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List of messiah claimants

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This is a list of notable people who have been said to be amessiah,either by themselves or by their followers. The list is divided into categories, which are sorted according to date of birth (where known).

Jewish messiah claimants[edit]

Main article:Jewish messianic claimants

InJudaism,"messiah" originally meant "a divinely appointed king" or "anointed one", such as Aaron the brother of Moses,[citation needed]David,Cyrus the Great[1]orAlexander the Great.[2]Later, especially after the failure of theHasmonean Kingdom(37 BC) and theJewish–Roman wars(AD 66–135), the figure of theJewish messiahwas one who would deliver theJewsfromoppressionand usher in anOlam Haba( "world to come") orMessianic Age. However the term "false messiah" was largely absent fromrabbinic literature.The first mention is in theSefer Zerubbabel,from the mid-seventh century, which uses the term,mashiah sheker,( "false messiah" ).[3]

See also Combination messiah claimants below.

Christian messiah claimants[edit]

Sun Myung Moon
Simon Magus
See also:Antichrist,List of people claimed to be Jesus,andSecond Coming

The Christian Bible states thatJesuswill come again in some fashion; various people have claimed to, in fact, be the Second Coming of Jesus. Others have styled themselves new messiahs under the umbrella of Christianity. TheSynoptic gospels(Matthew 24:4, 6, 24; Mark 13:5, 21-22; and Luke 21:3) all use the termpseudochristosfor messianic pretenders.[27]

  • Ann Lee(1736–1784), a central figure to theShakers,[28]who thought she "embodied all the perfections of God" in female form and considered herself in 1772 to be Christ's female counterpart.[29]
  • John Nichols Thom(1799–1838), who had achieved fame and followers as Sir William Courtenay and adopted the claim of Messiah after a period in a mental institute.[30]
  • Hong Xiuquan(1 January 1814- 1 June 1864), the leader of the Taiping Rebellion, who believed he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ.
  • Abd-ru-shin(Oskar Ernst Bernhardt, 18 April 1875 – 6 December 1941), founder of theGrail Movement.[31]
  • Lou de Palingboer(Louwrens Voorthuijzen)[32](1898-1968), aDutchcharismaticleader who claimed to be God as well as the Messiah from 1950 until his death in 1968.
  • Father Divine(George Baker) (c. 1880 –1965), anAfrican Americanspiritual leader from about 1907 until his death, who claimed to be God.
  • André Matsoua(1899–1942),Congolesefounder ofAmicale,proponents of which subsequently adopted him as Messiah in the late 1920s.
  • Ahn Sahng-hong(1918–1985), founder of theWorld Mission Society Church of Godand worshiped by the members as the Messiah.[33]
  • Sun Myung Moon(1920–2012), founder and leader of theUnification Churchestablished inSeoul,South Korea,who considered himself the Second Coming of Christ, but not Jesus himself.[34]It is generally believed by Unification Church members ("Moonies") that he was theMessiahand the Second Coming of Christ and was anointed to fulfill Jesus's unfinished mission.[34]
  • Anne Hamilton-Byrne(born Evelyn Grace Victoria Edwards; 30 December 1921 – 13 June 2019), founder ofThe Family,claimed to have been the reincarnation ofJesus.[35]
  • Cho Hee-seung[ko](1931–2004), founder of theVictory AltarNew Religious Movement, which refers to him as “the Victor Christ” and “God incarnated”. Died in the midst of a series of legal battles in which he was alternately convicted and acquitted on charges of fraud and instigation of the murders of multiple opponents.[36][37]
  • Yahweh ben Yahweh(1935–2007), born as Hulon Mitchell, Jr., ablack nationalistandseparatistwho created theNation of Yahwehand allegedly orchestrated the murder of dozens of people.
  • Laszlo Toth(born 1938) claimed he was Jesus Christ as he batteredMichelangelo'sPietawith a geologist hammer.
  • Wayne Bent(born 1941), also known as Michael Travesser of theLord Our Righteousness Church,also known as the "Strong City Cult", convicted December 15, 2008, of one count of criminal sexual contact of a minor and two counts of contributing to the delinquency of a minor in 2008.[38]He was paroled in February 2016.
  • Iesu Matayoshi(1944–2018); in 1997 he established the World Economic Community Party based on his conviction that he was God and the Christ.
  • Jung Myung-seok(born 1945), aSouth Koreanwho was a member of theUnification Churchin the 1970s, before breaking off to found the dissenting group[39]now known asProvidence Churchin 1980.[40][41]He also considers himself the Second Coming of Christ, but not Jesus himself.[42]He believes he has come to finish the incomplete message and mission of Jesus Christ, asserting that he is the Messiah and has the responsibility to save all mankind.[43]He claims that the Christian doctrine ofresurrectionis false but that people can be saved through him. Jung Myung-seok was convicted of rape by the Supreme Court of Korea and spent 10 years in prison (2008-2018). He was again indicted in South Korea on October 28, 2022, for sexually assaulting two female followers between 2018 and 2022.[44]
  • Claude Vorilhon,now known asRaël"messenger of the Elohim" (born 1946), aFrenchprofessional test driver and former car journalist who became founder and leader ofUFO religiontheRaël Movementin 1972. Raëlism teaches thatlife on Earthwas scientifically created by a species ofextraterrestrials,which they callElohim.He claimed he met an extraterrestrial humanoid in 1973 and became the Messiah.[45]He then devoted himself to the task he said he was given by his "biological father", an extraterrestrial namedYahweh.[46]
  • José Luis de JesúsMiranda (1946–2013), founder and leader ofCreciendo en Graciasect (Growing In Grace International Ministry, Inc.), based inMiami,Florida.He was aPuerto Ricanpreacher who had claimed to be both "the Man Jesus Christ" and the Antichrist at the same time, and exhibited a "666"tattoo on his forearm, a behavior his followers also adopted. He has referred to himself asJesucristo Hombre,which translates to "Jesus Christ made Man". He claimed he was indwelled with the same spirit that dwelled in Jesus. Miranda died on August 14, 2013, due to liver cancer.
  • Inri Cristo(born 1948) ofIndaial,Brazil,a claimant to be the second Jesus.[47]
  • Apollo Quiboloy(born 1950), Filipino founder and leader of theKingdom of Jesus Christreligious group, who claims that Jesus Christ is the "Almighty Father," that Quiboloy is "His Appointed Son," and that salvation is now completed. He proclaims himself to be the "Appointed Son of God". On November 11, 2021, Quiboloy was indicted by the United States Department of Justice for allegedly coercing girls and young women to have sex with him. These victims were threatened with eternal damnation and physical punishment if they didn’t comply. The indictment also included allegations that Quiboloy ran a sex-trafficking operation. Girls as young as 12 were allegedly trafficked through the fraudulent California charity “Children’s Joy.”[48]
  • Brian David Mitchell(born 1953) was convicted May 25, 2011, for the 2002 kidnapping and rape of Elizabeth Smart. He believed himself thefore-ordainedangel born on earth to be theDavidic"servant" prepared by God as a type ofMessiahwho would restore the divinely ledkingdomofIsraelto the world in preparation for Christ's Second Coming. Mitchell's belief in such anend-timesfigure – also known among manyfundamentalist Latter Day Saintsas "theOne Mighty and Strong"– appeared to be based in part on a reading of the biblicalBook of Isaiahby the independentLDSHebraist,Avraham Gileadi,with whom Mitchell became familiar as a result of his previous participation in Stirling Allan's American Study Group.[49][50]
  • Ante Pavlović(1957–2020), a Croatian self-proclaimed chiropractor who claimed to be a reincarnation of Jesus Christ, and would soon become president of Croatia.[51]
    Ante Pavlović on his horse.
  • David Koresh,also known as Vernon Wayne Howell (1959–1993), leader of theBranch Davidians,renaming himself in honor ofKing DavidandCyrus the Great.He and his followers were killed after anATFraid andsiegewhich ended with their compound catching fire.
  • Maria Devi Christos(born 1960), leader of theGreat White Brotherhoodpopular in theformer Soviet Union.
  • Sergey Torop(born 1961), who started to call himself "Vissarion", founder of theChurch of the Last Testamentand the spiritual communityEcopolis TiberkulinSouthern Siberia.
  • Alan John Miller(born 1962), founder ofDivine Truth,a new religious movement based inAustralia.Also known as A.J. Miller, he claims to be Jesus of Nazareth through reincarnation. Miller was formerly aJehovah's Witness.[52]
  • Yang Xiangbin(born 1973) is believed to be the identity of a woman referred to as "Lightning Deng" and "the female Christ" in the literature ofEastern Lightning,a Chinese Christian new religious movement. Zhao Weishan, founder and administrative leader of Eastern Lightning, claimed that Yang revealed herself to be the Second Coming of Christ in 1992.[53]

See also Combination messiah claimants below.

Muslim Mahdi-messiah claimant[edit]

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

Islamic traditionhas a prophecy of theMahdi,who will come alongside the return ofIsa(Jesus).

  • Mirza Ghulam AhmadofQadian,India (1835–1908), proclaimed himself to be both the expected Mahdi andMessiah,[54][55]being the only person inIslamic historywho claimed to be both. Crucially, however, he claimed that Jesus had died a natural death after surviving crucifixion,[54]and that prophecies concerning his future advent referred to the Mahdi himself bearing the qualities and character of Jesus rather than to his physical return alongside the Mahdi. He founded theAhmadiyya Movementin 1889 envisioning it to be the rejuvenation of Islam. Adherents of the Ahmadiyya movement claim to be strictly Muslim, but are widely viewed by other Muslim groups as either disbelievers or heretics.[56][57]

See alsoList of Mahdi claimantsfor a list of over 30 people who claimed to be the Madhi but not the return ofIsa(Jesus).

Zoroastrian messiah claimants[edit]

  • Bahram Chobin,after he usurped the throne of theSassanian Empire,declared himself to be the Messiah in the midst of the eschatological times of the late 6th century AD[58]

Combination of messiah claimants[edit]

This list features people who are said, either by themselves or their followers, to be the messianic fulfillment of two or more religious traditions.

  • Baháʼu'lláh,Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri, (1817–1892), bornShiite,adoptingBábismin 1844 (seeBábor "Ali Muhammad Shirazi" inList of Mahdi claimants). In 1863, Baháʼu'lláh claimed to be the promised one of all religions, and founded theBaháʼí Faith.[59]He claimed to be the fulfillment of the prophecies of the coming of a promised figure found in all 6 of the major prophetic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Hinduism and Buddhism) as noted in the authoritative history of theBaha'i Faith.[60]He also claimed to be the prophet predicted by theBábas "He Whom God shall make manifest"[61]His followers have also claimed that his coming fulfilled prophecies of various smaller (often native) religions.
  • Jiddu Krishnamurti(1895-1986) in 1909 renounced the status of Messiah andMaitreyaincarnation given him by theTheosophical Society.
  • Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi(born 25 November 1941) is a spiritual leader and the founder of the spiritual movementsMessiah Foundation International(MFI) andAnjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam.[62][63]He is controversial for being declared theMehdi,Messiah,andKalki Avatarby the MFI.[64][65][66]
  • Ryuho Okawa(1956–2023), was the founder ofHappy Sciencein Japan. Okawa claimed to channel the spirits of Muhammad, Christ, Buddha and Confucius and to be the incarnation of the supreme spiritual being called El Cantare.

Other messiah claimants[edit]

This list features people who have been said, either by themselves or their followers, to be some form of a messiah that do not easily fit into Judaism, Christianity, or Islam.

  • Cyrus Teed(1839–1908), proponent of theHollow Earththeory who created a distinct model in which the world is an inverted sphere that the rest of universe can be seen from by looking inward and claimed to be the incarnation of Jesus Christ after being electrocuted when attempting to practicealchemywith doses of magnetism during 1869.[67]
Haile Selassie

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Jewish Encyclopedia: Messiah:"In Isa. xlv. 1 Cyrus is called" God's anointed one, "...:
  2. ^"Messiah: Alexander as Messiah".Jewish Encyclopedia.Retrieved2018-04-05.
  3. ^William Horbury, Markus Bockmuehl, James Carleton Paget:Redemption and resistance: the messianic hopes of Jews and Christians in antiquityPage 294: (2007)ISBN978-0567030443
  4. ^Professor Bart D. Ehrman,The Historical Jesus,Part I, p. 2, The Teaching Company, 2000.
  5. ^Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C., eds. (31 December 2000).Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible.Amsterdam University Press. p. 709.ISBN978-90-5356-503-2.
  6. ^The Ministry of Christbahaiteachings.org. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  7. ^Jesus Christ in the Bahá'í Writingsbahai-library.com. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  8. ^"People of the Book".Islam: Empire of Faith.PBS.Retrieved2010-12-18.
  9. ^"Quran 3:46-158".Archived fromthe originalon 2015-05-01.
  10. ^Christianity at a glanceBBC.Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  11. ^Cohn-Sherbok, Dan(2000)."Messianic Jewish theology".Messianic Judaism.London:Continuum International Publishing Group.p. 170.ISBN978-0-8264-5458-4.OCLC42719687.RetrievedAugust 10,2010.
  12. ^http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05136c.htmCatholic Encyclopedia: Dositheans]: "Origen states that" Dositheus the Samaritan, after the time of Jesus, wished to persuade the Samaritans that he himself was the Messias prophesied by Moses "(Contra Celsum, VI, ii); He also wrote that Dositheus appliedDeuteronomy18:15to himself, and compares him withTheudasandJudas the Galilean.
  13. ^See "Contra Celsum," i. 57, vi. 11; in Matth. Comm. ser. xxxiii.; "Homil." xxv. in Lucam;De Principiis,iv. 17.
  14. ^"The False Prophet and the Pope – The Story of Shlomo Molcho".Museum of the Jewish People.2018-05-13.Retrieved2022-03-27.
  15. ^"And May the Messiah Come Soon - Judaic Treasures".www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.Retrieved2022-03-27.
  16. ^Scholem,Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah: 1626–1676,pp. 103–106 has a whole discussion of the historical probabilities that he was really born on the 9th of Av, which according to Jewish tradition is the date of the destruction of both Temples and is also the date 'prescribed' in some traditions for the birth of the Messiah.
  17. ^Rifa N. Bali (2008), pp. 91-92
  18. ^Gershom Scholem,Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah: 1626-1676,Routledge Kegan Paul, London, 1973ISBN0-7100-7703-3,American Edition, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1973ISBN0-691-09916-2(hardcover edn.); Gershom Scholem, "Shabbetai Zevi," inEncyclopaedia Judaica,Second Edition, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2007, vol. 18, pp. 340–359.ISBN978-0-02-865946-6.
  19. ^abcMagid, Shaul (3 July 2019)."Another Side of the Lubavitcher Rebbe".Tablet Magazine.Archivedfrom the original on 6 September 2022.Retrieved3 May2023.
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  21. ^abcSadka, Saul (10 February 2007)."The Lubavitcher Rebbe as a God".Haaretz.Tel Aviv.Archivedfrom the original on 2 January 2023.Retrieved3 May2023.
  22. ^"Psak Din Rebbe Moshiach cropped".failedmessiah.typepad.com.Retrieved2018-10-11.
  23. ^Berger, David (2008).The Rebbe, the Messiah, and the scandal of orthodox indifference(1. pbk. ed.). London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization.ISBN978-1-904113-75-1.Retrieved16 June2016.
  24. ^Telushkin, Joseph (2014).Rebbe: The Life and Teachings of Menachem M. Schneerson, the Most Influential Rabbi in Modern History.Harper Collins.ISBN978-0-06-231900-5.
  25. ^Messianic Excess,Rabbi Prof. David Berger (Yeshiva University), The Jewish Week, June 25, 2004
  26. ^Peter Schäfer, Mark R. Cohen, Editors (1998)Toward the Millennium: Messianic Expectations from the Bible to WacoBRILL,ISBN9789004110373,p. 399
  27. ^Harris LenowitzThe Jewish Messiahs: From the Galilee to Crown Heightsage 31 (2001)ISBN978-0195148374
  28. ^Campion, Nardi Reeder (1976),Ann the Word: The Life of Mother Ann Lee, Founder of the Shakers,Boston: Little, Brown and Company,ISBN978-0-316-12767-7
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  34. ^abMoon At Twilight: Amid scandal, the Unification Church has a strange new mission,Peter MaassNew Yorker Magazine,September 14, 1998. "Moon sees the essence of his own mission as completing the one given to Jesus--establishing a" true family "untouched by Satan while teaching all people to lead a God-centered life under his spiritual leadership."... "Although Moon often predicts in his sermons that a breakthrough is near, Moffitt realizes that Moon may not come to be seen as the messiah in his lifetime."
  35. ^"Inside The Family, the bizarre and brutal Australian cult".Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 September 2018.Retrieved21 July2023.
  36. ^Lee, Su-ki (2004-06-20)."Cult leader linked to killings dies".koreajoongangdaily.joins.com.Retrieved2023-06-28.
  37. ^Cho, Hyun (2021-02-10)."Controversial religious group at epicenter of COVID-19 cluster in Bucheon".english.hani.co.kr.Retrieved2023-06-28.
  38. ^"Sect Leader Who Allegedly Sought Virgins Found Guilty on Sex Charge - Local News - News Articles - National News - US News".FOXNews.com.TAOS, N.M. 15 December 2008.Retrieved22 August2020.
  39. ^Luca, Nathalie (March 2002)."After the Moon sect: South Korea and indoctrination through the sacred game of football".CNRS.Archived fromthe originalon 2005-10-19.Retrieved2008-02-27.
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  41. ^"Concerns raised about cult led by fugitive".Asahi Shimbun.28 July 2006.
  42. ^"Claims sect using social groups to recruit members".The Sydney Morning Herald.2001-03-10.Retrieved2008-02-27.
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  51. ^"Umro samoprozvani kiropraktičar Ante Pavlović".www.index.hr(in Croatian).Retrieved2022-08-23.
  52. ^Reid, Poppy (2020)."Australian Cults: The Grim, The Bad And The Ugly - Pt. Two, Divine Truth".au.rollingstone.com.Rolling Stone.Retrieved2023-01-20.
  53. ^McCoy, Terrence (October 13, 2014)."The murderous Chinese cult that thinks Jesus has returned — as a Chinese woman".The Washington Post.
  54. ^abAndrea Lathan (2008)‘The Relativity of Categorizing in the Context of the Aḥmadiyya’Die Welt des Islams,48 (3/4): 376
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  57. ^Burhani, Ahmad Najib (2013).When Muslims are not Muslims: the Ahmadiyya community and the discourse on heresy in Indonesia.Santa Barbara, California:University of California.ISBN9781303424861.
  58. ^Stephen Shoemaker, Imperial Eschatology in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018, pp. 108-110
  59. ^Balyuzi, H.M. (1963).Baháʼu'lláh(1973 ed.). Oxford: George Ronald. pp. 11–12, 33–34.ISBN0-85398-014-4.
  60. ^Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By, Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1944, pgs 94-97
  61. ^Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By, Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1944, pg 97
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  67. ^Simon, Matt (Jul 2, 2014)."Fantastically Wrong: The Legendary Scientist Who Swore Our Planet Is Hollow".WIRED.Retrieved2021-09-17.
  68. ^"Colin Jordan: Leading figure in British fascism".The Independent.2009-04-27.Retrieved2023-10-19.
  69. ^Smith, Blake (2016-12-17)."Writings of French Hindu who worshipped Hitler as an avatar of Vishnu are inspiring the US alt-right".Scroll.in.Retrieved2023-10-19.
  70. ^Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2003).Black sun: Aryan cults, esoteric Nazism, and the politics of identity(1. publ. in paperback ed.). New York, NY: New York Univ. Press.ISBN978-0-8147-3155-0.
  71. ^Judith Coney,Sahaja Yoga: Socializing Processes in a South Asian New Religious Movement(1999) p27 "She began her mission of salvation in earnest, establishing a reputation as a faith healer... Then, on December 2nd, 1979, in London, she unequivocally declared her divinity to her followers: '[Today] is the day I declare that I am the One who has to save the humanity. I declare, I am the one who is Adi Shakti, who is the Mother of all the mothers, who is the Primordial Mother, the Shakti, the purest desire of God, who has incarnated on this Earth to give meaning to itself...' Since then, she is most often understood by her followers to be the Devi, the Goddess of Indian mythology, returned to save the world."
  72. ^"Share International on the Reappearance of Maitreya the World Teacher".share-international.org.Archived fromthe originalon November 2, 2014.
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  74. ^Niebuhr, Gustav."New Millennium, Great Expectations."The New York Times,July 20, 1996
  75. ^Robertson, David (September 2013)."David Icke's Reptilian Thesis and the Development of New Age Theodicy".Retrieved2021-09-19.
  76. ^"The Day David Icke Told Terry Wogan 'I'm the Son of God'".The Telegraph.Apr 29, 2016.Retrieved2021-09-19.
  77. ^Miller, Julie (September 18, 2022)."Ezra Miller's" Messiah "Delusions: Inside The Flash Star's Dark Spiral".Vanity Fair.Archived fromthe originalon September 18, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 18,2022.

Other sources[edit]

  • Hogue, JohnMessiahs: The Visions and Prophecies for the Second Coming(1999) Elements BooksISBN1-86204-549-6
  • Jewish Encyclopedia,a public-domain work hosted atwww.jewishencyclopedia.com/Archived2011-06-28 at theWayback Machine
  • Andreas Plagge: "Oskar Ernst Bernhardt". In:Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon(BBKL). Band 22, Bautz, Nordhausen 2003,ISBN3-88309-133-2,Sp. 120–122,[1].
  • Lothar Gassmann:Zukunft, Zeit, Zeichen. Aufruf zur Wachsamkaeit,Verlag für Reformatorische Erneurung, Kaiserstr.78, D-42329 Wuppertal, 103 Seiten,[2].
  • Patrick Diemling:Neuoffenbarungen Religionswissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf Texte und Medien des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts,Universitätsverlag Potsdam, 2012,[3].
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