate data for Mantua (1994–2017) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) |
9.3 (48.7) |
14.7 (58.5) |
18.8 (65.8) |
23.9 (75.0) |
28.1 (82.6) |
30.3 (86.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
24.9 (76.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
11.8 (53.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
18.6 (65.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
5.1 (41.2) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.2 (75.6) |
19.7 (67.5) |
14.6 (58.3) |
8.8 (47.8) |
3.9 (39.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
0.8 (33.4) |
4.1 (39.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
13.2 (55.8) |
16.9 (62.4) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
5.7 (42.3) |
1.3 (34.3) |
9.4 (48.9) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 49 (1.9) |
45 (1.8) |
46 (1.8) |
56 (2.2) |
68 (2.7) |
58 (2.3) |
47 (1.9) |
58 (2.3) |
59 (2.3) |
69 (2.7) |
72 (2.8) |
56 (2.2) |
683 (26.9) |
| Source 1: Climi e viaggi[27] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (precipitation 1951–1980)[28] | |||||||||||||
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011".Italian National Institute of Statistics.Retrieved16 March2019.
- ^"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018".Italian National Institute of Statistics.Retrieved16 March2019.
- ^"Mantua | Encyclopedia.com".www.encyclopedia.com.Retrieved2020-10-07.
- ^"Ecosistema Urbano ⋆ Legambiente".29 October 2018.
- ^Fagles, Robert, ed.:The Aeneid(2006), 10.242, Penguin Group,ISBN0-670-03803-2
- ^Lucchini, Daniele:Rise and fall of a capital. The history of Mantua in the words of who wrote about it(2013),ISBN978-1-291-78388-9
- ^Conte, Gian Biagio. Trans. Joseph B. SolodowLatin Literature: A HistoryJohns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
- ^Henry S. Lucas,The Renaissance and the Reformation(Harper & Bros. Publishers: New York, 1960) pp. 42–43.
- ^Smith, Digby(1998).The Napoleonic Wars Data Book.London: Greenhill. pp. 118–119.ISBN1-85367-276-9.
- ^Smith, Digby(1998).The Napoleonic Wars Data Book.London: Greenhill. pp. 132–133.ISBN1-85367-276-9.
- ^Smith, Digby(1998).The Napoleonic Wars Data Book.London: Greenhill. p. 161.ISBN1-85367-276-9.
- ^abMegargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022).The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV.Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 118, 333–334.ISBN978-0-253-06089-1.
- ^abBrunton, John (29 March 2013). "Mantua: Italy's sleeping beauty city."The Guardian.Retrieved 24 November 2019.
- ^"Corriere.it".www.corriere.it.
- ^"Prehistoric Romeo and Juliet discovered: thewest.com.au".27 September 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-09-27.
- ^"Gemellaggi".comune.mantova.gov.it(in Italian). Mantova.Retrieved2019-12-16.
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 971.
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 832.
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 474.
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 925.
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 660; see line 5.
Another son of Andreas, Peter (Pietro Giovanni), commonly known as "Peter of Cremona" (b. 1655), moved from Cremona and settled at Mantua....
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 778.
- ^Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911)..Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 22 (11th ed.). p. 58.
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 431.
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 111–116.
- ^"Taming of the Shrew: Entire Play".
- ^"Clima - Mantova (Lombardia)".Climi e viaggi.Retrieved29 June2024.
- ^"Valori climatici normali di temperatura e precipitazione in Italia"(PDF).Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale.Retrieved29 June2024.
Bibliography
[edit]External links
[edit]
- Official website
- Mantova TourismArchived2019-02-04 at theWayback Machine
- Palazzo Te(in Italian)
- Palazzo Ducale(in Italian)
- A MantovaTo know and to see Mantua
- Tourist guide in MantuaA native guide from Mantua
- Mantovani Nel MondoPage dedicated to Mantovani worldwide.
- Photo gallery made by a UNESCO photographer
- Mantua on The Campanile ProjectArchived2023-03-27 at theWayback Machine
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