Conflict of interest(COI)editinginvolves contributing toWikipediaabout yourself, family, friends, clients, employers, or your financial and other relationships. Anyexternal relationshipcan trigger aconflict of interest.Someone having a conflict of interest is a description of asituation,not a judgment about that person's opinions, integrity, orgood faith.
COI editing is strongly discouraged on Wikipedia. It undermines public confidence and risks causingpublic embarrassmentto the individuals and companies being promoted. Editors with a COI are sometimesunaware of whether or how muchit has influenced their editing. If COI editing causes disruption, an administrator may opt to place blocks on the involved accounts.
When investigating COI editing,do notreveal the identityof editors against their wishes. Wikipedia'spolicy against harassment,and in particular the prohibition against disclosing personal information,takes precedenceover this guideline. To report COI editing, follow the advice atHow to handle conflicts of interest,below. Editors making or discussing changes to this guideline or related guidance shall disclose whether they have been paid to edit Wikipedia.
As an encyclopedia,Wikipedia's missionis to provide the public with articles that summarize accepted knowledge, written neutrally and sourced reliably. Readers expect to find neutral articles written independently of their subject, not corporate or personal webpages, or platforms for advertising and self-promotion. Articles should contain only material that complies with Wikipedia's content policies and best practices, and Wikipedians must place the interests of the encyclopedia and its readers above personal concerns.
Editors with a COI should follow Wikipedia policies and best practices scrupulously:
you shoulddiscloseyour COIwhen involved with affected articles;
you arestrongly discouragedfrom editing affected articles directly;
you maypropose changeson talk pages (by using the{{edit COI}}template), so that they can be peer-reviewed;
you should put new articles through theArticles for Creation (AfC)process instead of creating them directly;
you shouldnot act as a reviewerof affected article(s) at AfC,new pages patrolor elsewhere;
you shouldrespect other editorsby keeping discussions concise.
Note that no one on Wikipediacontrols articles.If Wikipedia hosts an article about you or your organization, others may add information that would otherwise remain little known. They may also decide to delete the article or decide to keep it should you later request deletion. The media has several times drawn attention to companies that engage in COI editing on Wikipedia (seeConflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia), which has led to embarrassment for the organizations concerned.
Being paid to contribute to Wikipedia is one form of financial COI; it places the paid editor in a conflict between their employer's goals and Wikipedia's goals. The kind of paid editing of most concern to the community involves using Wikipedia for public relations and marketing purposes. Sometimes called "paid advocacy," this is problematic because it invariably reflects the interests of the client or employer.
More generally, an editor has a financial conflict of interest whenever they write about a topic with which they have a close financial relationship. This includes being an owner, employee, contractor, investor or other stakeholder.
TheWikimedia Foundationrequires that all paid editing be disclosed. Additionally,global policyrequires that (if applicable) youmustprovide links on your user-page toallactive accounts on external websites through which you advertise, solicit or obtain paid editing. If you receive or expect to receive compensation (money, goods or services) for your contributions to Wikipedia, the policy on the English Wikipedia is:
you mustdisclosewho is paying you, on whose behalf the edits are made, and any other relevant affiliation;
you should make the disclosure on your user page,on affected talk pages,and whenever you discuss the topic;
you arestrongly discouragedfrom editing affected articles directly;
you maypropose changeson talk pages by using the{{edit COI}}template, so that they can be peer-reviewed;
you should put new articles through theArticles for Creation (AfC)process instead of creating them directly;
you mustnot act as a reviewerof affected article(s) at AfC,new pages patrolor elsewhere;
you shouldrespect volunteersby keeping discussions concise (seeWP:PAYTALK).
TheWikimedia Foundation'sterms of userequire that editors who are being paid for their contributions disclose theiremployer(the person or organization who is paying for the edits); theclient(the person or organization on whose behalf the edits are made); and any other relevantaffiliation.This is the policy of the English Wikipedia.
If you become involved in an article where you have any COI, you should always let other editors know about it, whenever and wherever you discuss the topic. There are three venues to do this.
1. If you want to use a template to do this, place{{connected contributor}}at the top of the affected talk page,fill it in as follows, and save:
Connected contributor template
{{Connected contributor|User1=Your username|U1-declared=yes|U1-otherlinks=(Optional) Insert relevant affiliations, disclosures, article drafts or diffs showing COI contributions.}}
Note that someone else may add this for you.
2. You can also make a statement in theedit summaryof any COI contribution.
Edit the source of your user page and type{{UserboxCOI|1=Wikipedia article name}},then click "save".
Example
For a COI disclosure, seeTalk:Steve Jobs In this edit, one editor added a COI declaration for another editor.
Also, if you propose significant or potentially controversial changes to an affected article, you can use the{{edit COI}}template. Place this at the bottom of the talk page and state your suggestion beneath it (be sure to sign it with four tildes, ~~~~). If the proposal isverifiableand appropriate, it will usually be accepted. If it is declined, the editor declining the request will usually add an explanation below your entry.
If you are being paid for your contributions to Wikipedia, you must declare who is paying you, who the client is, and any other relevant role or relationship. You may do this on your user page, on the talk page of affected articles, or in your edit summaries. As you have a conflict of interest, you must ensure everyone with whom you interact is aware of your paid status, in all discussions on Wikipedia pages within any namespace. If you want to use a template to disclose your COI on a talk page, place{{connected contributor (paid)}}at the top of the page, fill it in as follows, and save:
Connected contributor (paid) template
{{Connected contributor (paid)|User1=Username of the paid editor|U1-employer=Name of person/organization that is paying for the edits|U1-client=Name of client|U1-otherlinks=Insertdiffto disclosure on your User page.}}
Theemployeris whoever is paying you to be involved in the article (such as a PR company). Theclientis on whose behalf the payment is made (usually the subject of the article). If the employer and client are the same entity—that is, if Acme Corporation is paying you to write about Acme Corporation—the client parameter may be left empty. See{{connected contributor (paid)}}for more information. Note that other editors may add this template for you. Paid editing without such a declaration is calledundisclosed paid editing(UPE).
You are expected to maintain a clearly visible list on your user page of your paid contributions. If you advertise, solicit or obtain paid editing work via an account on any external website, you must provide links on your user-page to all such accounts.
If you propose changes to an affected article, you can use the{{edit COI}}template. Post it on the talk page and make your suggestion underneath it.
The use of administrative tools as part of any paid editing activity, except as a Wikipedian-in-Residence, or when the payment is made by the Wikimedia Foundation or an affiliate of the WMF, is considered aserious misuseand likely to result in sanctions or their removal.
While editing Wikipedia, an editor's primary role is to further the interests of the encyclopedia. When an external role or relationship could reasonably be said to undermine that primary role, the editor has a conflict of interest similar to how a judge's primary role as an impartial adjudicator would be undermined if they were married to one of the parties.
Any external relationship—personal, religious, political, academic, legal, or financial (including holding acryptocurrency)—can trigger a COI. How close the relationship needs to be before it becomes a concern on Wikipedia is governed by common sense. For example, an article about a band should not be written by the band's manager, and a biography should not be anautobiographyor written by the subject's spouse. There can be a COI when writing on behalf of a competitor or opponent of the page subject, just as there is when writing on behalf of the page subject.
Subject-matter experts(SMEs) are welcome on Wikipedia within their areas of expertise, subject to the guidance below onfinancial conflict of interestand onciting your work.SMEs are expected to make sure that their external roles and relationships in their field of expertise do not interfere with their primary role on Wikipedia.
Determining that someone has a COI is adescription of a situation.It is not a judgment about that person's state of mind or integrity. A COI can exist in the absence of bias, and bias regularly exists in the absence of a COI. Beliefs and desires may lead to biased editing, but they do not constitute a COI. COI emerges from an editor's roles and relationships, and thetendency to biasthat we assume exists when those roles and relationships conflict.
On Wikipedia, editors with a conflict of interest who unilaterally add material tend to violate Wikipedia's content and behavioral policies and guidelines. The content they add is typically unsourced or poorly sourced and often violates theneutral point of viewpolicy by beingpromotionaland omitting negative information. They mayedit warto retain content that serves their external interest. They may overuseprimary sourcesornon-independent sources,and they may give too muchweightto certain ideas.
Anactual COIexists when an editor has a COI with respect to a certain judgmentandis in a position where the judgment must be exercised.
Example: A business owner has an actual COI if they edit articles and engage in discussions about that business.
Apotential COIexists when an editor has a COI with respect to a certain judgmentbut is notin a position where the judgment must be exercised.
Example: A business owner has a potential COI with respect to articles and discussions about that business, but they have no actual COI if they stay away from those pages.
Anapparent COIexists when there is reason to believe that an editor has a COI.
Example: Editors have an apparent COI if they edit an article about a business, and for some reason they appear to be the business owner or in communication with the business owner, although they may actually have no such connection. Apparent COI raises concern within the community and should be resolved through discussion whenever possible.
Dealing with edit requests from COI or paid editors
Editors responding to edit requests from COI or paid editors are expected to do so carefully, particularly when commercial interests are involved. When large amounts of text are added to an article on behalf of the article subject, the article has, in effect, beenghostwrittenby the subject without the readers' knowledge. Responding volunteers should therefore carefully check the proposed text and sources. That an article has been expanded does not mean that it is better.
Make sure the proposed paid text complies withWP:WEIGHT.
Look for unnecessary detail that may have been added to overwhelm something negative.
Make sure nothing important is missing. Responding editors should do their own search forindependent sources.Do not rely on the sources offered by the paid editor.
Look for non-neutral language and unsourced or poorly sourced content.
Be cautious about accepting content based onself-published sourcessuch as a personal website, orprimary sourcessuch as a company website or press release.
If the paid text is added to the article, the edit summary should include full attribution.
If editors choose to add material to an article on behalf of a COI or paid editor, they must provideattributionfor the text in theedit summary.The edit summary should include the name of the COI or paid editor, a link to the draft or edit request, and that the edit contains a COI or paid contribution. For example:
Text inserted on behalf of paid editor User:X; copied from [[Draft:Paid draft]].
or you can also use the following format, from text requested in a talk page,
Edit made due to [[WP:COI]] edit request by User:SVeatch; copied or adapted from "Revisions to Infobox, Introduction and History" at [[Special:Permalink/1213729307]]
Thepermalinkhelps avoid broken links when sections are archived.
This transparency helps editors and readers to determine the extent of COI influence on the article. It also complies with copyright requirements.
Paid editors must respect the volunteer nature of the project and keep discussions concise. When proposing changes to an article, they should describe the suggested modifications and explain why the changes should be made. Any changes that may be contentious, such as removal of negative text, should be highlighted.
Before being drawn into long exchanges with paid editors, volunteers should be aware that paid editors may be submitting evidence of their talk-page posts to justify their salaries or fees. No editor should be expected to engage in long or repetitive discussions with someone who is being paid to argue with them.
Editors are reminded that any text they contribute to Wikipedia, assuming they own the copyright, is irrevocably licensed under aCreative Commons-Attribution-Sharealikelicense and theGNU Free Documentation License.Content on Wikipedia, including article drafts and talk-page comments, can be freely copied and modified by third parties for commercial and non-commercial use, with the sole requirement that it be attributed to Wikipedia contributors.
Paid editors must ensure that they own the copyright of text they have been paid to add to Wikipedia; otherwise, they are unable to release it. A text's author is normally assumed to be the copyright holder. Companies sometimes provide paid editors with text written by someone else. Alternatively, a paid editor might write text for Wikipedia within the scope of their employment (a "work for hire"), in which case copyright resides with the employer.
If editors choose to add material to an article on behalf of a paid editor, they must provideattributionfor the text in theedit summary.SeeWP:COIATTRIBUTEfor how to do this.
All editors are expected to follow United States law on undisclosed advertising, which is described by theFederal Trade Commission(FTC) atEndorsement GuidelinesandDot Com Disclosures.The FTC regards advertising as deceptive if it mimics a content format, such as a news report, that appears to come from an independent, impartial source:
Marketers and publishers are using innovative methods to create, format, and deliver digital advertising. One form is "native advertising", content that bears a similarity to the news, feature articles, product reviews, entertainment, and other material that surrounds it online....
In digital media, native ads often resemble the design, style, and functionality of the media in which they are disseminated.... The more a native ad is similar in format and topic to content on the publisher's site, the more likely that a disclosure will be necessary to prevent deception. —Federal Trade Commission, 2015
To judge whether an ad is deceptive under theFederal Trade Commission Act of 1914,the FTC considers "both what the ad says and the format it uses to convey that information... Advertisements or promotional messages are deceptive if they convey to consumers expressly or by implication that they’re independent, impartial, or from a source other than the sponsoring advertiser...".
State law may have similar prohibitions. While the FTC law may apply only to interstate and foreign commerce, state law applies to intrastate commerce and must be obeyed. At least one state court case found liability for an ad disguised as editorial content.[citation needed]
In 2012 the MunichOberlandesgerichtcourt ruled that if a company or its agents edit Wikipedia with the aim of influencing customers, the edits constitute covert advertising, and as such are a violation of European fair-trading law. The ruling stated that readers cannot be expected to seek out user and talk pages to find editors' disclosures about their corporate affiliation.
TheAdvertising Standards Authority(ASA) in the UK found in 2012 that the content oftweetsfrom two footballers had been "agreed with the help of a member of the Nike marketing team". The tweets were not clearly identified as Nike marketing communications and were therefore in breach of the ASA's code.
Thebiographies of living persons policysays: "[A]n editor who is involved in a significant controversy or dispute with another individual – whether on- or off-wiki – or who is an avowed rival of that individual, should not edit that person's biography or other material about that person, given thepotential conflict of interest."
Similarly, editors should not write about court cases in which they or those close to them have been involved, nor about parties or law firms associated with the cases.
Activities regarded by insiders as simply "getting the word out" may appear promotional or propagandistic to the outside world. If you edit articles while involved with campaigns in the same area, you may have a conflict of interest. Political candidates and their staff should not edit articles about themselves, their supporters, or their opponents. Government employees should not edit articles about their agencies, government, political party, political opponents, or controversial political topics.
You should generally refrain from creating articles about yourself, or anyone you know, living or dead, unless through theArticles for Creationprocess. If you have a personal connection to a topic or person with an existing article, you are advised to refrain from editing that article directly and to provide full disclosure of the connection if you comment about the article on talk pages or in other discussions. Requests for updates to an article about yourself or someone with whom you have a personal connection can be made on the article's talk page by following the instructions atWP:COIREQ.
An exception to not editing an article about yourself or someone you know is made if the article contains defamation or a serious error that needs to be corrected quickly. If you do make such an edit, please follow it up with an email toWP:VRT,Wikipedia's volunteer response team, or ask for help onWP:BLPN,our noticeboard for articles about living persons, or the talk page of the article in question.
Using material you have written or published is allowed within reason, but only if it is relevant, conforms to the content policies, includingWP:SELFPUB,and is not excessive. Citations should be in the third person and should not placeundue emphasison your work. You will be permanently identified in thepage historyas the person who added the citation to your own work. When in doubt, defer to the community's opinion: propose the edit on the article's talk page and allow others to review it. However, adding numerous references to work published by yourself and none by other researchers is consideredto be a form of spamming.
Museum curators, librarians, archivists, and similar are encouraged to help improve Wikipedia, or to share their information in the form of links to their resources. If a link cannot be used as a reliable source, it may be placed under further reading or external links if it complies with theexternal links guideline.Bear in mind thatWikipedia is not a mirror or a repositoryof links, images, or media files.
There are forms of paid editing that the Wikimedia community regards as acceptable. These includeWikipedians in residence(WiRs)—Wikipedians who may be paid to collaborate with mission-aligned organizations, such asgalleries, libraries, archives, and museums.WiRs must not engage in public relations or marketing for their organization in Wikipedia, and they should operate within the bounds defined byCore characteristics of a Wikipedian in ResidenceatWikimedia Outreach.They must work closely with a Wikipedia project or the general Wikipedia community, and are expected to identify their WiR status on their user page and on talk pages related to their organization when they post there.
Another example of acceptable paid editing is thereward board,where editors can post incentives, usually to raise articles to featured-article or good-article status. If you participate in this, transparency and neutrality are key.
In any solicitation sent to a prospective client, paid editors should disclose the following information:
Paid editors do not represent the Wikimedia Foundation nor the Wikipedia editing community, and they have no authority beyond that of any volunteer editor.
Paid editors must disclose their employer, client, and affiliations on Wikipedia. There is no confidentiality for the client.
Paid edits may be reviewed and revised in the normal course of work on Wikipedia. Neither the client nor the paid editor own the article.
Paid editors cannot guarantee any outcome for an article on Wikipedia. It can be revised or deleted by other editors at any time.
Providing a client with a link to this section is appropriate disclosure if it is done in a neutral and non-deceptive manner.
Paid editors must also provide a link to their user page which includes adeclaration of their paid editing status.If an external website claims that a particular Wikipedia editor works for them, but that editor's user page has no such declaration, this is likely to indicate that the website is impersonating that editor.
If you received a solicitation from a paid editor that does not include this information, we recommend that you not do business with them. They are not following our policies and guidelines.
Some solicitations from paid editors have been linked tofraud;see for exampleOperation Orangemoody.Alarge number of businessesclaim to offer editing services, but some of these are scams. If someone claims that experienced editors work for them, ask them for the user names of those editors and check the corresponding editor user pages for apaid-contribution disclosure;its absence likely indicates that the claim is false. Offers to guarantee that a page will be saved from deletion, in return for significant sums of money, are always fraudulent, as are offers to use special privileges on Wikipedia.
If you think you've received a fraudulent solicitation, please forward it topaid-en-wpwikipedia.orgfor investigation.
Once an article is created about yourself, your group, or your company,you have no rightto control its content, or to delete it outside thenormal channels.If there is anything publicly available on a topic that you wouldnotwant to have included in an article, it will probably find its way there eventually.
add independentreliable sourceswhen another editor has requested them, although it is better to supply them on the talk page for others to add.
If another editor objects for any reason, it is not an uncontroversial edit. Edits not covered by the above should be discussed on the article's talk page. If an article has few uninvolved editors, ask at the talk page of a relatedWikiProjector atthe COI noticeboard.See alsoWP:COITALK.
Editors with a COI are encouraged to upload high-quality media files that are appropriately licensed for Wikipedia and that improve our coverage of a subject. For more information, follow theinstructions at Commons.In some cases, the addition of media files to an article may be an uncontroversial edit that editors with a COI can make directly, but editors should exercise discretion and rely on talk pages when images may be controversial or promotional. If the addition of an image is challenged by another editor, it is controversial.
The use ofnon-freecontents are restricted. Generally, using press photos or images provided by client who wish to feature them in the article but unwilling to irrevocably release the copyright under Creative Commons is unacceptable. Editors may not upload images provided by client for "Wikipedia article purpose only" and falsely claim they're licensed under CC BY-SA, as such photos are fundamentally incompatible with free content principles. Only the copyright owner or their authorized representatives may grant permission to use a work under a Creative Commons license, not the photographed subject or their public relations agent. If the same image is found copyrighted elsewhere prior to the upload date, it may be removed as a copyright violation. If you are the copyright owner and want to release content to Creative Commons for use on Wikipedia, seeCommons:Volunteer Response Team § Licensing images: when do I contact VRT?.
If a user's edits lead you to believe that they might have a COI (that is, if they have an"apparent COI"), and there has been no COI disclosure, consider first whether the issue may be simpleadvocacy.Most advocacy does not involve COI. Whether an editor is engaged in advocacy should first be addressed at the user's talk page, then atWP:NPOVN,the neutral-point-of-view noticeboard. The appropriate forum for concerns about sources isWP:RSN,the reliable-sources noticeboard. If there are concerns aboutsockpuppetsormeatpuppets,please bring that concern toWP:SPI.
If you believe an editor has an undisclosed COI and is editing in violation of this guideline, raise the issue in a civil manner on the editor's talk page, which is the first step in resolving user-conduct issues, per thedispute resolution policy,citing this guideline. If that fails to resolve the issue, such as when an editor has repeatedly added problematic material over an extended period, then open a discussion at theconflict of interest noticeboard (COIN).This also applies to adisclosed COIthat is causing a problem: for example, an acknowledged BLP subject who is editing their own BLP.
During the COIN discussion, avoid making disparaging remarks about the user in question, their motives or the subject of the article(s).
Post whatever public evidence you have to support that there is a COI, or that it is causing a problem, in the form of edits by that user or information the user has posted about themselves. Do not post private information; seeWP:OUTING,which is policy, and the section below, "Avoid outing".
If private information must be shared to resolve a COI issue, it may be emailed topaid-en-wpwikipedia.org.Follow the advice inWP:OUTING:"Only the minimum information necessary should be conveyed and the minimum number of people contacted." The priority should be to avoid unnecessary privacy violations.
When investigating COI editing, thepolicy against harassmenttakes precedence. It requires that Wikipediansnot reveal the identity of editorsagainst their wishes. Examine editors' behavior instead and seek advice by email if necessary. Do not ask a user if theyaresomebody; instead one can ask if they have an undisclosed connection to that person. If revealing private information is needed to resolve COI editing, and if the issue is serious enough to warrant it, editors canemailpaid-en-wpwikipedia.org.Also see the section"Reporting to the conflict of interest noticeboard"above.
Accounts that appear to besingle-purpose,existing for the sole or primary purpose of promotion or denigration of a person, company, product, service, website, organization, etc., and whose postings are in apparent violation of this guideline, should be made aware of this guideline and warned not to continue their problematic editing. If the same pattern of editing continues after the warning, the account may be blocked.
{{uw-coi}}(to be placed on user Talk pages to warn editors that they may have a conflict of interest)
{{uw-coi-username}}(another Talk page warning, this one for editors whose username appears to violate theWP:Usernamespolicy)
{{COI editnotice}}(this template goes on article talk pages and gives instructions to COI editors on how to submit edit requests to the article)
{{UserboxCOI}}(for users to self-declare on their own Userpages those articles with which they have a conflict of interest, one such template per article)
Carson, Thomas L. (January 2004). "Conflicts of Interest and Self-Dealing in the Professions: A Review Essay,"Business Ethics Quarterly,14(1), pp. 161–182.JSTOR3857777
wikimedia.org). SeeWP:PERMISSIONfor how to do this andWikipedia:Declaration of consent for all enquiriesfor a sample letter.
