1590s

The1590sdecade ran from January 1, 1590, to December 31, 1599.

Events

1590

January–March

• January 6–García Hurtado de Mendozabecomes the newViceroy of Peru(nominally including most of South America except for Brazil). He will serve until 1596.
• January 10– Construction of theFortezza Nuovaaround the city ofLivornobegins in Italy in theGrand Duchy of Tuscanyon the orders ofFerdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscanyand continues for more than 14 years.
• January 25–Luis de Velasco y Castilla,Marquess of Salinas, becomes the newViceroy of New Spain,a colony comprising most of Central America, Mexico and what is now a large part of the southwestern United States. Velasco will govern until 1595, and then again from 1607 to 1611.
• February 3–Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort,the German-born commander of the Spanish Imperial Army captures the German fortress ofRheinbergafter a four-year long siege during theEighty Years' War.
• March 4–Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange,takesBreda,by concealing 68 of his best men in a peat-boat, to get through the impregnable defenses.
• March 14–Battle of Ivry:Henry IV of Franceagain defeats the forces of theCatholic League,underCharles, Duke of Mayenne.
• March 21– TheTreaty of Constantinopleis signed between theOttoman Empire(in modern-day Turkey) and theSafavid Empire(modern-day Iran), ending a12-year war between the two nations.

April–June

• April 4– The Cortes ofCastileapproves a new subsidy, themillones.
• April 24– Ten armed English merchant vessels of theLevant Companyare intercepted by 12 galleys of the Spanish Navy while attempting to pass through theStraits of Gibraltarafter trading in theMediterranean Sea.Levant Company'sBenedict Barnham,on the flagshipSalomon,leads the corporate fleet in a six-hour battle andheavily damages the Spanish ships,clearing the way for the company ships to return home.
• May 7–King Henry of Navarre,claimant to the throne of France, begins an unsuccessfulattempt to besiege Paris,at the time controlled by theCatholic League.By August 30, Henry is forced to raise the siege, whenAlexander Farnese, Duke of Parmacomes to its rescue with a Spanish army.
• May 17–Anne of Denmarkis crowned queen consort ofScotland,atHolyrood AbbeyinEdinburgh.
• June 23– The Japanese samuraiToyotomi Hideyoshisends an army of 15,000 men, led by generalsMaeda ToshiieandUesugi Kagekatsu,in an attack on theHachiōji Castlein what is nowTokyo.The castle is lightly defended, by only 1,300 men, because the samuraiHōjō Ujiteruhas most of his troops engaged in defending Hideyohsi'ssiege of Odawara.The castle is captured after one day, and later destroyed on orders of the shogunTokugawa Ieyasu.

July–September

• July 1(13th waning of1st Ashadha,952 CS) –Naresuan Maharatbecomes the new ruler of Thailand as Sanphet II of theAyutthaya Kingdom,upon the death of his father,Sanphet I.
• July 19– The day after his 12th birthday,Ferdinand of Habsburgbecomes the newArchduke of Inner Austria(Innerösterreich) upon the death, inGraz,of his fatherCharles II.A regency council rules in the place of Ferdinand until 1596.
• July 21– Japan's first diplomatic representatives to Europe,Itō Mancio,Michele Chijiwa, Giuliano Nakaura and Martino Hara, return to Japan after eight years, having departed on February 20, 1582.
• August 4– In Japan, thesiege of Odawara,part ofToyotomi Hideyoshi's campaign to eliminate theclan of samuraisled byHōjō Ujinao,ends with the surrender of Odawara,part of Toyotomi's unification of the country.
• August 18–John White,governor of theColony of Roanoke,returns to Roanoke after having left the North American colony in1587to get supplies. Upon arrival at, the crew of the shipsHopewellandMoonlightfind that the Roanoke Colony is deserted, with the only clues to where the colonist went being the word "CRO" carved into a tree, and the wordCROATOAN(believed to be a reference to Hatteras Island, where the colonists formerly lived).
• August 27–Pope Sixtus Vdies after serving for five years, and a newpapal conclaveis organized, to start on September 7 at theApostolic Palacein Rome.
• September 5–Alexander Farnese's army forcesHenry IV of Franceto lift the siege of Paris.
• September 15
  • After the eight day conclave,Giovanni Battista Castagna,the Cardinal-Priest ofSan Marcello al Corsoreceives the necessary two-thirds majority despite support for CardinalMarco Antonio Colonna.Castagna takes becomesPope Urban VIIbut contractsmalariaand dies 12 days later.
  • The estimated 6.0 magnitudeNeulengbach earthquakecauses significant damage and some loss of life, inLower AustriaandVienna;the effects are felt as far asBohemiaandSilesia.

October–December

• October 6– Two days before the scheduled papal conclave begins,Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares,Spain's ambassador to thePapal States,presents the cardinals with King the recommendations of KingPhilip II of Spain,a set of candidates whom the Spanish cardinals will support, and 30 whom they are instructed not to vote for.
• October 8– The secondpapal conclavein less four weeks two months opens at the Apostolic Palace in Rome, 23 days after theprevious conclavehad been concluded, and 53 cardinals arrive.
• October 13
  • (5th wa xing of Tazaungmon 952 ME) – In what is nowMyanmar,KingNanda BayinofBurmasends a 10,000-man army, led by the ViceroyThado Dhamma Yaza III of Prome,and GeneralNatshinnaungto suppress a rebellion in the Shan state of Mogaung.
  • German astronomerMichael Maestlinbecomes the first person to record an observation of the occultation of the planetMarsby the planetVenus.
• October 16–Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire:An army of 20,000 troops, led byJudar Pashais dispatched fromMarrakeshin theSaadi Sultanate(nowMorocco), on orders of SultanAhmad al-Mansur.The Saadi Army's objective is to conquer theSonghai Empire,led by the EmperorAskia Ishaq II,in North Africa, corresponding to what is now theRepublic of Mali.
• October 24– After an unsuccessful search of the "lost colony" of Roanoke, English officer John White and the surviving crew of the shipsHopewellandMoonlightreturn to England onOctober 24.
• November 22(12th waning of Tazaungmon 952 ME) – Burmese KingNanda Bayinsends a his son, the Crown PrinceMingyi Swaand 20,000 troops to what is nowThailand.
• November 29– A truce is signed between representatives of theHoly Roman Empire(ruled byEmperor Rudolf II) and theOttoman Empire(ruled bySultan Murad III.
• December 5– Niccolò Sfondrato, Cardinal-priest ofSanta Cecilia in Trastevere,is elected as the new pope and takes the namePope Gregory XIV.Sfondrato is selected as a compromise candidate afterGabriele Paleottifalls 3 votes short of being elected.
• December 7–North Berwick witch trials:Agnes Sampsonis questioned by KingJames VI of Scotland,and confesses to practisingwitchcraft.She will be executed on January 28.

Date unknown

• OrthodoxPatriarchMeletius I of AlexandriasucceedsSilvester.
• The Spanish are pushed out of southernGelderlandby the Dutch forces.

1591

January–March

• January 27– Scottish schoolmasterJohn Fianbecomes the first person to be executed after theNorth Berwick witch trials,following his conviction for the crime of witchcraft. Fian is taken to the Castlehill outside of Edinburgh and strangled after which his body is burned.Agnes Sampsonisgarrotedthe next day at Castehill and then burned.
• February 7–Pope Gregory XIV,who had succeededPope Urban VIIin December, appoints CardinalMarco Antonio Colonnaand six other cardinals to a commission to revise theSixtine VulgateLatin translation of the Bible, published in 1590 under the editorship ofPope Sixtus V,to which theCollege of Cardinalshas taken exception. The revision of the revision, dubbed theSixto-Clementine Vulgate,will be completed in 1592 and be the official version used by the Catholic Church until 1979.
• February 25– PoetEdmund Spenseris granted an annual pension of 50pounds sterlingbyQueen Elizabeth I of Englandin recognition of his publication ofThe Faerie Queen.The pension is paid in quarterly installments of 12s. 10d. on March 25, June 24, September 29 and December 25.
• March 1–Pope Gregory XIVexcommunicatesKingHenry IV of Franceand orders the clergy, nobles, judicial functionaries and the Third Estate of France to renounce the nation's king.
• March 13–Battle of Tondibi:InMali,forces sent by theSaadi dynastyruler ofMorocco,Ahmad al-Mansur,and led byJudar Pasha,defeat theSonghai Empire,despite being outnumbered by at least five to one.
• March 21– Pope Gregory XIV issues thepapal bullCogit nos,prohibiting the placing of bets on the outcome of papal elections, the length of time that a pope will reign, or who will be appointed as a cardinal.

April–June

• April 10
  • The emancipation of Filipino slaves in the Spanish Philippines along with reparations to former slaves, with the threat of excommunication of any Spanish slaveholder who refuses to comply, is ordered by Pope Gregory XIV in thepapal bullCum Sicuti.
  • EnglishmerchantJames Lancastersets off on a voyage to theEast Indies.
• April 21– Japanesetea-masterSen no Rikyūcommitsseppuku,on the order ofToyotomi Hideyoshi.
• May 15– InRussia,Tsarevich Dimitri,son ofIvan the Terrible,is found dead in mysterious circumstances, at the palace inUglich.The official explanation is that he has cut his own throat during an epileptic seizure. Many believe he has been murdered by his rival,Boris Godunov,who becomes tsar.
• May 24– SirJohn Norreys,with an expeditionary force sent by QueenElizabeth I of England,takes the town ofGuingampin Brittany after a brief siege, on behalf ofHenry of Navarre.
• May 30
  • Timbuktuis captured by an expedition ofArma peoplesent by theSaadiruler ofMoroccoand led byJudar Pasha.
  • Zutpheniscapturedby the Dutch and English, underMaurice of Nassau.
• June 10–Deventeriscapturedby the Dutch, under Maurice of Nassau.
• June 26– Thesiege of the Spanish Netherlands cityofDelfzijlis started byMaurice, Prince of Orange,stadtholder of theDutch Republic,who leads a Dutch and English Army against the Spanish defenders. Delfzijl falls after six days, and is surrendered on July 2.

July–September

• July 13– A Crimean army, led by the Tatar KhanĞazı II Giray,begins a siege ofMoscow.
• July 15– TheBattle of the Berlengastakes place off of the coast ofPortugalas theEarl of Cumberland's five Englishprivateersare surprised by five Spanish galleys commanded by GeneralFrancisco Coloma,commander of the Armada de Guarda Costa. Cumberland's ship, theGolden Noble,is captured.
• July 18(6 Shawal 999 AH) – In India, the four-dayBattle of Bhuchar Moriends in theGujaratstate, as GeneralMirza Aziz Kokaleads theMughal Empiregains a decisive victory overNawanagar,led by the SultanMuzaffar Shah III.
• July 22– TheDurtnell(Dartnell) family ofBrasted,Kent,England, begin to work as building contractors. The business continues under thirteen generations of the family until ceasing to trade in2019.
• July 25–Siege of Knodsenburg:Dutch Republic staatholderMaurice of Nassauand English GeneralFrancis Veredefeat theDuke of ParmaoutsideNijmegenafter a four-day siege.
• August 1–Serdar Ferhad Pashais appointed the newGrand Vizier of the Ottoman Empireby SultanMurad III,replacingKoca Sinan Pashafollowing a revolt of theJanissaries.
• August 9– The Khan of the Crimean Tatara,Ğazı II Giray,is wounded by the defenders against his siege ofMoscow.Gazi's brother,Fetih I Giray,continues the siege, which is finally settled with a peace agreement and payment of 10,000 rubles in 1594.
• August 29–Peter the Lame,ruler of thePrincipality of Moldavia(part of modern-day Romania and of Moldova) abdicates inIașiafter having reigned for most of the previous 17 years. Peter's downfall comes after he is unable to raise the money paid as tribute to the Ottoman Empire. He is replaced byAaron the Tyrant(Aron Vodă).
• August 30– TheBattle of Floresbegins offFlores Island (Azores).By September 1, the Spanish fleet is victorious over the English and captures theEnglish shipRevenge,fatally woundingRichard Grenville.
• September 4– TheKunohe rebellion,which was started by Kunohe Masazane on March 13 on northern Honshu island in Japan'sMutsu Province(in the modern-dayIwate Prefecture), is suppressed by the samuraiToyotomi Hideyoshi,Chancellor of the Realm. The victory completes the unification of Japan.
• September 5– A storm near theAzoresin the North Atlantic begins, sinking a large number of the Spanish ships, including the recently-captured HMSRevenge.During August and September, at least eight intense hurricanes occur in the most severe of thepre-1600 seasonson record.
• September 14–Siege of Hulst:Hulstis captured byMaurice of Orange,the staatholder of the Dutch Republic.

October–December

• October 8– TheSeparation Edict,a law imposing an immobile social class structure in Japan, is promulgated byToyotomi Hideyoshi.
• October 16–Pope Gregory XIVdies from an attack of gallstones and leaves the Papacy of the Roman Catholic Church vacant for the third time in 14 months. The Pope, formerly Cardinal Niccolò Sfondrati, had served for only 10 months after being elected on December 5, 1590.
• October 19– The Islamic calendar year 1000 A.H. begins with the first day of the month ofMuharram,with concerns that the new year will herald the end of the world. When the year ends on October 7, 1592, without an apocalypse, the official interpretation among Ottoman Muslims is that the Ottoman Empire "had come closer to perfection than any other Muslim state.
• October 21–The city of Nijmegen is capturedfrom Spanish occupiers byMaurice of Orange,the staatholder of the Dutch Republic.
• October 26– ThePortuguese invasion of the Jaffna Kingdombegins on the north side of the island ofSri Lanka.
• October 29–Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti is electedon the third ballot to succeed the latePope Gregory XIV,after Cardinal Ludovico Madruzzo withdraws his candidacy.and takes the namePope Innocent IX.
• November 3– The coronation ofPope Innocent IXtakes place inRomeas CardinalAndreas von Österreichplaces the crown on the head of Giovanni Facchinetti.
• November 6–Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War:The Ottoman Empire successfully captures the Croatian rebel fort of Ripač.
• November 11– KingHenry IV of Francebegins thesiege of Rouen,the Spanish-held capital ofNormandy.The Spanish Navy arrives after five months and King Henry abandons the siege on April 20.
• November 27– InItaly,Giovanni Giustiniani Campiis elected as the newDogeof theRepublic of Genoaafter a 12-day search for a successor toBattista Negrone.
• December 10– Four Roman Catholic priests and three laymen areexecuted in England in a campaign against the Roman Catholic Church.
• December 18– Pope Innocent IX begins a tour of the seven pilgrimage churches around Rome, despite being unwell, and his illness worsens. He dies 12 days later.
• December 27–Francis Stewart, Earl of Bothwellleads theattack on the Holyrood PalaceinEdinburgh.Having been alerted by a premature attack on the palace's prison,King James VI of ScotlandandQueen Anneare able to take refuge within the castle, and the raid fails. Seven of Bothwell's men are subsequently captured and hanged.
• December 30–Pope Innocent IXdies only two months after having been elected as the Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church, leaving the Papacy vacant for the 4th time in 16 months.

Date unknown

• The city ofHyderabad, India,is founded byMuhammad Quli Qutb Shah.
• TheRialto BridgeinVenice,designed byAntonio da Ponte,is completed.
• The first of theConimbricensescommentaries onAristotle,by theJesuitsof theUniversity of Coimbra,is published.
• TheSiamese-Cambodian Warbegins.
• The defeatedAskia dynastymove to theDendi provincein modern-dayNiger.

1592

January–March

• January 29– CardinalIppolito AldobrandiniofSan Pancrazioiselected as the new Pontiff of the Roman Catholic ChurchafterLudovico MadruzzoandGiulio Antonio Santoriwithdraw following 19 rounds of voting by the 54 cardinals present. Cardinal Santori had received 28 votes on the first ballot, eight short of the necessary two-thirds majority required, and fewer on the rounds that followed. Aldobrandini is crowned the next day asPope Clement VIII,the 231st pope. Clement succeedsPope Innocent IX,who died on December 30, 1591.He immediately recalls theSixtine Vulgate.
• February 7–George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly,sets fire toDonibristleCastle in Scotland and murdersJames Stewart, 2nd Earl of Moray.
• March 3–Trinity College Dublin,Ireland's oldest university, is founded.
• March 14– UltimatePi Day:the largest correspondence between calendar dates and significant digits ofpisince the introduction of theJulian calendaraccording to the American method of writing the number of the month prior to the day.

April–June

• April 4– The futureHenry IV of France,King designate ofHenry III of France,announces in a declaration, so-called "Expedient," his intention to take instruction in, and convert to, theCatholic religion.
• April 13– TheJapanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)begin with theSiege of Busanjin.
• April 20– KingHenry IV of Franceends thesiege of Rouen,the Spanish-held capital ofNormandy,five months after its November 11 commencement, as the Spanish Navy arrives to relieve the city.
• April 24–Battle of Sangju:The Japanese are victorious over the Koreans fighting for the Kingdom ofJoseon.
• April 28–Battle of Ch'ungju:Japan inflicts a decisive defeat on Korea.
• May 7
  • TheMalta plague epidemicbegins when galleys from theGrand Duchy of Tuscanyarrive on the island with 100 prisoners of war fromEgypt,and 20 ill crewmembers; over the next 18 months, 3,000 people on Malta die of the bubonic plague.
  • Battle of Okpo:The Korean navy is victorious over Japan.
• May 20–August 19–Battle of Flores(Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)), a series of naval engagements in theAzoresin which the English are victorious, taking the great PortuguesecarrackMadre de Deuson or about August 3.
• May 29–Battle of Sacheon:Korean admiralYi Sun-sindestroys all 13 Japanese ships taking part, using his improvedturtle shipfor the first time in battle.
• June 2–Battle of Dangpo:The Korean navy is again victorious over Japan.
• June 10– TheSiege of Bihaćbegins in theKingdom of Croatia,byTelli Hasan Pasha(Hasan Predojević) of theOttoman Empire.Bihać is captured on June 19 and is lost for Croatia forever.

July–September

• July 20– The Japanesecapture the Korean capitalHanyang,causingSeonjoto request the assistance ofMing dynastyChinese forces, who recapture the city a year later.
• July 30–Alonso de Sotomayorpetitions the viceroy ofPerufor more troops to help resist attacks by Indians and English pirates.
• August–1592–1593 London plaguebreaks out in England.
• August 9– English explorerJohn Davis,commander of theDesire,probably discovers theFalkland Islands.
• August 14–Battle of Hansan Island:The Korean navy defeats the Japanese.
• September 1–Battle of Busan:The Korean fleet makes a surprise attack on the Japanese but fails to break their supply lines to Busan.
• September 7– The capturedMadre de Deusenters Dartmouth harbour in England and is then subjected to mass theft.

October–December

• October 5–Siege of Jinju:The Korean navy is victorious over the Japanese.
• November 3– The city ofSan Luis Potosíis founded.
• November 4– (2nd wa xing of Natdaw, 954 ME) In a war between what are now the nations of Myanmar and Thailand, the Army of Burma, led by KingNanda BayinBurma (Toungoo) begins its invasion of theKingdom of Siam(Ayutthaya), defended by KingNaresuan.
• November 9– TheSixto-Clementine Vulgate,an updated edition of theLatin languagetranslation of theBible,is promulgated by the Roman Catholic Church.
• November 12– TheCollegium Melitenseis founded in Malta by Bishop Garagallo.
• November 17–Sigismund III Vasabecomes the newKing of Swedenupon the death of his father,King John III.
• December 4–Ryu Seong-ryongbecomes the newYeonguijeong(Chief State Councillor of the government of the Korean Empire, similar to Prime Minister) and serves until 1598.
• December 21– The city ofLondonbegins publishing theBill of Mortality,the first regular data of deaths from an epidemic, as the government reports its weekly survey of the number of burials in the 113 parishes of London of deaths frombubonic plague.The death statistics continue to be published until December 18, 1595.

Date unknown

• William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley,chief adviser of QueenElizabeth I of England,is taken seriously ill.
• Negotiations begin for the annulment of the childless marriage ofHenry IV of FranceandMarguerite of Valois.
• TheConfucianshrine ofMunmyoin Korea is destroyed by fire.
• ThePopulation Census Edictis promulgated in Japan byToyotomi Hidetsugu.
• Henry Constable'sDiana,one of the firstsonnet sequencesin English, is published in London.

1593

January–March

• January 25– Siamese KingNaresuan,in combat on elephant back, kills Burmese Crown PrinceMingyi Swaon Monday, Moon 2 Waning day 2, Year of the Dragon,Chulasakarat954, reckoned as corresponding toJanuary 25,1593, of the Gregorian calendar, and commemorated asRoyal Thai Armed Forces Day.
• January 27– TheRoman Inquisitionopens the seven-year trial of scholarGiordano Bruno.
• February 2– Battle of Piątek: Polish forces led byJanusz Ostrogskiare victorious.
• February 8–Siege of Pyongyang (1593):A Japanese invasion is defeated in Pyongyang by a combined force of Korean and Ming troops.
• February 12–Battle of Haengju:KoreadefeatsJapan.
• March 7(February 25Old Style) – TheUppsala Synoddiscontinues; theLiturgical Strugglebetween theSwedish Reformationand Counter-Reformation ends in Sweden.
• March 14– ThePi Day,giving the most digits ofpiwhen written inmm/dd/yyyyformat, (i.e. 3.141593, 3/14/1593) occurs, as realized later. During 1593 Flemish mathematicianAdriaan van Roomenis working on the most accurate calculation of pi up to that time and arrives at 16 decimal places of pi using thepolygon approximation method), and publishes it in his treatiseIdeae mathematicae pars prima(Antverpiae, 1593).

April–June

• April 10– The English Parliament enacts a law for the first military disability pension in British history, titled "An Acte for relief of Soudiours". The Act states that "forasmuch as it is agreeable with Christian Charity Policy and the Honour of our Nation, that such as have since the 25th day of March 1588, adventured their lives and lost their limbs or disabled their bodies, or shall hereafter adventure the lives, lose their limbs or disable their bodies, in defence and service of Her Majesty and the State, should at their return be relieved and rewarded to the end that they may reap the fruit of their good deservings, and others may be encouraged to perform like endeavors..."
• April 18–Anglo-Spanish War:NavalBattle of Blayein theGironde estuarysees a Spanish victory over the blockading English fleet, allowing the Spanish to relieve the French Catholic garrison ofBlaye.
• After April –William Shakespeare's poemVenus and Adonisprobably becomes his first published work, printed in London from his own manuscript. In his lifetime it will be his most frequently reprinted work: at least nine times.
• May 5– "Dutch church libel" bills posted inLondonthreaten Protestant refugees from France and the Netherlands, alluding toChristopher Marlowe's plays.
• May 12– English dramatistThomas Kydis arrested over the "Dutch church libel". "Atheist"literature found in his home is claimed to be Marlowe's.
• May 18– A warrant for the arrest ofChristopher Marloweis issued. OnMay 20he presents himself to thePrivy Council.
• May 30–Christopher Marloweis stabbed to death in a dispute over a bill at a lodging house inDeptford.
• June 7– Battle ofSalbertrandin Piedmont: Victory ofFrançois de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières,over the Spanish of Rodrigue Alvarez of Toledo, allies ofCharles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy.
• June 22–Battle of SisakinCroatia:TheHabsburgsdefeat theOttoman Empire.

July–September

• July 25– As he promised in January,Henry IV of FranceabjuresProtestantismat theBasilica of Saint-Denis.Legend attributes to him the sayingParis vaut bien une messe( "Paris is well worth a mass" ).
• July 29– TheLong Warbreaks out in Hungary between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans.
• August 3– Poland's council of nobles, the Sejm, grants permission to KingSigismund III Vasaand his wife,Queen consort Anne,to travel to Sweden to claim the Swedish crown.
• August 24– After losing theBattle of Sisaktwo months earlier, the Ottoman Empire attacks the Austrian fortress guarding the city and breaks through its walls with cannon fire, forcing its surrender on August 30.
• September 10– With no fortress or troops to defend Croatia, Ottoman General Mehmed Pasha captures the city ofSisak.Selânikî Mustafa Efendi,Tarih-i Selânikî(Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1999)

October–December

• October 11– TheBattle of Belleektakes place atCounty FermanaghinIrelandas an English expeditionary force led byHenry Bagenaldefeats Irish troops commanded by theLord of Fermanagh.
• October 24– Supposed date of the event described in the1593 transported soldier legend.
• October 28– TheSiege of Coevordenbegins as the Spanish Army attempts to retake a fortress captured a year earlier by the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England.
• November 27–Antonio Grimaldi Cebàbegins a two-year term as the newDogeof theRepublic of Genoa,succeedingGiovanni Giustiniani Campi.
• December 6– TheBattle of Dryfe Sandstakes place inScotlandatAnnandale,between rivalclansasJohn MaxwellleadsClan Maxwell,aided byClan GriersonandClan Pollock,in an invasion of the lands ofClan Johnstone,led by Sir James Johnstone. With their defense aided byClan ScottandClan Graham,the Johnstone clan wins the battle, but only 160 of the 600 defenders survive the fight.
• December 27– Spanish Jesuit priestGregorio Céspedesbecomes the first Christian missionary to Korea, arriving atBusanto begin his ministry in the Buddhist kingdom ofJoseon.Céspedes is able to enter Korea by coming with theJapanese invasion forceof GeneralToyotomi Hideyoshi.

Date unknown

• Mihai Viteazulbecomes prince ofWalachia.
• Robert Bellarmine'sDisputationes de Controversiis Christianae Fidei adversus hujus temporis Haereticosconcludes publication inIngolstadt.
• Henry Constable'sSpirituall Sonnettesare written.
• The parish ofLaukaawas founded.
• Khwaja Usman takes shelter inGoyghor Mosqueafter the Afghan rebellion against theSubahdarofMughal Bengal,Man Singh I.
• Irish pirate queenGrace O'Malleymeets with QueenElizabeth I of EnglandatGreenwich.
• c. 1593–1604– According toJohn Warwick Montgomery,the Rosicrucian manifestos are initially composed byTobias Hess,in anticipation of the opening of the vault in1604,according toSimon Studion's apocalyptic timetable.

1594

January–March

• January 3–Longvek,the capital of theKingdom of Cambodia,is conquered by the army of theAyutthaya Kingdom(now Thailand), commanded byKing Naresuan,aftermore than two years of war.KingChey Chettha Iof Cambodia is able to flee toLaos,along with the former KingSatha I,but the rest of the royal family is taken hostage, along with PrinceSrei Soriyopear.
• January 17– Construction of theJunagarh Fortin the Mughal Empire'sprincipality of Bikaner(now in India'sRajasthanstate) is completed after almost five years.
• January 24– William Shakespeare's playTitus Andronicus,is given its first performance, presented by theAdmiral's Mencompany of players atThe Rosein London.
• January 25– Thesiege of Enniskillen Castlein Ireland (atCounty Fermanagh) is started by English commander John Dowdall, but is abandoned after one month.
• February 2– England's AdmiralRichard Hawkinsand the crew of the ship HMSDaintybecome the first Europeans to see theFalkland Islands.
• February 19– The coronation ofSigismund III VasaasKing of Swedentakes place atUppsala.
• February 27– The coronation ofHenry IVas King of France takes place atChartres Cathedral.
• March 18– Two warships of the English Navy, commanded by Captain James Langton, complete a three-day raid on the Spanish city ofPuerto de Caballos(now Puerto Cortés inGuatemala) and pillage the city.

April–June

• April 17–Hyacinth of Polandis canonized byPope Clement VIII.
• April 27– After suppressing the Serbianuprising in Banat,theOttoman Empirerulers carry outthe public burning of the bonesofSaint SavainBelgrade.
• May 6– Thesiege of the Spanish-held city of Coevordenends after six months as the city surrenders to the Dutch Republic.
• May 14– After almost two years of being closed because ofbubonic plague,theaters in England are allowed to reopen, as theAdmiral's Menstage a performance ofThe Jew of Malta.
• May 19– TheSiege of Groningenby theDutch Republicbegins with an attack of 10,000 soldiers against the Spanish-held city. The Spanish commander surrenders after two months on July 22.
• June 5–Willem Barentsmakes his first voyage to the Arctic Ocean, in search of theNortheast Passage.
• June 11–Philip II of Spainrecognizes the rights and privileges of the local nobles and chieftains in the Philippines, which paves the way for the stabilization of the rule of thePrincipalía.
• June 23– A cargo ship explosionkills over 700 peoplethe day after three English Navy ships— theMayflower,SampsonandRoyal Exchange— set fire to the PortuguesecarrackCinco Chagasoff of the coast ofFaial Islandduring theAnglo-Spanish War.The treasure inside, gathered from theEast Indies,sinks in the north Atlantic Ocean. Only 13 people on theCinco Chagassurvive, and the cargo is lost.

July–September

• July 1– Anglo-Spanish War:Action of Atacames Bay– EnglishprivateerRichard Hawkinsin theDaintyis attacked and captured by a Spanish squadron offEsmeraldas(now inEcuador).
• July 3– TheAyutthayan–Cambodian War (1591–1594)concludes whenNaresuan,ruler of theAyutthaya Kingdom,sacksLongvek,capital ofCambodia.
• July 22– After atwo-month siege,the city ofGroningensubmits to Dutch troops, bringing the whole northern Netherlands under theDutch Republic.
• August 25–San Luis,in theViceroyalty of Peru(now inArgentina), is founded by Luis Jufré de Loaysa y Meneses.
• August 28–Farkas Kovacsóczy,who has served asChancellor of Transylvaniafor 16 years, is arrested on orders of PrinceSigismund Báthory,andIstván Jósikais appointed in his place. Kovacsóczy is imprisoned atSzamosújvár(now Gherla in Romania) and executed by strangulation on September 11.
• August 30– Diplomats meet atStirling Castlefor theMasque at the baptism of Prince Henry,heir to the throne of Scotland.
• September 6– In France,Morlaix,a walled city in Brittany controlled by the Spanish Army and theLigue catholique,isbesieged by the French Royal Armyled by MarshalJean VI d'Aumont.The French Army is supplemented by 2,000 troops commanded byJohn Norreys.
• September 17– A fleet of six ships, commanded by theprivateerMartin Frobisher,arrives at Morlaix and prepares to bombard the city, under siege by the French Army. The Spanish Army commander of the Morlaix garrison surrenders, rather than facing the city's destruction.

October–December

• October 1– Thesiege of Fort Crozonbegins as an English and French army attacks the Spanish held fortress at thePointe des Espagnolsin France.
• October 3– TheBattle of Glenlivetis fought inScotlandbetween the Protestant forces loyal toKing James VI,assisted by the armies of 8 clans and led by theEarl of Argyll,against Roman Catholic rebels supported byClan Gordon(led by the Earl of Huntley),Clan Hay(led by the Earl of Errol),Clan ComynandClan Cameron.Despite being outnumbered 5 to 1, the Catholic clans win the battle, killing 500 of the Protestant forces.
• October 9– TheCampaign of Danture,which began on July 5 as part of theSinhalese–Portuguese War,concludes with a decisive victory by forces of theKingdom of Kandyover thePortuguese Empire,reversing near-total control ofSri Lankaby Portugal.Pedro Lopes de Sousa,the Governor of Portuguese Ceylon, is killed in the battle and replaced on December 24 by Jerónimo de Azevedo.
• November 13– After thePrincipality of Wallachia(now in Romania) joins other Eastern European nations in a Holy League, a rebellion breaks out inBucharestas Christian residents massacre the soldiers of the Ottoman Muslim garrison, entering Wallachia into the ongoingThirteen Years' War.
• November 18– The Spanish fortress atChâteau de Brestin France falls after a siege of five months.
• November 19– Thesiege of Fort Crozonby English and French soldiers ends with a massacre of all but 13 of the nearly 400 Spaniards living there, including women and children.
• December 2– The proposal for theUnion of Brest(moving theMetropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rusfrom theecclesiastical jurisdictionof theEastern Orthodox Churchto theRoman Catholic Church) is made in a petition by the MetropolitanMichael Rohozain a petition toSigismund,monarch of Poland, Lithuania, Sweden and Finland.After a similar petition to Pope Clement VIII on June 12, 1595, the Union will be proclaimed on October 8, 1596.
• December 15–King Udai SinghofMarwar(now theRajasthanandPunjabstates of India and thePunjab provinceof Pakistan) returns toLahoreafter having captured theSiwanafort.
• December 27– French university studentJean Châtelattempts to assassinateKingHenry IV of Franceafter gaining entrance into the King's office. Châtel attacks the monarch with a knife and causes a minor injury. After the court jester,Mathurine de Valloisintervenes, she detains Châtel until the King's bodyguard can carry out the arrest. Two days later, is executed by dismemberment. TheCollège de Clermont,the Jesuit institution where Châtel was a student, is closed and the order of theJesuitsis temporarily banned.
• December 28– The earliest known performance ofWilliam Shakespeare's playThe Comedy of Errorstakes place atGray's InninLondon,and is played by theLord Chamberlain's Menacting company. The production is held before members of the English court on Innocents' Day as part of the Gray's Inn Christmas festivities.

Date unknown

• St. Paul's Collegeis founded inMacaubyJesuits,being the first western style university in the far east.
• InAmsterdam,theCompagnie van Verreis created, with the goal of breaking the Portuguese monopoly on spice trade.
• Tulipbulbs planted byCarolus Clusiusin theHortus Botanicus Leiden,Holland,flower for the first time.
• The city of Pompeii is rediscovered more than 1,500 years after its burial bythe eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

1595

January–March

• January 16–Mehmed IIIsucceedsMurad III,asSultan of the Ottoman Empireand begins a reign of almost nine years. Upon ascending the throne, Mehmed orders that all 19 of the other sons of Murad III are to be strangled to death.
• January 17– During theFrench Wars of Religion,KingHenry IV of Francedeclares war on Spain, orderingHenry, Duke of Bouillonto lead armiesthrough Luxembourg for an attackon theSpanish Netherlands(now Belgium).
• January 24–Matthias of Habsburgis appointed by his brotherRudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor,to become the Archduke ofdie Vorlande,the possessions of the Austrian Habsburgs in Southern Germany outside ofAustria,also called Further Austria (Vorderösterreich). The appointment follows the death of their uncle,Ferdinand II.Matthias will later become Archduke of Austria (in 1608) and the Emperor in 1612.
• January 28– ThePrincipality of Transylvania(now encompassing most of Romania) joins theHoly Leaguealliance with the Holy Roman Empire in a war against the Ottoman Empire, asStephen Bocskaisigns a treaty atPragueon behalf of PrinceSigismund Báthory.
• February 6
  • SirWalter Raleighof England departs fromPlymouthto beginan expedition to South America
  • Despite a string of military victories over the Serbian rebels,Koca Sinan Pashais dismissed asGrand Vizier of the Ottoman Empireby Sultan Mehmed III, and banished toMalkara.He is replaced bySerdar Ferhad Pasha,whom he replaces on July 7.
• February 16– In northern Ireland,Art MacBaron O'Neillsuccessfully conducts theassault on the Blackwater Fort,an English military outpost located inCounty Armaghand captures it.
• February 20–Archduke Ernest of Austria,Governor-General of theHabsburg Netherlands(now Belgium), dies at the age of 41 and is temporarily replaced by his Spanish assistant,Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes.
• February 25– The Goa state archives are established at the city ofPanajiinPortuguese India(now India'sGoastate) by historianDiogo do Couto.
• March 20– After a siege of 13 days, the French town ofHuy(now in Belgium) is captured by the army of the Spanish Netherlands, as the General Charles de Héraugière surrenders to the Baron de la Motte.
• March 26–Thado Dhamma Yaza III,who has served since 1589 for the Kingdom of Pegu as the Burmese Viceroy ofProme(now in theBago Regionof Myanmar), declares himself to be the King of Prome during theinvasion by the Kingdom of Siamand breaks relations with his father KingNanda Bayinof Pegu.

April–June

• April 8(March 29O.S.) – CombinedTaungoo–Lan Naarmies break the rebelThado Dhamma Yaza's siege ofTaungoo,in modern-dayMyanmar.
• April 15– SirWalter Raleightravels up theOrinocoRiver,in search ofthe fabled city ofEl Dorado.
• May 18– TheTreaty of Teusinabrings to an end theRusso-Swedish War (1590–95).
• May 24– TheNomenclatorofLeiden University Libraryappears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library.
• May 29–George SomersandAmyas Prestontravel to aid Raleigh's El Dorado expedition but failing to meet him insteadraidthe SpanishProvince of Venezuela
• June 9–Battle of Fontaine-Française:Henry IV of Francedefeats theSpanish,but is nearly killed due to his rashness.

July–September

• July 21– A Spanish expedition of four ships, led bynavigatorandexplorerÁlvaro de Mendaña de Neira,makes the firstEuropeanlanding inPolynesia,on theMarquesas Islands.Despite an initially good reception with the natives, fighting begins and the Mendaña ships leave after two weeks. One of the ships, theSanta Ysabel,disappears during the voyage toward the Solomon Islands.
• July 23– The Spanish raidCornwall,England.
• August 23–Battle of Calugareni:The Wallachians, led byMichael the Brave,accomplish a great tactical victory against a vast army of Turks, led bySinan Pasha.
• August 28– SirFrancis Drakeand SirJohn Hawkinsdepart from England, on their final voyage to theSpanish Main,which ends in both of their deaths.
• September 2–Battle of the Lippe(Eighty Years' War): Spanish cavalry, led byCristóbal de Mondragón(aged over 80), defeat combined forces of theDutch Republicand England led byPhilip of Nassau(who dies of wounds received), on the banks of theriver Lippein Germany.
• September 8– The first European colony in theSouth Seasis established as Spanish explorerÁlvaro de MendañaclaimsNendö Island(one of theSolomon Islands) and claims it for Spain as the colony of Santa Cruz. Malaria, a mutiny of some of the Spanish soldiers, and a fight with the indigenous people kills 47 of the settlers, including Mendaña on October 18.

October–December

• October 26–Battle of Giurgiu:Michael the Brave,led by Transylvanian PrinceSigismund Báthory,again defeats the Turkish army led bySinan Pasha,pushing them on the east side of the Danube.
• October 30– The surviving members of Spain's Mendaña expedition to Santa Cruz, including Mendaña's widowIsabel Barreto,decide to abandon the Santa Cruz colony in the South Pacific.
• November 7– Portuguese explorerSebastião Rodrigues Soromenho,who had departed from the Philippines on the shipSan Agustinon July 5 with cargo of Asian silk, porcelain, and almost 100 passengers and crew, drops anchor atDrakes Bayin what is now the U.S. state ofCalifornia.He and some of his crew come ashore, where they are greeted by Native Americans. A gale in a few weeks later sinks theSan Agustin,killing at least 7 people and ruining the ship's cargo. The crew salvages alaunchthat they had brought with them.
• November 8– TheBattle of Guadalupe Islandis fought between nine English Navy warships (led by SirFrancis Drake) and eight Spanish frigates off in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Spanish force wins the battle, capturing one ship and killing 45 English sailors. Both sets of ships proceed towardPuerto Rico.
• November 9– In India, PrinceMan Singh I,Maharaja of Amberwithin theMughal Empire,becomes the Mughal Governor (subahdar) ofBengalin what is now Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. He lays the foundations of a new capital of Bengal,Akbarnagar(nowRajmahal,Jharkhandstate).
• November 17– In the remodeling of the Church of Saint Sylvester inRome,the ashes ofPope Anterusare discovered almost 1,360 years after his death. Anterus had served as Pope for six weeks before dying on January 3,236.
• November 18– The settlers of the first attempt to create a European colony in the South Pacific depart from Santa Cruz Island on three surviving ships, theSan Geronimo,theSan Felipeand theSanta Catalina(which disappears during the attempt to return home). Despite the lack of navigation charts, navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós brings theSan Geronimoand theSan Felipeback to Manila Bay, arriving on February 11 after 12 weeks and the deaths of 50 passengers.
• November 22– TheBattle of San Juanis fought off of the island ofPuerto Ricoas an English fleet of 27 ships and 2,500 men, led byFrancis Drake,attempts to invade the Spanish colony. In a three-day battle, the English lose at least eight ships and 400 men, includingAdmiral John Hawkins.Drake's fleet withdraws and attempts to conquer Panama.
• December 8– A group of 80 people from the sunken shipSan Agustin,are able to leave California on the launch which they had brought along, which they name theSan Buenaventura.The group sails pastSan Francisco Bayand arrives at Chacala in Mexico on January 17.
• December 9– What is probably the first performance ofWilliam Shakespeare's play,Richard II,takes place inLondon.
• December 14– Sultan Murad, 4th son of EmperorAkbarof theMughal EmpireinvadesAhmednagar Sultanatewhich is defended byChand Bibi.

Date unknown

• TheAustriansincite a rebellion against theOttomansinBulgaria.
• TheRiksdag of the EstatesatSöderköpinginSwedenelects the LutheranDuke Charlesas the country's regent, in place ofSigismund III Vasa,King of Poland and Sweden.
• Probable first performance ofWilliam Shakespeare's playsRomeo and JulietandA Midsummer Night's Dreamin London.
• Many sugar plantations inSão Toméare destroyed by a large slave uprising

1596

January–March

• January 6–Drake's Assault on Panama:SirFrancis Drake,GeneralThomas Baskervilleand an English force of 15 ships land at the Atlantic Ocean port ofNombre de Diosin an attempt to capture theIsthmus of Panama.
• January 20– Francis Drake, unable to receive a ransom for the town of Nombre de Dios, orders the town and all Spanish ships in harbor to be burned. At the same time, General Baskerville leads 750 men on a mission to clear the Isthmus of Spanish parties.
• January 27– With an epidemic ofdysenteryspreading through the English forces of Drake and Baskerville, Drake orders survivors to retreat to the English ships, anchored off of the island ofEscudo de Veraguas.Drake dies of dystentery two days later on his flagship,Defiance.
• February 11–Albert of Austriaarrives inBrusselsto begin his administration asGovernor Generalof theHabsburg Netherlands.
• February 14– ArchbishopJohn Whitgiftbegins building hishospitalatCroydon.
• March 11– TheBattle of Pinosis fought between the English Navy (with 14 warships) and the Spanish Navy (with 13 galleons) off of the coastCuba'sIsla de Pinos,with 325 English Navy men killed or captured, while Spain drives Baskerville's ships to retreat and sustains 80 dead or wounded.
• March 15– During Spain'sBrittany Campaignduring theAnglo-Spanish War,a Spanish ship carrying 25 soldiers invades England after arriving atCawsand BayinCornwall.After starting a fire, the Spanish retreat.

April–June

• April 9–Siege of Calais:Spanish troops captureCalais.
• May 18–Willem BarentsleavesVlie,on his third and final Arctic voyage.
• June 5– PopeClement VIIIappoints 16 new Cardinals.
• June 10– Willem Barents andJacob van HeemskerkdiscoverBear Island.
• June 17– Willem Barents discoversSpitsbergen.
• June 24–Cornelis de Houtmanarrives inBanten,the first Dutch sailor to reach Indonesia.

July–September

• July 5–Capture of Cádiz:An English fleet, commanded byRobert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex,andLord Howard of Effingham,sacksCádiz.
• July 14– KingDominicus Corea(Edirille Bandara) is beheaded by the Portuguese inColombo,Ceylon.
• July 18– QueenElizabeth I of Englandissues "an open warrant to theLord Mayor of Londonand the aldermen and his brethren, and to all other vice-admirals, mayors, and other public officers whatsoever to whom it may appertain "directing thatAfricansin the realm will be deported. Citing a request from Casper van Senden "to have licence to take up so manyblackamoorshere in this realm and to transport them into Spain and Portugal, "the Queen notes that" Her majesty... considering the reasonableness of his request to transport so many blackamoors from hence, doth think it a very good exchange and that those kind of people may be well spared in this realm being so populous and numbers of able persons the subjects of the land and Christian people that perish for want of service, whereby through their labor they might be maintained. "
• August 18– Thesiege of the Dutch city ofHulstis completed after a month as Spanish forces under the command ofAlbert,son of the late Holy Roman Emperor Maxmimilan II, force the surrender of the city.
• August 29– The coronation of Christian IV as King of Denmark and King of Norway takes place at theVor Frue Kirkecathedral inCopenhagen.The Bishop of Zealand, Peder Virstrup, places the crown upon the head of King Christian IV, who had become the monarch in 1588 at the age of 11.
• August–David Fabriciusdiscovers the variable nature of the starMira.
• September 20–Diego de Montemayorfounds the city ofMonterrey,Mexico.

October–December

• October 10– TheUnion of Brest:The Ukrainian Church west of the Dnieper becomes known as the Ukrainian Rite ofCatholicism,whereas the East officially renounces the authority of thePope.
• October 18– TheSecond Armada,a Spanish fleet sent to attack England in revenge for the raid on Cadiz, is wrecked in storms offCape Finisterre;nearly 5,000 men and 44 ships are lost including five galleons
• October 19– The Spanish galleonSan Felipefounders in Japan, leading to26 Christians being martyredthe next year.
• October 26–Battle of Keresztes:TheOttoman EmpireTurks defeat a combinedHabsburg–Transylvanianarmy, after two days of fighting:.
• November 25– TheCudgel Warbegins in Finland (at the time part of Sweden), when poorpeasantsrise up against the troops, nobles and cavalry who have taxed them.
• December 5–Damat Ibrahim Pashais appointed theGrand Vizier of the Ottoman Empireby SultanMehmed IIIfor the second time in less than a year, replacingCigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha,who succeeded him on October 27.
• December 8– In Japan,Toyotomi Hideyoshi,Chancellor of the Realm, orders the arrest of the26 Roman Catholic Christians who had the misfortune of being shipwreckedinKyotoon October 19; each of the ones arrested has a part of the left ear cut off, then sent on a forced march toNagasakion January 4, then has them killed on February 5.
• December 31–King Henry IVof France (who was originally King Henry III of the SpanishNavarre) declares Navarre to be permanently separate of France.

Date unknown

• The firstwater closet,by SirJohn Harington,is installed in a manor nearKelstoninEngland.
• KingSigismund III Vasamoves the capital ofPolandfromKrakówtoWarsaw.
• Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge,is founded.
• TheBlack Deathhits parts ofEurope.
• The fourth of a five year run of poor harvests, largely caused by the weather, a pattern typical of the last third of the century. This causes famine throughout Europe, which leads to food riots in Britain.
• TheSerb Uprising of 1596–97begins.

1597

January–March

• January 4– Japan's Chancellor of the Realm,Toyotomi Hideyoshi,sends26 European Christians,arrested on December 8, 1596, on a forced march fromKyototoNagasaki.
• January 24–Battle of Turnhout:Maurice of Nassaudefeats a Spanish force under Jean de Rie of Varas, in the Netherlands.
• February 5– InJapan,26 European Catholic Christiansare executed inNagasakiby crucifixion. They had the misfortune of being shipwrecked on the Japanese coast on October 19, 1596.
• February 8– SirAnthony Shirley,England's "best-educated pirate", raidsJamaica.
• February 24– The last battle of theCudgel Waris fought on theSantavuori HillinIlmajoki,Ostrobothnia.
• March 11–Amiens is takenbySpanishforces.

April–June

• April 10– TheSerb uprising of 1596–97ends in defeat for the rebels, at the field ofGacko(Gatačko Polje).
• April 19– PrinceNyaungyan Minignores the orders of KingNanda BayinofBurmaand seizes control of the Kingdom of Ava (now in Upper Myanmar)
• April 23– Probable first performance ofWilliam Shakespeare'sThe Merry Wives of Windsor.
• April 27–Johannes Keplermarries Barbara Muhleck.
• May 13– King Henry IV of France and England's GeneralThomas Baskervillebegin thesiege of the city of Amiensin France, which had been captured on March 11 by the Spanish Army. The city is recaptured by September 25.
• May 27– TheKingdom of Kotte,on most of the western side of the island ofSri Lanka,upon the death ofKing Dharmapala.With no heirs, Dharmapala had made a will bequeathing the entire kingdom to the European nation ofPortugal,creating the territory ofPortuguese Ceylon(Puruthugisi LankawaorPorthueka Ilankai).
• June 13– TheStaten-Generaalof theDutch Republicapproves a proposal for theGeneraliteitscollege,a common board for the Republic's five separate navies, theAdmiralty of Amsterdam,theAdmiralty of Rotterdam,theAdmiralty of Zeeland,theAdmiralty of the Noorderkwartierand theAdmiralty of Friesland.

July–September

• July 14– Scottish poetAlexander Montgomerieis declared anoutlaw,after the collapse of a Catholic plot.
• July 28– After the performance of the satirical playThe Isle of Dogs,written byThomas NasheandBen Jonson,at theSwan Theatre,thePrivy Council of Englandconcludes that the "lewd play" is full ofseditiousandslanderousmatter. Jonson is arrested, along with two actors,Gabriel Spenserand Robert Shaa, and the three are sent toMarshalsea Prison.A raid on the home of Thomas Nashe seizes his papers, but Nashe is not found. The three prisoners are released later in the year and return to the stage. All copies ofThe Isle of Dogsscript are destroyed.
• August 13– TheSiege of Namwonbegins inKorea.
• August 14–First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia:ADutchexpedition commanded byCornelis de Houtmanreturns toAmsterdam,after having successfully reachedJava.This achievement opens theSpice trade,which had until then been monopolised by thePortuguese,to the Dutch, who in the next years launch several more expeditions to the Indies.
• August 17–Islands Voyage:Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex,and SirWalter Raleighset sail on an expedition to theAzores.
• August 19–Rheinberg capitulatesto forces led by Maurice of Naussau.
• August 24–Christian IV of Denmark-Norwayrefuses to letTycho Brahereturn toDenmark.
• August 28–Imjin War:Battle of Chilcheollyang– TheJapanesefleet defeats theKoreans,in their only naval victory of the war.
• September 25–Amiens is retakenfrom the Spanish by Anglo-French forces, led byHenry IV of France,after a four-month siege.

October–December

• October 18– The3rd Spanish Armada,a fleet of 140 ships, departs from the port ofLa Coruñawith 12,634 soldiers and sailors and a plan to invade the British Isles with a landing atFalmouthinCornwall.
• October 21– The Spanish Armada reaches theEnglish Channelwithout opposition. An English ship sees the invading force's approach, but is intercepted and sunk, with the survivors being taken prisoner. The Armada encounters a storm the next day.
• October 25– Following the loss of an artillery ship and the galleonSan Bartolome,Spanish AdmiralDiego Brocheroorders the remaining ships in the attacking Armada to disperse until the weather improves.
• October 26–Battle of Myeongnyang:The Koreans, commanded byYi Sunsin,are victorious over a Japanese invasion fleet.
• November 10– In the last major action during the war of the3rd Spanish Armada,the galleonBear of Amsterdamis captured as it approaches Falmouth, where an English squadron intercepts it and leads it into Dartmouth.
• November 12–Lingen capitulatesto forces led byMaurice of Nassau.
• November 21– The remainder of the 3rd Spanish Armada is assembled at La Coruña. Only 108 of the original fleet of 140 ships is left, and many of the vessels require food and supplies. King Philip elects not to attempt another invasion of the British Isles.
• December 6– Queen Elizabeth of England appointsGeorge Nicholsonas the English Resident in Scotland, theLondon's chief diplomatic official toEdinburgh,with a letter of accreditation for Nicholson to present to King James VI of Scotland.
• December 7–Lazzaro Grimaldi Cebàis elected as the newDogeof theRepublic of Genoa,as the previous chief executive,Matteo Senaregacompletes his two-year term. Senarega is given the post ofprocuratore perpetuo.
• December 23
  • The Roman Catholic order of theCongregatio Patrum Doctrinae Christianae,which will later be more commonly known as the Christian Doctrine Fathers, is approved byPope Clement VIII.Founded on September 29, 1592, the order continues to operate more than four centuries later and is headquartered inRome.
  • PrinceSigismund Báthorysigns an agreement withRudolf II, Holy Roman Emperorto abdicate the throne of Transylvania in return for the Silesian duchies of Racibórz and Opole and an annual subsidy of 50,000 thalers.

Date unknown

• Abbas Iends theUzbekraids on his lands.
• Yaqobsucceeds his father Sarsa Dengel, as Emperor ofEthiopiaat the age of 7.
• Jacopo PeriwritesDafne,now recognised as the firstopera.
• The first edition ofFrancis Bacon'sEssaysis published.
• Andreas LibaviuspublishesAlchemia,a pioneeringchemistrytextbook.
• 12 millionpesosof silver cross thePacific.Although it is unknown just how much silver flowed from theSpanishbase ofManilain thePhilippinesto theMing DynastyofChina,it is known that the main port for theMexicansilver trade—Acapulco—shipped out 150,000 to 345,000 kg (4 to 9 milliontaels) of silver annually from this year to 1602.
• Tobias Hesscorresponds withSimon Studionand agrees with him that thePapacymust fall in1604.

1598

January–March

• January 8– InBerlin,Joachim Frederichof theHouse of Hohenzollernbecomes the newElector of Brandenburgupon the death of his father,Johann Georg von Brandenburg.
• January 17– TheTsar of the Russian Empire,Feodor I,dies of a sudden illness at the age of 40, leaving no children and bringing an end to theRurik dynasty.His widow,Irina Godunova,takes action to secure the throne but her rule lasts for only nine days.
• January 26– After receiving no support from the Russian nobles, the Tsaritsa Irina Godunova abandons her brief rule as autocrat of Russia, and abdicates in favor of her older brother,Boris Godunov.
• January 29– In what is now South Korea, a force of 50,000 troops of the Korean kingdom ofJoseonand Chinese Ming dynasty troops begins thesiege of Ulsan,a Japanese-controlled castle located in the southwest port of Ulsan on theSea of Japan.
• January 30– In ItalyCesare d'Estemoves the capital of theDuchy of Modena and Reggioto the city ofModena,after theDuchy of Ferrarais declared byPope Clement VIIto be at an end.
• February 21–Boris Godunovis elected as the Tsar of Russia by unanimous vote of the parliament of nobles, theZemsky Sobor.
• March 19– CountAdolf von Schwarzenbergof Austria captures the Turkish fortress atGyőr,four years after Turkish forces had taken it over.
• March 20– TheDuchy of Brittanyin France is conquered byKing Henry IV,who forces the surrender of Philippe Louis de Lorraine-Mercœur, Duke of Brittany. Merceur is then exiled to Hungary.
• March 23– The abdication ofSigismund BáthoryasPrince of Transylvania(now part of Romania) is accepted by the Transylvanian nobles. Sigismund's cousin,Andrew Báthory,is then elected as the new Prince.

April–June

• April 13–Edict of Nantes(promulgated April 30):Henry IV of Francegrants FrenchHuguenotsequal rights withCatholics;this is considered the end of theFrench Wars of Religion.
• April 30– InMexico,on the day of theFeast of the Ascension,Juan de Oñate,dispatched by the Viceroy of New Spain to expand the Spanish colony's territory, assembles his group on the south side of theRio Grandeand formally claims all territory north of the river (near what is now the U.S. city ofEl Paso, Texas) as a colony of the Spanish Empire.
• May 2– ThePeace of Vervins,mediated by Cardinal Alessandro de Medici, ends the war between France and Spain.
• May 6– KingPhilip II of Spainannounces that his eldest daughter,Isabella Clara Eugenia,will marryAlbert of Austria(at the time a Roman Catholic cardinal and Archbishop of Toledo), and that the two will jointly govern theHabsburg Netherlands(now Belgium).
• May 13(Keichō3, 8th day of the 4th month) – TheMount Asamavolcano on the Japanese island ofHonshūerupts.
• May–Tycho Brahe'sstar catalogueAstronomiæ instauratæ mechanica,listing the positions of 1,004 stars, is published.
• June 9– The Principality of Wallachia becomes a vassal state of the Austrian Habsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire, afterMichael the Brave(Mihai Pătrașcu, with a regnal name of Michael II) signs an agreement atPraguewithRudolf II, Holy Roman Emperorto receive protection from the Ottoman Empire.
• June 15–England invades the Caribbean island of Puerto Ricowith a force of 20 ships and 1,700 men led by theEarl of Cumberland.
• June 27– The ill-fated Dutch expedition ofJacques Mahubegins as his shipHoop,along with the shipsLiefde,Geloof,TrouweandBlijde Boodschap,departs fromRotterdam.
• June 30– England's forces capture theCastillo San Felipe del Morro,the Spanish fortress defendingSan Juan,after a 15-day battle.When an epidemic begins taking its toll on the English forces, the Earl of Cumberland decides to withdraw and departs in August.

July–September

• July 10– John Barrose, a Burgundian fencer who has challenged all comers and killed several, is hanged for murder. Barrose's story is dramatized by playwrightBen JonsoninEvery Man in His Humour.
• July 12– After fording the Rio Grande near what are now the Mexican city of Juarez and the U.S. city of El Paso,Juan de Oñateproclaims the founding of the colony ofSanta Fe de Nuevo Méjico(Santa Fe of New Mexico), with himself as the first Viceroy. Oñate establishes the first capital of the New Mexico viceroyalty at a new village,San Juan de los Caballeros,near thePueblo Indiancity of Ohkay Owingeh, now located inRio Arriba County, New Mexico.
• July 13– A marriage contract is signed as part of the treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye betweenKing Henry IVof France andCharles III, Duke of Lorraine,providing for King Henry's niece,Catherine of Bourbon,to marry Duke Charles's son,Henry of Lorraine.
• July 22–William Shakespeareregisters the rights to his new play,The Merchant of Venice,in the Register of the Stationers Company, under the titleThe Marchaunt of Venyce or otherwise called The Jewe of Venyce.
• July 23–Sigismund III Vasa,King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, departs fromGdanskwith 80 transports, several warships and exiled members of the Swedish parliament to invade Sweden. The troops land atKalmaron July 31, and secure its surrender.
• July– PhilosopherTommaso Campanellamoves from Naples toCalabria,where he will be involved in a revolt against the rule of the Spanishviceroythe following year.
• August 14–Battle of the Yellow Fordin Ireland:Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone,gains victory over an English expeditionary force underHenry Bagenal,in theNine Years' Waragainst English rule.
• August 16(Keichō3, 15th day of the 7th month) – The Council of Five Elders, to serve in Japan as regents after the death of General Hideyoshi, is gathered at Fushimi on orders of Hideyoshi, and the members vow their allegiance to Hideyoshi's son, Hideyori.
• September 2– The Mahu expedition from the Dutch Republic arrives at theCape Verde Islandsoff of the coast of Africa, and many of the men become fatally ill, including Captain Jacques Mahu, who dies on September 23.
• September 5(Keichō3, 5th day of the 8th month) – With his own death imminent, General Toyotomi Hideyoshi of Japan issues an order directing theCouncil of Five Eldersto bring their children to the Osaka Castle to join Hideyoshi's designated successor, his son Hideyori.
• September 10–Prince Michael II of Wallachiabegins the siege ofNicopolis(now Nikopol in Bulgaria).
• September 13–Philip IIIbecomes the newKing of Spainupon the death of his father.
• September 17–Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia:Jacob Corneliszoon van Neckand three ships commanded by him are separated from theDutch Republicfleet of AdmiralWybrand van Warwyck,and land on a Portuguese-charted island, Ilha do Cisne. Van Neck names the islandMauritius,afterMaurice, Prince of Orange.AlthoughDiogo Fernandes Pereiraand sailors from Portugal had, in 1507, become the first Europeans to find Mauritius, van Neck's men apparently are the first to sight thedodo,a now extinct bird.
• September 18(Keichō3, 18th day of the 8th month) – GeneralToyotomi Hideyoshi,who united Japan and became the Chancellor of the Realm, dies after ruling 12 years. He is nominally succeeded by his 5-year-old son,Toyotomi Hideyori,with the regency exercised by theCouncil of Five Elders.
• September 25–Battle of StångebroatLinköpinginSweden:The Catholic KingSigismund of Sweden and Polandis defeated in his attempt to resume control of Sweden by the Protestant forces of his uncle,Charles.Sigismund is deposed shortly thereafter.

October–December

• October 19– TheSiege of Suncheon,an attempt by Korean and Chinese troops to capture the Japanese-occupiedSuncheon Castle.An attempt to lure Japanese GeneralKonishi Yukinagainto an ambush fails when a Korean Army cannon is fired too early and gives away the Korean plan.
• November 2– AdmiralYi Sunsinof the Korean Navy attempts to bombard the Suncheon Castle, two days after the joint Chinese and Korean land assault is driven back. Korea and Japan lose 39 ships when a large number of the fleet gets stuck in the shallow waters at low tide and the vessels are attacked by the Japanese. Yi Sunsin calls off the siege the next day.
• November 10(11th wa xing of Tazaungmon 960 ME) – In what is now theRakhine StateofMyanmar,King Min RazagyiofArakanand the rebel leaderMinye Thihathubegin their assault onPegu,the remaining portion of theToungoo Empirein southern Burma.
• November 15–Pope Clement VIIIauthorizes the marriage between Albert of Austria and Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain. The two will be married on April 18.
• December 4– In what is now part of the U.S. state of New Mexico, a dispute breaks out between theKeres peopleof theAcoma Pueblo(near what is nowAlbuquerque, New Mexicobetween the Keres Chief Zutacapan and the Spanish colonial envoyJuan de Zaldívar.After being refused food and shelter for himself and his 16 men, Zaldivar retaliates by pillaging Acoma, and Zutacapan orders a counterattack in which Zaldivar and 11 other men are killed.Spanish troops from the Santa Fe de New Mexico colony retaliate on January 22 by carrying out theAcoma Massacreof 800 people.
• December 16(Keichō 3, 19th day of the 11th month, lunar calendar) –Battle of Noryang:An allied Korean and Chinese fleet under Korean AdmiralYi Sun-sinand Chinese AdmiralChen Lindefeats theJapanesenavy, ending theJapanese invasions of Korea (1592–98).
• December 21–Battle of Curalaba:The revoltingMapuche,led bycaciquePelantaro,inflict a major defeat onSpanishtroops in southernChile;all Spanish cities south of theBío Bío Rivereventually fall victim to theDestruction of the Seven Citiesby the Mapuches, and all conquest of Mapuche territories by Europeans practically ceases, until the later 19th centuryOccupation of Araucanía.
• December 29–Pope Clement VIIIrefuses to allow dispensation forHenry of Lorraine,who is Catholic, to marryCatherine of Bourbon,a Protestant Calvinist. King Henry IV of France then intimidates the Catholic Archbishop of Reims into authorizing the marriage.

Date unknown

• Carnival –Jacopo Peri'sDafne,the earliest known modern opera, is premièred at thePalazzo Corsini, Florence.
• Pentecost–Calvinistcongregations inZürichintroduce music into their services.
• TheParliament of Englandpasses theVagabonds Act,that allowstransportationof convicts to colonies.
• Illustrations ofOttoman Turkishand European riflemen, with detailed illustrations of their firearms, appear in Zhao Shizhen's bookShenqipuin this year, during theMing Dynastyof China.
• The Spanish establish themselves inEl Piñal,a trading port on the coast of China in thePearl River Delta.

1599

January–March

• January 8– The Jesuit educational plan, known as theRatio Studiorum,is issued.
• January 22– TheAcoma Massacrebegins in what is now northern New Mexico in the U.S., as Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico viceroyJuan de Oñateleads 70 armed Spanish soldiers against the indigenousKeres peopleat Aak'u (theAcoma Pueblo) near what is nowAlbuquerque, New Mexico.In three days, 500 Acoma men and 300 women and children are killed by the Spanish.
• February 20– On Shrove Tuesday, the earliest known performance of William Shakespeare's playAs You Like Itis given, presented atRichmond Parkfor Queen Elizabeth.
• February 21
  • AtSouthwark,nearLondonon the south bank of theRiver Thames,the land upon which theGlobe Theatrewill be built is leased byNicholas Brendto a team of investors led byWilliam Shakespeare,Thomas Pope,actors Cuthbert and Richard Burbage, and three others.
  • Lorenzo Saulibecomes the new Doge of theRepublic of Genoa,succeedingLazzaro Grimaldi Cebà.Sauli will serve until 1601.
• March 12–Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex,is appointedLord Lieutenant of Ireland,by QueenElizabeth I of England.

April–June

• April 23– The Earl of Essex arrives inDublinat the head of 16,000 troops, the largest army ever seen in Ireland.
• May 15–Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604):TheSiege of Zaltbommel,located in the Dutch Republic, is begun by Spanish generalFrancisco López de Mendoza.
• May 16– TheKalmar Bloodbathtakes place inKalmar,Sweden.
• May 29– Essex takesCahir Castle,supposedly the strongest in Ireland, after a shortsiege.
• June 1–Bishops' Ban of 1599:TheArchbishop of Canterbury,John Whitgift,and theBishop of London,Richard Bancroftorder a ban on a selection of literary works, includingMicrocynicon: Six Snarling Satires,byThomas Middleton.
• June 20– TheSynod of Diamperis convened.

July–September

• July 17–Second Dutch Expedition to East Indies:A Dutch fleet returns toAmsterdamfrom what is nowIndonesia,carrying 600,000 pounds ofpepperand 250,000 pounds ofclovesandnutmeg.
• July 22– The combined Dutch and English armies successfully defendZaltbommelafter a siege of two months.
• July 24–SwedishKingSigismund III Vasais dethroned by his uncleDuke Charles,who takes over as regent of the realm until1604,when he becomes King Charles IX.
• August 15– FirstBattle of Curlew Pass:Irishforces defeat the English.
• September 21– The first reported performance at theGlobe TheatreinLondon(erected over Spring/Summer), a presentation ofShakespeare'sJulius Caesar(probably new to that year), is recorded by Swiss travellerThomas Platter the Younger.
• September 28– The Earl of Essex arrives back in England, disobeying the Queen's strict orders.

October–December

• October 18–Battle of Sellenberk:Michael the Brave,Prince ofWallachia,defeats the army ofAndrew BáthorynearȘelimbăr,leading to the first recorded unification of theRomanians.
• November 10– TheÅbo Bloodbathtakes place inÅbo,Swedish Finland.
• November–Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602):A diplomatic delegation fromSafavid Persia,led byHossein Ali Beg Bayatand his staff after being dispatched by the ShahAbbas the Great,arrives inMoscowas part of a mission to enlist European nations into an alliance against theOttoman Empire.The Persians are accompanied by English adventurerAnthony Shirley,who had persuaded Shah Abbas to undertake the initiative.
• December 19– The forces ofMinye Thihathu II of Toungooand his allyMin Razagyiof theKingdom of Mrauk Uend theFirst Toungoo Empireby capturingPegu(modern-day Bago, Myanmar).

Date unknown

• The firstCapuchin friaris entombed in theCatacombe dei CappucciniinPalermo(Sicily).

Births

1590

EmperorAhmed I

• January 9–Simon Vouet,French painter (d.1649)
• January 13–Arthur Bell,English Franciscan martyr (d.1643)
• January 20
  • Edward Convers,American settler (d.1663)
  • Benedetta Carlini,Italian mystic (d.1661)
• January 27–Charles Caesar,English politician and judge (d.1642)
• January 30–Lady Anne Clifford, 14th Baroness de Clifford(d.1676)
• February 7–Barthold Nihus,Roman Catholic priest (d.1657)
• March –Roger Ludlow,one of the founders of the colony (later the state) of Connecticut (d.1664)
• March 6–Margaret of the Blessed Sacrament,French Discalced Carmelite nun (d.1660)
• March 10–Dietrich Reinkingk,German lawyer and politician (d.1664)
• March 18–Manuel de Faria e Sousa,Spanish and Portuguese historian and poet (d.1649)
• March 29–Michael Reyniersz Pauw,Dutch businessman (d.1640)
• April 7
  • Louis de Dieu,Dutch theologian (d.1642)
  • John Upton,English politician (d.1641)
• April 18–Ahmed I,Ottoman Sultan(d.1617)
• May –William Cecil, 17th Baron de Ros(d.1618)
• May 3–Franco Burgersdijk,Dutch logician (d.1635)
• May 5
  • John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg(d.1636)
  • Jakub Sobieski,Polish noble (d.1646)
• May 12–Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany(d.1621)
• May 31–Frances Carr, Countess of Somerset(d.1632)
• June 1–Isaac Manasses de Pas, Marquis de Feuquieres,French soldier (d.1640)
• June 9–Caspar Sibelius,Dutch Protestant minister (d.1658)
• June 19–Philip Bell,British colonial governor (d.1678)
• June 24–Samuel Ampzing,Dutch linguist and historian (d.1632)
• June 29–Edward Rodney,English politician (d.1657)

Pope Clement X

• July 3–Lucrezia Orsina Vizzana,Italian singer and composer (d.1662)
• July 13–Pope Clement X(d.1676)
• July 26–Johannes Crellius,Polish–German theologian (d.1633)
• August 6– CountJohn Louis of Nassau-Hadamar(d.1653)
• August 7–Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw(d.1624)
• August 9–John Webster,colonial settler and governor of Connecticut (d.1661)
• August 19–Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland,English soldier (d.1649)
• August 27–Ferruccio Baffa Trasci,Italian bishop (d.1656)
• August 30–Anthony Stapley,English politician (d.1655)
• September 12–María de Zayas,Spanish writer (d.1661)
• September 15–Erasmus Earle,English barrister and politician (d.1667)
• October 3–Anna of Pomerania,Duchess-Consort of Croy and Havré (d.1660)
• October 11–William Pynchon,English colonist and fur trader in North America (d.1662)
• November 25–Juan Alonso de Cuevas y Davalos,Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Mexico and Antequera (d.1665)
• December 3–Daniel Seghers,Flemish Jesuit brother and painter (d.1661)
• December 14–John West,colonial governor of Virginia (d.1659)
• December 18–William Louis, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken(d.1640)

• Angelica Veronica Airola,Italian painter (d.1670)
• Boris Morozov,Russian statesman and boyar (d.1661)
• Isaac de Caus,French landscaper (d.1648)
• Yamada Nagamasa,Japanese adventurer (d.1630)
• Ii Naokatsu,Japanese daimyō (d.1662)

• William Bradford,English leader of Plymouth Colony (d.1657)
• William Browne,English poet (d.1645)
• Theophilus Eaton,Puritancolonial merchant (d.1658)
• Kösem Sultan(d.1651)
• Mícheál Ó Cléirigh,Irish chronicler (d.1643)
• Marie Vernier,French actress (d.1627)
• Caterina Assandra,Italian composer (died c. 1618)
• Magdalena Andersdotter,Norwegian-Faroese shipowner (d.1650)
• Teofila Chmielecka,Polish military role model (d.1650)
• Marie Fouquet,French medical writer and philanthropist (d.1681)

1591

Guercino

• January 3–Valentin de Boulogne,French painter (d.1632)
• January 4–William Spencer, 2nd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton,British baron (d.1636)
• January 7– PrincessDorothea, Abbess of Quedlinburg(d.1617)
• January 11–Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex,English Civil War general (d.1646)
• January 12–Jusepe de Ribera,Spanish Tenebrist painter and printmaker (d.1652)
• January 15–David van Goorle,Dutch theologian and theoretical scientist (d.1612)
• January 26–Matthew Boynton,English politician (d.1647)
• January 29–Franciscus Junius,pioneer of Germanic philology (d.1677)
• February 8
  • Hervey Bagot,English politician (d.1660)
  • Guercino,Italian painter (d.1666)
• February 13–Antonio Sabino,Italian composer (d.1650)
• February 21(or March 2) –Girard Desargues,French mathematician (d.1661)
• February 25–Friedrich von Spee,German Jesuit and poet (d.1635)
• February 28–Henry Clifford, 5th Earl of Cumberland,English politician (d.1643)
• March 2–Willem Boreel,Dutch diplomat (d.1668)
• March 3–Lucas de Wael,Flemish painter (d.1661)
• March 6–Tommaso Tamburini,Italian theologian (d.1675)
• March 9–Johannes Chrysostomus vander Sterre,Dutch abbot, ecclesiastical writer (d.1652)
• March 11–Isabella of Savoy,Italian noble (d.1626)
• March 15or1593–Alexandre de Rhodes,French Jesuit missionary (d.1660)
• March 19–Dirck Hals,Dutch painter (d.1656)
• March 28–William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury,English earl (d.1668)
• April 5– PrinceFrederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg(d.1634)
• April 11–Bartholomeus Strobel,Silezian painter (d.1650)
• April 25–Marcos de Torres y Rueda,interim viceroy ofNew Spain(d.1649)
• May 2– PrinceFrancis Charles of Saxe-Lauenburg(d.1660)
• May 5–Frederick Achilles, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt(d.1631)
• May 26–Olimpia Maidalchini,Italian noblewoman (d.1657)
• June 16–Joseph Solomon Delmedigo,Italian physician, mathematician, and music theorist (d.1655)
• June 24–Mustafa I,sultan of theOttoman empire(d.1639)

• July 4–Jonathan Rashleigh,English politician (d.1675)
• July 9–Jean Bagot,French theologian (d.1664)
• July 20–Anne Hutchinson,English Puritan preacher (d.1643)
• August 6–George William, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld(d.1669)
• August 12–Louise de Marillac,French co-founder of theDaughters of Charity(d.1660)
• August 24–Robert Herrick,English poet (d.1674)
• August 28–John Christian of Brieg,Duke of Brzeg (1602–1639) (d.1639)
• September 8–Marie Angélique Arnauld,French abbess of theAbbey of Port-Royal(d.1661)

Michael de Sanctis

• September 29–Michael de Sanctis,Spanish saint (d.1625)
• October 2–Margherita Gonzaga, Duchess of Lorraine(1608–1624) (d.1632)
• October 7–Pierre Le Muet,French architect (d.1669)
• October 22–Alfonso III d'Este, Duke of Modena,Italian noble (d.1644)
• November 20–George Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg(d.1615)
• November 29–Bernhard von Mallinckrodt,German bibliophile (d.1664)
• December 22–Tommaso Dingli,Maltese architect and sculptor (d.1666)
• December 30–Joseph Furttenbach,German architect (d.1667)

• David Blondel,French Protestant clergyman (d.1655)
• Andrew Bobola,Polish Jesuit missionary and martyr (d.1657)
• Thomas Goffe,English dramatist (d.1629)
• William Lenthall,English politician of the Civil War period (d.1662)

1592

EmperorShah Jahanborn on January 15

SirJohn Eliotborn on April 11

Francis Quarlesborn on May 8

EmperorHong Taijiborn on November 28

• January 5–Shah Jahan,5th Mughal Emperor of India from 1628 to 1658 (d.1666)
• January 22
  • Philippe Alegambe,Belgian Jesuit priest and bibliographer (d.1652)
  • Pierre Gassendi,French philosopher and scientist (d.1655)
• February 5–Vincenzo della Greca,Italian architect (d.1661)
• February 22–Nicholas Ferrar,English trader (d.1637)
• February 23–Balthazar Gerbier,Dutch painter (d.1663)
• March 20–Giovanni da San Giovanni,Italian painter (d.1636)
• March 28–Comenius,Czech teacher and writer (d.1670)
• April 4–Abraham Elzevir,Dutch printer (d.1652)
• April 9–Jiří Třanovský,Czech priest and musician (d.1637)
• April 11–John Eliot,Member of Parliament, Statesman, Vice-Admiral of Devon (d.1632)
• April 15–Francesco Maria Brancaccio,Catholic cardinal (d.1675)
• April 22–Wilhelm Schickard,German inventor (d.1635)
• April 24
  • Marcos Ramírez de Prado y Ovando,Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Mexico (d.1667)
  • Sir John Trelawny, 1st Baronet,British baronet (d.1664)
• May 8–Francis Quarles,English poet most famous for his Emblem book aptly entitledEmblems(d.1644)
• May 14–Alice Barnham,wife of English scientific philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon (d.1650)
• June 7–Balthasar Cordier,Belgian Jesuit exegete, editor (d.1650)
• June 9–Jean de Brisacier,French Jesuit (d.1668)
• June 13
  • Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg,German noblewoman (d.1642)
  • Tobias Michael,German composer and cantor (d.1657)

• July 10–Pierre d'Hozier,French historian (d.1660)
• July 20–Johan Björnsson Printz,governor ofNew Sweden(d.1663)
• August 1–François le Métel de Boisrobert,French poet (d.1662)
• August 7–Arnauld de Oihenart,Basque historian and poet (d.1668)
• August 11–Carlo de Tocco,Italian nobleman (d.1674)
• August 13–William, Count of Nassau-Siegen,German count (d.1642)
• August 16–Wybrand de Geest,Dutch painter (d.1661)
• August 28–George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham,English statesman (d.1628)
• August 29–Sir Benjamin Ayloffe, 2nd Baronet,English politician (d.1662)
• September 1–Maria Angela Astorch,Spanish mystic and saint (d.1665)
• September 5–Jacopo Vignali,Italian painter (d.1664)
• September 15–Giovanni Battista Rinuccini,archbishop of Fermo (d.1653)
• September 18–Jean Guyon,French colonist (d.1663)
• September 20–Nicholas Stoughton,English politician (d.1648)
• September 21–Nathaniel Foote,American colonist (d.1644)
• September 24–Christopher Wandesford,English administrator and politician (d.1640)
• September 25–Herman Krefting,Norwegian businessman (d.1651)
• October 7–Henry Wenceslaus, Duke of Oels-Bernstadt,Duke of Bernstadt (1617 – 1639) (d.1639)
• October 13–Christian Gueintz,German teacher and writer-grammarian (d.1650)
• October 22–Gustav Horn, Count of Pori,Swedish/Finnish soldier and politician (d.1657)
• October 30–Giulio Benso,Italian painter (d.1668)
• November 4
  • Gerard van Honthorst,Dutch painter (d.1656)
  • Albrecht von Kalckstein,German noble (d.1667)
• November 5–Charles Chauncy,English-born president of Harvard College (d.1671)
• November 13–Antonio Grassi,Italian priest (d.1671)
• November 28–Hong Taiji,Emperor of China (d.1643)
• December 5–Thomas Bennet,successful civil lawyer (d.1670)
• December 6–William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle(d.1676)
• December 9–Krzysztof Arciszewski,Polish-Lithuanian noble (d.1656)
• December 29–Johannes Matthiae Gothus,Swedish academic (d.1670)

• Catalina de Erauso,Spanish-Mexican nun and soldier (d. 1650)
• Richard Bellingham,American colonial magistrate (d. 1672)
• John Hacket,English churchman (d. 1670)
• Angélique Paulet,French salonnière, singer, musician and actress (d.1651)
• Ingen,ChineseZenBuddhist poet, calligrapher (d. 1673)
• John Jenkins,English composer (d. 1678)
• John Oldham,early English settler in Massachusetts (d. 1636)
• Walatta Petros,saint in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (d. 1642)
• Sara Copia Sullam,Italian poet and writer (d. 1641)

• Étienne Brûlé,French explorer in Canada (d. 1632)

1593

SaintJean de Brebeuf

Catherine de' Medici, Governor of Siena

Cesare Monti

Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg

• January 1–Sun Chuanting,Ming Dynasty general (d.1643)
• January 10–Prince Maurice of Savoy,Catholic cardinal and Prince of Savoy (d.1657)
• February 8–Louis de Nogaret de La Valette,French Catholic Cardinal (d.1639)
• February 24–Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford,English noble (d.1625)
• March 1–Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg,German Catholic cardinal (d.1661)
• March 13–Georges de La Tour,French Baroque painter (d.1652)
• March 20–Jean de La Haye,French preacher and biblical scholar (d.1661)
• March 22–Johann Ulrich Steigleder,German composer (d.1635)
• March 25–Jean de Brébeuf,French Jesuit missionary who travelled to Canada in1625(d.1649)
• April–Mumtaz Mahal,Queen of India (d.1631)
• April 3–George Herbert,Welsh-born English poet (d.1633)
• April 4–Edward Nicholas,English statesman (d.1669)
• April 12–Nicholas Martyn,English politician (d.1653)
• April 13–Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford,English statesman (d.1641)
• April 19–Sir John Hobart, 2nd Baronet,English politician (d.1647)
• April 27–Jérôme Lalemant,French Jesuit priest and missionary to Canada (d.1673)
• May 2
  • John Forbes,Scottish theologian (d.1648)
  • Catherine de' Medici, Governor of Siena,Italian princess (d.1629)
• May 5–Cesare Monti,Italian cardinal, Archbishop of Milan (d.1650)
• May 19
  • Jacob Jordaens,Flemish painter (d.1678)
  • Claude Vignon,French painter (d.1670)
• June 3–Richard Knightley,English politician (d.1639)
• June 8–George I Rákóczi,Hungarian prince of Transylvania (d.1648)
• June 22–Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet,Parliamentarian politician and military figure in the English Civil War (d.1671)
• June 23–Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg(d.1650)
• June 24–Abraham von Franckenberg,German writer (d.1652)

William, Margrave of Baden-Baden

Sixtinus Amama

Liborius Wagner

• July 5–Achille d'Étampes de Valençay,Knight of Malta (d.1646)
• July 8
  • Artemisia Gentileschi,Italian painter (d.1656)
  • Peter Sainthill,English politician (d.1648)
• July 20–Henry Ernest, Count of Stolberg,then count of Stolberg-Ilsenburg (d.1672)
• July 30–William, Margrave of Baden-Baden(1596–1677) (d.1677)
• August 9–Izaak Walton,English writer (d.1683)
• August 12–Jonathan Brewster,American settler (d.1659)
• August 30–Noël Juchereau,Quebec pioneer (d.1648)
• September 5–Orazio Riminaldi,Italian painter (d.1630)
• September 8–Toyotomi Hideyori,Japanese nobleman (d.1615)
• September 20–Gottfried Scheidt,German composer (d.1661)
• September 22–A. Matthäus Merian,Swiss cartographer (d.1650)
• September 26–Francis Osborne,English writer (d.1659)
• October 6–Jobst Herman, Count of Schaumburg(d.1635)
• October 9–Nicolaes Tulp,Dutch anatomist and politician (d.1674)
• October 13–Sixtinus Amama,Dutch Reformed theologian and orientalist (d.1629)
• October 23–Michael Warton,English politician (d.1645)
• October 27–Christoffer Urne,Governor General of Norway (d.1663)
• November 1–Abel Servien,French diplomat (d.1659)
• November 25–Alain de Solminihac,French bishop and beatified person (d.1659)
• December 5–Liborius Wagner,German Roman Catholic priest (d.1631)
• December 11–Sir William Airmine, 1st Baronet,English politician (d.1651)
• December 12
  • Adam Christian Agricola,German Evangelical preacher (d.1645)
  • Nathaniel Bacon,English politician (d.1660)

• Leonardo Agostini,Italian antiquary (d.1685)
• Louis Barbier,French bishop (d.1670)
• Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford(d.1641)
• Claudia Rusca,Italian composer, singer, and organist (d.1676)
• Mervyn Tuchet, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven(d.1631)
• Anthony van Diemen,Dutch merchant (d.1645)
• Jerónimo Lobo,Portuguese Jesuit missionary (d.1678)
• Mikołaj Ostroróg,Polish nobleman (d.1651)
• SirGeorge Radcliffe,English politician (d.1657)
• Kimura Shigenari,Japanese samurai (d.1615)
• Giovanni Battista Pacetti,Italian painter (d.1630)

1594

Maria Tesselschade Visscher

• January 1–Barthélemy Vimont,French missionary (d.1667)
• January 7–Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua,Italian duke and Catholic cardinal (d.1627)
• January 12–Gregers Krabbe,Governor-general of Norway (d.1655)
• January 16–Maeda Toshitsune,Japanese warlord (d.1658)
• January 24–Pierre de Marca,French bishop and historian (d.1662)
• February 2–Philip Powell,Welsh martyr (d.1646)
• February 5–Biagio Marini,Italian violinist and composer (d.1663)
• February 16–Juliana Morell,Spanish-French scholar (d.1653)
• February 19–Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales,elder son of King James I & VI andAnne of Denmark(d.1612)
• February 21–John Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar,German duke (d.1626)
• February 26–William Wadsworth,American colonial (d.1675)
• March 25–Maria Tesselschade Visscher,Dutch poet and engraver (d.1649)
• April 21–Bernardino Spada,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1661)
• April 29–Samuel Fairclough,English minister (d.1677)
• May 1–John Haynes,governor of Connecticut (d.1653)
• May 9–Louis Henry, Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg,military leader in the Thirty Years' War (d.1662)
• May 15–Sophie of Solms-Laubach,wife of Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d.1651)
• May 29–Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim,field marshal of the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War (d.1632)
• June 3–César, Duke of Vendôme,French nobleman (d.1665)
• June 11–Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Ardglass,English nobleman (d.1653)
• June 23–Thomas Tyrrell,English judge and politician (d.1672)
• June –Nicolas Poussin,French painter (d.1665)

KingGustavus Adolphus of Sweden

• July 6–Frederick V, Margrave of Baden-Durlach(1622–1659) (d.1659)
• July 10–Bartolomeo Gennari,Italian painter (d.1661)
• July 14–Beat Albrecht von Ramstein,German Catholic bishop (d.1651)
• August 4–Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł,Polish noble (d.1654)
• August 5–Stefano Durazzo,Italian cardinal (d.1667)
• August 16–Queen Inyeol,Korean royal consort (d.1636)
• September 13–Francesco Manelli,Italian composer (d.1667)
• September 30–Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant,French poet (d.1661)
• October 4–Johan Schatter,Dutch Golden Age member of theHaarlem schutterij(d.1673)
• October 27–Johann Rudolf Wettstein,Swiss diplomat (d.1666)
• November 15–Jean Puget de la Serre,French author and dramatist (d.1665)
• November 24–Henry Grey, 10th Earl of Kent(d.1651)
• November 26–James Ware,Irish genealogist (d.1666)
• November 30–John Cosin,English churchman (d.1672)
• December 7–Frederik Coning,Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij (d.1636)
• December 8–Pierre Petit,French astronomer, military engineer, and physicist (d.1677)
• December 9– KingGustavus Adolphus of Sweden,Swedish king and general (d.1632)
• December 21–Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton,English politician (d.1668)
• December 24–Otto, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel,Prince of Hesse-Kassel, Administrator of Hersfeld Abbey (d.1617)
• December 27–Ove Gjedde,Danish admiral, member of the interim government after the death of Christian IV (d.1660)

• John Bramhall,English Anglican clergyman and controversialist (d.1663)
• Peter Oliver,English miniaturist (d.1648)
• Tomasz Zamoyski,Polish nobleman (d.1638)

• Tarquinio Merula,Italian composer (d.1665)

1595

Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Jan Marek Marci

Guru Hargobind

Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł

• January 15–Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth,English politician (d.1661)
• January 22–George Rudolf of Liegnitz,Polish noble (d.1653)
• January 23–Herman Fortunatus, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern(d.1665)
• February 9–Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel,Duchess consort of Pomerania (d.1650)
• March 19–Carlo de' Medici,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1666)
• March 21–Ferdinando Ughelli,Italian Cistercian monk and church historian (d.1670)
• March 23–Bevil Grenville,English royalist soldier (d.1643)
• April 5–John Wilson,English composer (d.1674)
• April 6
  • Henri II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville,Prince of France (d.1663)
  • Pieter de Molijn,Dutch painter (d.1661)
• April 12–Miles Hobart,English politician (d.1632)
• April 30
  • Anne Lykke,Danish noble (d.1641)
  • Henri II de Montmorency,French nobleman and military commander (d.1632)
• May 1–Lars Kagg,Swedish count and military Officer (d.1661)
• May 3–Aloysius Gottifredi,Italian Jesuit (d.1652)
• June 9– KingWladislaus IV of Poland(d.1648)
• June 10–Aegidius Gelenius,German heraldist (d.1656)
• June 13
  • John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare,English politician and Earl (d.1666)
  • Jan Marek Marci,Bohemian physician and scientist (d.1667)
• June 19–Guru Har Gobind,the SixthSikh Guru(d.1644)
• June 24–Ulderico Carpegna,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1679)

• July 1–Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł,Polish nobleman (d.1656)
• July 3–John Gurdon,English politician (d.1679)
• July 4–Félix Castello,Spanish artist (d.1651)
• July 9–Anna Amalia of Baden-Durlach,Regent of Nassau-Saarbrücken (d.1651)
• July 10–Charles Drelincourt,French Protestant divine (d.1669)
• July 31–Philipp Wolfgang, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg(d.1641)
• August 29–Joachim Ernest, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön(1622–1671) (d.1671)
• August 31–Georges Fournier,French Jesuit mathematician and geographer (d.1652)
• October 18–Lucas van Uden,Dutch painter (d.1672)
• October 30–Gaj Singh of Marwar,Raja of Marwar Kingdom (r (d.1638)
• November 11–Martin Bauzer,Gorizian Jesuit priest and writer (d.1668)
• November 13–George William, Elector of Brandenburg(d.1640)
• November 18
  • Niklaus Dachselhofer,Swiss politician (d.1670)
  • Pietro Desani,Italian painter (d.1647)
• December 1–Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester,English politician (d.1677)
• December 3–Henry Ley, 2nd Earl of Marlborough,English politician (d.1638)
• December 4–Jean Chapelain,French poet and critic during the Grand Siècle (d.1674)
• December 5–Henry Lawes,English musician and composer (d.1662)
• December 7–Injo of Joseon,sixteenth king of the Joseon dynasty in Korea (d.1649)
• December 11–Heo Mok,Korean politician, poet and scholar (d.1682)
• December 14–Arthur Wilson,English writer (d.1652)
• December 27–Bohdan Khmelnytsky,hetman of Ukraine (d.1657)

• Thomas Carew,English poet (d.1645)
• Miles Corbet,English Puritan politician (d.1662)
• Jean Desmarets,French writer (d.1676)
• Henry Herbert,English official (d.1673)
• Lars Kagg,Swedish soldier and politician (d.1661)
• Thomas May,English poet and historian (d.1650)
• Bartholomaeus Nigrinus,Polish Rosicrucian (d.1646)
• Pocahontas,Algonquian princess (d.1617)
• Mikołaj Potocki,Polish politician (d.1651)
• Robert Sempill the younger,Scottish writer (d.1663)
• Cornelius Vermuyden,Dutch engineer (d.1683)

• Dirck van Baburen,Dutch painter (d.1624)
• Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł,Lithuanian chancellor (d.1656)

1596

Jan van Goyen

René Descartes

Emperor Go-Mizunoo

• January 1–Elizabeth Ribbing,Swedish noble (d.1662)
• January 13–Jan van Goyen,Dutch painter (d.1656)
• February 2
  • Jacob van Campen,Dutch artist and architect of the Golden Age (d.1657)
  • Carew Mildmay,Member of the Parliament of England (d.1676)
• February 3–Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas,soldier, poet and writer (d.1656)
• February 8–Louis Giry,French lawyer, classical scholar (d.1665)
• February 27–Johan Stiernhöök,Swedish lawyer (d.1675)
• March 1–Duke Frederick of Saxe-Weimar,German prince and colonel (d.1622)
• March 10–Princess Maria Elizabeth of Sweden(d.1618)
• March 11–Isaac Elzevir,Dutch printer and publisher (d.1651)
• March 16–Ebba Brahe,Swedish countess (d.1674)
• March 24–Elizabeth of Hesse-Kassel, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Gütsrow (d.1625)
• March 26–Catherine Henriette de Bourbon,French noble (d.1663)
• March 31–René Descartes,French philosopher and mathematician (d.1650)
• April 8–Juan van der Hamen,Spanish artist (d.1631)
• April 11–Moritz Gudenus,German Catholic preacher (d.1680)
• May 9–Abraham van Diepenbeeck,Dutch painter (d.1675)
• May 21–John Louis II, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein(d.1605)
• June 5–Peter Wtewael,Dutch painter (d.1660)
• June 6–Michel Particelli d'Emery,French politician (d.1650)
• June 23–Johan Banér,Swedish field marshal in the Thirty Years' War (d.1641)
• June 27–Maximilian, Prince of Dietrichstein,German prince (d.1655)
• June 29–Emperor Go-Mizunooof Japan (d.1680)

• July 1–Bertuccio Valiero,Doge of Venice (d.1658)
• July 12–Michael I of Russia,Russian Tsar (d.1645)
• August 10–Lorentz Eichstadt,German mathematician and astronomer (d.1660)
• August 26–Frederick V, Elector Palatine(d.1632)
• August 18–Jean Bolland,Belgian Jesuit, Founder of theBollandist(d.1665)
• August 19–Elizabeth Stuart,later Queen of Bohemia (d.1662)
• September
  • James Shirley,English dramatist (d.1666)
  • Moses Amyraut,French Protestant theologian (d.1664)
• September 3–Nicola Amati,Italian luthier from Cremona (d.1684)
• September 4–Constantijn Huygens,Dutch Golden Age poet and composer (d.1687)
• September 7–John Casimir, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau(d.1660)
• September 11–Francis Eaton,Mayflower passenger and New World colonist (d.1633)
• September 23–Joan Blaeu,Dutch cartographer (d.1673)
• October 1–Cesare Dandini,Italian painter (d.1657)
• October 5–Pieter van Mierevelt,Dutch painter (d.1623)
• October 18–Edward Winslow,American Pilgrim leader (d.1655)
• October 23–Daniel Hay du Chastelet de Chambon,French mathematician (d.1671)
• October 26–Robert Coe,American colonial (d.1689)
• November 1
  • Albert, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg,joint ruler of Nassau-Dillenburg 1623–1626 (d.1626)
  • Pietro da Cortona,Italian painter (d.1669)
• November 5–Charles II, Duke of Elbeuf,French noble (d.1657)
• November 6–Jeanne Chezard de Matel,French mystic (d.1670)
• November 21–René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson,French politician (d.1651)
• December 12–Sir Edward Osborne, 1st Baronet,English politician (d.1647)
• December 13–António Luís de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Marialva,Portuguese general and noble (d.1675)
• December 21
  • Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano(d.1656)
  • Peter Mohyla,Moldavian Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia (d.1646)
• December 24–Leonaert Bramer,Dutch painter (d.1674)

• Francesco Buonamici,Italian architect, painter and engraver (d.1677)
• John Dury,Scottish-born Calvinist minister (d.1680)
• Franz von Hatzfeld,Prince-Bishop of Würzburg(d.1642)
• Lucas Holstenius,German humanist (d.1661)
• Georg Jenatsch,Swiss political leader (d.1639)
• Richard Mather,American clergyman (d.1669)
• Horio Tadaharu,Japanese warlord (d.1633)
• Pocahontas,Algonquian (Native American) princess (d.1617)

1597

Henry Gage

Justus Sustermans

• January 12–François Duquesnoy,Flemish Baroque sculptor in Rome (d.1643)
• January 25–Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg,German Duke (d.1639)
• January 31–John Francis Regis,French Jesuit priest (d.1640)
• February 24–Vincent Voiture,French poet (d.1648)
• March 1–Jean-Charles de la Faille,Belgian mathematician (d.1652)
• March 10–Ercole Gennari,Italian drawer and painter (d.1658)
• March 18–Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière,French nobleman, founder of Montreal and an order of nursing Sisters (d.1659)
• March 21–Juan Alonso y Ocón,Spanish Catholic prelate, Archbishop of La Plata o Charcas (d.1656)
• March 27–William Hyde,President of English College, Douai (d.1651)

• April 9–John Davenport,English Puritan clergyman, co-founder of the American colony of New Haven (d.1670)
• April 13–Giovanni Battista Hodierna,Italian astronomer (d.1660)
• April 23–Alvise Contarini,Italian diplomat, nobleman (d.1651)
• May 13–Cornelis Schut,Flemish painter, draughtsman and engraver (d.1655)
• May 15–Squire Bence,English politician (d.1648)
• May 25–Veit Erbermann,German theologian (d.1675)
• May 31–Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac,French author (d.1654)
• June 9–Pieter Jansz. Saenredam,Dutch painter (d.1665)

• July 2–Theodoor Rombouts,Flemish painter (d.1637)
• July 13–Sebastian Stoskopff,French painter (d.1657)
• July 22–Virgilio Mazzocchi,Italian Baroque composer (d.1646)
• July 29–Abdias Treu,German mathematician and academic (d.1669)
• August 20
  • Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1685)
  • Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic,Polish poet (d.1677)
• August 21–Roger Twysden,English antiquarian and royalist (d.1672)
• August 29–Henry Gage,Royalist officer in the English Civil War (d.1645)
• September 23–Francesco Barberini,Italian Catholic cardinal (d.1679)
• September 28–Justus Sustermans,Flemish painter (d.1681)

• October 7–Captain John Underhill,English settler and soldier (d.1672)
• October 13–Otto Louis of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen,Swedish general in the Thirty Years' War (d.1634)
• October 20–Matthew Hutton,English politician (d.1666)
• November 15–Juan Tellez-Girón y Enriquez de Ribera, 4th Duke of Osuna(d.1656)
• November 19–Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate,wife of George William, Elector of Brandenburg (d.1660)
• December 16
  • George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg(d.1647)
  • Pieter de Neyn,Dutch painter (d.1639)
• December 22–Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp(d.1659)
• December 23
  • Martin Opitz,German poet (d.1639)
• December 24–Honoré II, Prince of Monaco(d.1662)

• Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña,Spanish missionary and explorer (d.1676)
• Johan van Heemskerk,Dutch poet (d.1656)
• Cornelis Jol,Dutch naval commander and privateer (d.1641)
• Wang Wei,Chinese poet (d.1647)

1598

Maarten Tromp

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

• January 23–François Mansart,French architect (d.1666)
• March 12–Guillaume Colletet,French writer (d.1659)
• March 13–Johannes Loccenius,German historian (d.1677)
• March 15–Redemptus of the Cross,Portuguese Carmelite lay brother and martyr (d.1638)
• March 25
  • Ralph Corbie,Irish Jesuit (d.1644)
  • Robert Trelawney,English politician (d.1643)
• March 26–Sir William Lewis, 1st Baronet,English politician (d.1677)

• April 9–Johann Crüger,German composer of well-known hymns (d.1662)
• April 11–William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar,German nobleman (d.1662)
• April 17–Giovanni Battista Riccioli,Italian astronomer (d.1671)
• April 23–Maarten Tromp,officer and later admiral in the Dutch navy (d.1653)
• April 28–Francis Leigh, 1st Earl of Chichester,English politician (d.1653)
• May 23–Claude Mellan,French painter and engraver (d.1688)
• June 4–Åke Henriksson Tott,Swedish soldier and politician (d.1640)
• June 19–Gilbert Sheldon,Archbishop of Canterbury from 1663 until his death (d.1677)

• July 6–Kirsten Munk,Danish noble, spouse of King Christian IV of Denmark (d.1658)
• July 29–Henricus Regius,Dutch philosopher (d.1679)
• July 31–Alessandro Algardi,Italian high-Baroque sculptor active in Rome (d.1654)
• August 7–Georg Stiernhielm,Swedish civil servant (d.1672)
• September 11–Imre Thurzó,Hungarian noble (d.1621)
• September 23–Eleonora Gonzaga,Holy Roman Empress, married toFerdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor(d.1655)
• September 24–Giovanni Francesco Busenello,Italian librettist (d.1659)
• September 27–Robert Blake,English admiral (d.1657)

• October 14–Nicolas de Neufville de Villeroy,Marshal of France (d.1685)
• October 17–Jørgen Knudsen Urne,Danish noble (d.1642)
• October 19–Isaac Commelin,Dutch historian (d.1676)
• October 27–Lars Stigzelius,Swedish Lutheran archbishop (d.1676)
• November 3–Christian I, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler(1600–1654) (d.1654)
• November 4–Ernst Adalbert of Harrach,Austrian Catholic cardinal (d.1667)
• November 7–Francisco de Zurbarán,Spanish painter (d.1664)
• November 28–Hans Nansen,Danish statesman (d.1667)
• December 7–Gian Lorenzo Bernini,Italian sculptor (d.1680)
• December 20–Ottavio Farnese,Italian noble (d.1643)
• December 22–Henri de La Trémoille,French general and noble (d.1674)
• December 24–Margaret Stuart,Scottish princess (d.1600)

• Bonaventura Cavalieri,Italian mathematician (d.1647)
• Marmaduke Langdale,Royalistin the English Civil War (d.1661)
• Baldassarre Longhena,Venetian architect (d.1682)
• Jean Nicolet,French explorer (d.1642)
• William Strode,English parliamentarian (d.1645)
• Guðríður Símonardóttir,Icelandic woman known as a victim ofthe Turkish abductions(d.1693)
• probable
  • Jean-Armand du Peyrer,Comte de Tréville and French officer (d.1672)
  • Mary Bankes,Royalist in theEnglish Civil War,defender ofCorfe Castle(d.1661)

1599

SaintJohn Berchmans

• January 22–Robert Petre, 3rd Baron Petre,English baron (d.1638)
• January 31–Juraj V Zrinski,Ban of Croatia (d.1626)
• February 12
  • Duke Friedrich of Saxe-Altenburg,third son of Duke Friedrich Wilhelm I of Saxe-Weimar (d.1625)
  • Thomas Whitmore,English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons (d.1677)
• February 13–Pope Alexander VII(d.1667)
• March 1–John Mennes,English Royal Navy admiral (d.1671)
• March 3–Juan Alfonso Enríquez de Cabrera,Viceroy of Sicily and Viceroy of Naples (d.1647)
• March 13–John Berchmans,Belgian Jesuit scholastic and saint (d.1621)
• March 22–Anthony van Dyck,Flemishpainter (d.1641)
• March 23–Thomas Selle,German baroque composer (d.1663)
• March 28–Witte de With,famous Dutch naval officer of the 17th century (d.1658)

Oliver Cromwell

• April 9–Sir Thomas Mauleverer, 1st Baronet(d.1655)
• April 17–Patrick Fleming,Irish Franciscan friar and scholar (murdered) (d.1631)
• April 25–Oliver Cromwell,Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland (d.1658)
• May 16–Nicolaes Olycan,Dutch businessman (d.1639)
• May 30–Samuel Bochart,French Protestant biblical scholar (d.1667)
• June 1–Elizabeth Lucretia, Duchess of Cieszyn,Duchesssuo jureof Cieszyn (d.1653)
• June 6–Diego Velázquez,Spanish painter (d.1660)
• June 24–Konoe Nobuhiro,Japanese court noble (d.1649)

• July 23–Stephanius,Danish historian (d.1650)
• July 27–Albert IV, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach(1640–1644) (d.1644)
• August 11–Christian II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg(1630–1656) (d.1656)
• August 13–Johannes Buxtorf II,Swiss theologian (d.1664)
• August 14–Méric Casaubon,English classicist (d.1671)
• August 16–Diego López Pacheco, 7th Duke of Escalona,Spanish noble (d.1653)
• August 22–Agatha Marie of Hanau,German noblewoman (d.1636)
• September 7–Jacob Westerbaen,Dutch poet (d.1670)
• September 20–Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel,German Protestant military leader (d.1626)
• September 24–Adam Olearius,German scholar (d.1671)
• September 25–Francesco Borromini,Swiss sculptor and architect (d.1667)
• September 30–Frances Seymour, Duchess of Somerset(d.1674)

• October 10
  • Samuel Clarke,English writer and priest (d.1683)
  • Étienne Moulinié,French Baroque composer (d.1676)
• October 11–Abraham de Fabert,Marshal of France (d.1662)
• October 15–Cornelis de Graeff,Dutch mayor (d.1664)
• October 28–Marie of the Incarnation,French foundress of the Ursuline Monastery in Quebec (d.1672)
• October 31–Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles,English statesman and writer (d.1680)
• November 5–Carlo Emanuele Madruzzo,Italian prince-bishop (d.1658)
• November 11
  • Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg,German princess and queen consort of Sweden (d.1655)
  • Ottavio Piccolomini,Austrian-Italian field marshal (d.1656)
• November 13–Otto Christoph von Sparr,German general (d.1668)
• November 15–Werner Rolfinck,German physician, chemist, botanist and philosopher (d.1673)
• November 29–Peter Heylin,English ecclesiastic and author of many polemical works (d.1662)
• November 30–Andrea Sacchi,Italian painter of High Baroque Classicism (d.1661)
• December 2
  • Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin,Scottish nobleman (d.1663)
  • Alexander Daniell,sole proprietor of the Manor of Alverton, Cornwall (d.1668)
• December 11–Pieter Codde,Dutch painter (d.1678)
• December 14–Charles Berkeley, 2nd Viscount Fitzhardinge,English politician (d.1668)
• December 16–Jacques Vallée, Sieur Des Barreaux,French poet (d.1673)
• December 20–Niels Trolle,Governor General of Norway (d.1667)
• December 29–Gabriel Bucelin,German historian (d.1681)

• John Alden,English settler of Plymouth Colony (d.1687)
• Stefan Czarniecki,Polish military commander (d.1665)
• Lucy Hay, Countess of Carlisle,English courtier (d.1660)
• Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derbydefender of Latham House (d.1664)
• Jirgalang,Qing Dynasty prince (d.1655)

Deaths

1590

SaintCatherine de Ricci

Pope Sixtus V

Pope Urban VII

• January 7–Jakob Andreae,German theologian (b.1528)
• January 20–Giambattista Benedetti,Italian mathematician and physicist (b.1530)
• February 1–Lawrence Humphrey,president of Magdalen College, Oxford (b.1527)
• February 2–Catherine of Ricci,Catholic prioress and saint (b.1522)
• February 4–Gioseffo Zarlino,Italian music theorist and composer (b.1517)
• February 12
  • François Hotman,French Protestant lawyer and writer (b.1524)
  • Blanche Parry,personal attendant to Elizabeth I of England (b. c.1508)
• February 18–Asahi no kata,Japanese lady,Toyotomi Hideyoshi's half-sister (b.1543)
• February 19–Philipp IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg(b.1514)
• February 21–Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick,English nobleman and general (b.1528)
• March 4–Duchess Hedwig of Württemberg,by marriage countess of Hesse-Marburg (b.1547)
• April 2–Elisabeth of Saxony,Countess Palatine of Simmern (b.1552)
• April 6–Francis Walsingham,English spymaster (b.1530)
• May 9–Charles de BourbonFrench cardinal and pretender to the throne (b.1523)
• June 28–Hori Hidemasa,Japanese warlord (b.1553)
• June 30–Maha Thammaracha(b.1509)
• July 10–Charles II, Archduke of Austria,regent of Inner Austria (b.1540)
• July 21–Sophie of Württemberg,German noble (b.1563)
• August 10
  • Hōjō Ujimasa,Japanese warlord (b.1538)
  • Hōjō Ujiteru,Japanese warlord (b.1540?)
• August 17–James III, Margrave of Baden-Hachberg(b.1562)
• August 27–Pope Sixtus V(b.1521)
• September 10–Archduchess Magdalena of Austria,Member of the House of Habsburg (b.1532)
• September 13–Pedro Téllez-Girón, 1st Duke of Osuna,Spanish duke (b.1537)
• September 20–Lodovico Agostini,Italian composer (b.1534)
• September 27–Pope Urban VII(b.1521)
• October 4–Jacques Cujas,French legal expert (b.1522)
• October 12–Kanō Eitoku,Japanese painter (b.1543)
• October 16–Archduchess Anna of Austria,Duchess of Bavaria (b.1528)
• October 18–Philip, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp(b.1570)
• October 23–Bernardino de Sahagún,Franciscan missionary (b.1499)
• October 29–Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert,Dutch politician and theologian (b.1522)
• November 18–George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury,English statesman (b.1528)
• November 19–Girolamo Zanchi,Italian theologian (b.1516)
• November 29–Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin,German philologist and poet (b.1547)
• December 20–Ambroise Paré,French surgeon (b.1510)
• December 27–Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing,Belgian noble and army commander (b.1557)

• Nicholas Bobadilla,one of the first Spanish Jesuits (b.1511)
• Marietta Robusti,Venetian Renaissance painter (b.1555or1560)
• Roger Dudley,British soldier (b.1535)
• Sorley Boy MacDonnell,Irish chieftain (b.1505)
• Juan Bautista de Pomar,Spanish colonial historian and writer
• Catherine Salvaresso,Wallachianregent
• Maddalena Casulana,Italian composer, lutenist and singer (d.1544)

Bernard Palissy,French potter (b.1510)

1591

Pope Gregory XIV

John of the Cross

Pope Innocent IX

• February 6–Anna Sophia of Prussia,Duchess of Prussia and Duchess of Mecklenburg (b.1527)
• February 15–Toyotomi Hidenaga,Japanese warlord (b.1540)
• February 26–Vespasiano I Gonzaga,Italian noble and diplomat (b.1531)
• March 17–Jost Amman,Swiss printmaker (b.1539)
• April 9–Emilie of Saxony,German noble (b.1516)
• April 21–Sen no Rikyū,Japanese exponent of the tea ceremony (b.1522)
• May 19–Elizabeth Cecil, 16th Baroness de Ros,English noblewoman (b. c.1574)
• May 15–Tsarevich Dimitri,of Russia (b.1582)
• June 21–Aloysius Gonzaga,Italian Jesuit and saint (b.1568)
• July 2–Vincenzo Galilei,Italian composer (b.1520)
• July 10–Anna of Hesse,Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken (b.1529)
• July 18–Jacobus Gallus Carniolus,Slovenian composer (b.1550)
• August 23–Luis Ponce de León,Spanish lyric poet (b.1527)
• August 27–Katheryn of Berain,Welsh noblewoman (b.1534)
• September 7–Heinrich Sudermann,German politician (b.1520)
• September 10–Richard Grenville,English soldier and explorer (b.1542)
• September 19–Alonso de Orozco Mena,Spanish Catholic priest (b.1500)
• September 25–Christian I, Elector of Saxony(b.1560)
• September 29– CountJohan II of East Frisia(b.1538)
• October 15–Duke Otto Henry of Brunswick-Harburg,Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Harburg (b.1555)
• October 16–Pope Gregory XIV(b.1535)
• November 20–Christopher Hatton,English politician (b.1540)
• December 14–Saint John of the Cross,Spanish Carmelite friar and poet (b.1542)
• December 18–Marigje Arriens,Dutch woman executed for witchcraft (b. c.1520)
• December 30–Pope Innocent IX(b.1519)

• Ananias Dare,father ofVirginia Dare,(b. circa 1560)
• Virginia Dare,first English child born in America, (b.1587) (Unverified)
• (by February 6) –Crispin van den Broeck,Flemish painter (b.1523)
• John Erskine of Dun,Scottish religious reformer (b.1509)
• Veronica Franco,Italian poet and courtesan (b.1546)

1592

SaintPaschal Baylondied on May 17, 1592

KingJohn III of Swedendied on November 17, 1592

• January 5–William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg,German nobleman (b.1516)
• January 22–Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France(b.1554)
• January 27–Gian Paolo Lomazzo,Italian painter (b.1538)
• February 2–Ana de Mendoza, Princess of Eboli,Spanish noble (b.1540)
• February 29–Alessandro Striggio,Italian composer (b.1540)
• March 4–Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburgand administrator of Ratzeburg (b.1537)
• March 5–Michiel Coxie,Flemish painter (b.1499)
• March 22–Johann VII, Duke of Mecklenburg,Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1576–1592) (b.1558)
• April 8–Dorothea Susanne of Simmern,Duchess of Saxe-Weimar (b.1544)
• April 13–Bartolomeo Ammannati,Italian architect and sculptor (b.1511)
• April 18–George John I, Count Palatine of Veldenz(b.1543)
• April 21–Christoph, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch(b.1552)
• May 17–Paschal Baylon,Spanish mystic and saint (b.1540)
• May 24–Nikolaus Selnecker,German musician (b.1530)
• June 17–Ernst Ludwig, Duke of Pomerania(b.1545)
• July 1–Marc'Antonio Ingegneri,Italian composer (b. c.1547)
• July 4–Francesco Bassano the Younger,Italian painter (b.1559)
• July 6–John George of Ohlau,Duke of Oława and Wołów (1586–1592) (b.1552)
• July 18–Sibylle of Saxony,Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (b.1515)
• July 22–Ludwig Rabus,German martyrologist (b.1523)
• July 26–Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron,French soldier (b.1524)
• August 20–William the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg(b.1535)
• August 25
  • William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel(or Hesse-Cassel) (b.1532)
  • Shimazu Toshihisa,Japanese samurai (b.1537)
• September 3–Robert Greene,English writer (b.1558)
• September 13–Michel de Montaigne,French essayist (b.1533)
• September 20–Francisco Vallés,Spanish physician (b.1524)
• October 15–Jean Vendeville,law professor, Roman Catholic bishop (b.1527)
• October 19–Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu,English politician (b.1528)
• October 28–Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq,Flemish diplomat (b.1522)
• November 17– KingJohn III of Sweden(b.1537)
• November 27–Nakagawa Hidemasa,Japanese military commander (b.1568)
• December 3–Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma(b.1545)
• Date unknown
  • Moderata Fonte,Italian poet, writer and philosopher (b.1555)
  • Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa,Spanish explorer (b.1532)
  • Katharina Gerlachin,German printer (b.1520)
  • Girolamo Muziano,Italian painter (b.1532)

1593

Emperor Ogimachi

TheMarlowe portrait,often claimed to beChristopher Marlowe,playwright

• January 8–Mingyi Swa,Burmese crown prince (b.1558)
• January 11–Scipione Gonzaga,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1542)
• February 6
  • Jacques Amyot,French writer (b.1513)
  • Emperor Ōgimachiof Japan (b.1517)
• March 8–Paul Luther,German scientist (b.1533)
• March 23–Henry Barrowe,English Puritan and separatist (b.1550)
• April 6–John Greenwood,English Puritan and separatist (hanged) (b.1556)
• April 24–William Harrison,English clergyman (b.1534)
• May 29–John Penry,Welsh Protestant (hanged) (b.1559)
• May 30–Christopher Marlowe,English poet and playwright (murdered) (b.1564)
• June 3–Katarina Bengtsdotter Gylta,Swedish abbess (b.1520)
• June 25–Michele Mercati,Italian physician and botanist (b.1541)
• July 4–Min Phalaung,Burmese monarch (b.1535)
• July 11–Giuseppe Arcimboldo,Italian painter (b.1526)
• September 5–Andreas von Auersperg,Carniolan noble and military commander in the battle of Sisak (b.1556)
• September 25–Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby,English nobleman, diplomat and politician (b.1531)
• October 25–Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas,Spanish colonial administrator (murdered) (b.1519)
• November 11–Albert, Count of Nassau-Weilburg(b.1537)
• November 20–Hans Bol,Flemish artist (b.1534)
• date unknown
  • Jeong Cheol,Korean administrator and poet (b.1536)
  • Krzysztof Kosiński,Polish noble (b.1545)
  • Li Shizhen,Chinese physician, pharmacologist, and mineralogist (b.1518)

1594

Tintoretto

Martin Frobisher

Gerardus Mercator

• February –Barnabe Googe,English poet (b.1540)
• February 2–Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina,Italian composer (b.1525)
• February 8–Countess Palatine Elisabeth of Simmern-Sponheim,Duchess of Saxony (b.1540)
• April 16–Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby(b.1559), second in line to the throne ofEngland
• April 29–Thomas Cooper,English bishop, lexicographer, and writer (b. c.1517)
• May 2–Edward Atslowe,English physician
• May 15–Charlotte de La Marck,French duchess (b.1574)
• May 30–Bálint Balassi,Hungarian writer and noble (b.1554)
• May 31
  • Tintoretto,Italian painter (b.1518)
  • Francesco Panigarola,Italian bishop (b.1548)
• June 3–John Aylmer,English divine (b.1521)
• June 7–Rodrigo Lopez,Queen Elizabeth's physician (executed for treason) (b.1525)
• June 14–Orlande de Lassus,Flemish composer (b.1532)
• June 29–Niels Kaas,Danish chancellor (b.1535)
• July –Girolamo Mei,Italian historian and humanist (b.1519)
• July 10–Paolo Bellasio,Italian composer and organist (b.1554)
• August 5–Archduchess Eleanor of Austria(b.1534)
• October 8–Ishikawa Goemon,Japanese ninja and thief (b.1558)
• October 16–William Allen,English cardinal (b.1532)
• November 15– SirMartin Frobisher,British explorer (b.1535)
• November 20–Gaspar de Quiroga y Vela,General Inquisitor of Spain (b.1512)
• November 29–Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga,Basque soldier and poet (b.1533)
• December 2–Gerardus Mercator,Flemish-German cartographer (b.1512)
• December 16–Allison Balfour,alleged Scottish witch
• date unknown
  • John Johnson,English lutenist and composer (b. c.1545)
  • Thomas Kyd,author ofThe Spanish Tragedy(b.1558)

1595

Murad III

Torquato Tasso

SaintPhilip Neri

Magnus, Duke of Östergötland

PatriarchJeremias II of Constantinople

Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira

• January 2–Barbara of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brieg,German princess (b.1527)
• January 15–Murad III,Ottoman Sultan(b.1546)
• January 24–Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria,regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (b.1529)
• February –William Painter,English translator (b.1540)
• February 20–Archduke Ernest of Austria,Governor of the Spanish Netherlands (b.1553)
• February 21–Robert Southwell,Jesuit priest and poet (b.1561)
• April 25–Torquato Tasso,Italian poet (b.1544)
• May 4–Hugues Loubenx de Verdalle,Cardinal and 52nd Grandmaster of theKnights Hospitaller(b.1531)
• May 14–Wolfgang, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen(b.1531)
• May 19–John Frederick II, Duke of Saxony(b.1529)
• May 25
  • Valens Acidalius,German critic and poet (b.1567)
  • Philip Neri,ItalianRoman Catholicpriest and saint (b.1515)
• June 23–Louis Carrion,Flemish humanist and classical scholar (b.1547)
• June 26–Magnus, Duke of Östergötland,Swedish prince (b.1542)
• July 10–Udai Singh of Marwar,Ruler of Marwar (b.1538)
• July 23–Thoinot Arbeau,French priest and author (b.1519)
• August 24–Thomas Digges,English astronomer (b.1546)
• August 26–Antonio, Prior of Crato,claimant to the throne of Portugal (b.1531)
• September 3–Philip of Nassau,Count of Nassau (b.1566)
• September 4–Jeremias II of Constantinople(b.1530)
• October 15–Faizi,Indo-Persian poet and scholar (b.1547)
• October 18–Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira,Spanish navigator and explorer (b.1542)
• October 19–Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel,English nobleman (b.1537)
• October 23–Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers,Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (b.1539)
• November 4–Francesco Cattani da Diacceto,Bishop of Fiesole (b.1531)
• November 5–Luis Barahona de Soto,Spanish poet (b.1548)
• November 12–John Hawkins,English shipbuilder and trader (b.1532)
• November 23–Clara of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel,Abbess of Gandersheim and Duchess of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (b.1532)
• December 11–Philipe de Croÿ, Duke of Aerschot(b.1526)
• December 14–Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon(b.1535)
• date unknown
  • Grzegorz Branicki,Polish noble (b.1534)
  • Helena Antonia,court dwarf (b.1550)
  • Turlough Luineach O'Neill,Irish chief of Tyrone (b. c.1530)
  • Robert Sempill,Scottish ballad-writer (b.1530)
  • Thomas Whythorne,English author and musician (b.1528)

1596

SirFrancis Drake

Hattori Hanzō

• January 28– SirFrancis Drake,English explorer, sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, pirate and politician (b.c.1540)
• February 7–George I, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt(b.1547)
• February 17–Friedrich Sylburg,German classical scholar (b.1536)
• February 19–Blaise de Vigenère,French cryptographer, diplomat, scientist, and author (b.1523)
• March 23–Henry Unton,English diplomat (b.1557)
• March 27–Frederick IV of Liegnitz,German noble (b.1552)
• April 4–Philip II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen(b.1533)
• May–Janet Fockart,Scottish merchant and moneylender
• May 5–Catherine de Montpensier,politically active French duchess (b.1552)
• May 6–Giaches de Wert,Flemish composer (b.1535)
• May 31–John Lesley,Scottish bishop (b.1527)
• June 10–John Louis I, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein,Germany noble (b.1567)
• July 10–Alessandro Alberti,Italian painter (b.1551)
• July 23–Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon(b.1526)
• August 11–Hamnet Shakespeare,son ofWilliam Shakespeare(b.1585)
• September 9–Anna Jagiellon,queen of Poland (b.1523)
• September 14–Francisco de Toledo,Spanish Catholic cardinal (b.1532)
• September 15–Leonhard Rauwolf,German physician and botanist (b.1535)
• October 3–Florent Chrestien,French writer (b.1541)
• October 26–István Esterházy,Hungarian noble (b.1572)
• November 1–Pierre Pithou,French lawyer and scholar (b.1539)
• November 10–Peter Wentworth,English Puritan politician (b.1530)
• November 29
  • William Gibson (martyr),English Catholic martyr
  • Venerable William Knight,English Catholic martyr (b.1572)
• December 8–Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal,Portuguese-bornmarrano,burned at the stake
• December 27–Pietro Pontio,Italian music theorist and composer (b.1532)
• date unknown
  • Jean Bodin,French jurist (born1530)
  • Anna Wecker,German writer
  • Hattori Hanzō,JapaneseninjaunderTokugawa Ieyasu(b.1541)
• probable–Henry Willobie,English poet (b.1575)

1597

Willem Barentsz

Edward Kelley

SaintPeter Canisius

• January 29
  • Maharana Pratap,Indian statesman (b.1540)
  • Elias Ammerbach,German organist (b.1530)
• February 2–James Burbage,English actor
• February 5
  • Francisco Blanco,SpanishFranciscanandRoman Catholicpriest, missionary, martyr and saint (b.1570)
  • Gonsalo Garcia,PortugueseFranciscanandRoman Catholicpriest, missionary, martyr and saint (b.1557)
  • Paulo Miki,JapaneseRoman Catholicpriest, martyr and saint (b.c. 1562)
  • Philip of Jesus,MexicanRoman Catholicpriest, missionary, martyr and saint (b.1572)
  • 26 Martyrs of Japan
• February 6–Franciscus Patricius,Italian philosopher and scientist (b.1529)
• February 16–Gilbert Génébrard,FrenchRoman Catholicarchbishop (b.1535)
• March 6–William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham,English noble and politician (b.1527)
• April 2–Blas Valera,Peruvian historian (b.1545)
• April 16–Caspar Cruciger the Younger,German theologian (b.1525)
• June 6–William Hunnis,English poet
• June 8–Barbara of Hesse(b.1536)
• June 9–José de Anchieta,SpanishJesuitmissionary (b.1534)
• June 18–Markus Fugger,German businessman (b.1529)
• June 20–Willem Barents,Dutch navigator and explorer (b.c. 1550)
• July 8–Luís Fróis,PortugueseJesuitmissionary (b.1532)
• July 19–Gunilla Bielke,Queen of Sweden (b.1568)
• July 20–Franciscus Raphelengius,Dutch printer (b.1539)
• July 22–Gabriele Paleotti,ItalianRoman Catholiccardinal (b.1522)
• August 27
  • Won Gyun,Korean general and admiral during the Joseon Dynasty (b.1540)
  • Yi Eokgi,Korean admiral during the Joseon Dynasty (b.1561)
• September 3–Jakobea of Baden,Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (b.1558)
• September 9–Helena Magenbuch,German pharmacist (b.1523)
• September 20–Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria,Austrian archduchess (b.1581)
• September 30–William I, Count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen(b.1534)
• October 4–Sarsa Dengel,Emperor of Ethiopia(b.1550)
• October 19–Ashikaga Yoshiaki,Japanese shōgun (b.1537)
• October 23–Cyriakus Schneegass,German hymnwriter (b.1546)
• October 27–Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara,Italian noble (b.1533)
• November 1–Edward Kelley,English spirit medium (b.1555)
• November 11–Gustav of Saxe-Lauenburg,German noble (b.1570)
• November 6–Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain(b.1567)
• December 17–Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein(b.1557)
• December 21–Petrus Canisius,DutchJesuitpriest and saint (b.1521)
• date unknown –Margaretha Coppier,Dutch heroine (b.1516)

1598

TsarFeodor I of Russia

KingPhilip II of Spain

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Yi Sun-sin

• January 8–John George, Elector of Brandenburg,Margrave and Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia (b.1525)
• January 9–Jasper Heywood,English Jesuit classicist and translator (b.1553)
• January 16– TsarFeodor I of Russia(b.1557)
• February 10–Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland(b.1573)
• March 4orMarch 5–Lucas Maius,Lutheran Reformation pastor, theologian and playwright (b.1522)
• March 28–Michele Bonelli,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1541)
• April 8–Ludwig Helmbold,German classical singer (b.1532)
• April 10–Jacopo Mazzoni,Italian philosopher (b.1548)
• April 19
  • Hans Fugger,German businessman (b.1531)
  • Rokkaku Yoshikata,Japanese daimyō (b.1521)
• May 3–Anna Guarini,Italian singer (b.1563)
• May 18–Philipp of Bavaria,German Catholic cardinal (b.1576)
• June –Emery Molyneux,English maker of globes and instruments (date of birth unknown)
• June 28–Abraham Ortelius,Flemish cartographer and geographer (b.1527)
• June 25–Giacomo Gaggini,Italian artist (b.1517)
• August 4–William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley,English statesman (b.1520)
• August 9–Andreas Angelus,German pastor, teacher, chronicler of the Mark of Brandenburg (b.1561)
• September 13–Philip II of Spain(b.1527)
• September 18–Toyotomi Hideyoshi,Japanese warlord (b.1537)
• October 11–Joachim Camerarius the Younger,German scientist (b.1534)
• November 12–Johannes Schenck von Grafenberg,German physician (b.1530)
• December 6–Paolo Paruta,Italian historian (b.1540)
• December 15–Philips of Marnix, Lord of Saint-Aldegonde,Dutch writer and statesman (b.1538)
• December 16–Yi Sun-sin,Korean naval leader (b.1545)
• December 31–Heinrich Rantzau,German humanist writer, astrologer, and astrological writer (b.1526)
• date unknown
  • Abdulla Khan,Uzbek/Turkoman ruler
  • Teodora Ginés,Dominican musician and composer (b. c.1530)
  • Nicolas Pithou, French lawyer and author (b.1524)

1599

Cornelis de Houtman

Andrew Báthory

• January 13–Edmund Spenser,English poet (b.1552)
• January 22–Cristofano Malvezzi,Italian composer (b.1547)
• February 8–Robert Rollock,Scottish Presbyterian, first principal of the university of Edinburgh (b.1555)
• March 19–Stanisław Radziwiłł,Grand Marshal of Lithuania (b.1559)
• April 1–Matsura Takanobu,Japanese samurai (b,1529)
• April 10–Gabrielle d'Estrées,mistress of KingHenry IV of France(b.1573)
• April 14–Henry Wallop,English statesman (b. c.1540)
• April 22–Lorenz Scholz von Rosenau,German botanist (b.1552)
• April 27–Maeda Toshiie,Japanese samurai and warlord (b.1538)
• May 12–Sultan Murad Mirza,Mughal prince (b.1570)
• May 28–Maria of Nassau,Dutch Countess (b.1539)
• June 2–Philipp V, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg(b.1541)
• June 14–Kōriki Masanaga,Japanese military commander (b.1558)
• June 29–Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria,Austrian archduchess (b.1576)
• July–Kwon Yul,Korean military commander (b.1537)
• July 11–Chōsokabe Motochika,Japanese Sengoku Period daimyō
• August 22–Luca Marenzio,Italian composer (b.1553)
• September 1–Cornelis de Houtman,Dutch explorer (b.1565)
• September 11–Beatrice Cenci,Italian noblewoman (executed for patricide) (b.1577)
• August 8–Song Ik-pil,Korean scholar (b.1534)
• October 18–Daniel Adam z Veleslavína,Czech lexicographer (b.1546)
• November 3–Andrew Báthory,deposed Prince of Transylvania (decapitated) (b. c. 1563)
• November 7–Gasparo Tagliacozzi,Italian surgeon (b.1545)
• November 8–Francisco Guerrero,Spanish composer (b.1528)
• November 22–Nanbu Nobunao,Japanese daimyō (b.1546)
• December 13–Enrico Caetani,Italian Catholic cardinal (b.1550)
• December 14–Joan Boyle,English noble, first spouse of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork (b.1578)
• December 27–Francisco Pérez de Valenzuela,Spanish noble (b.1528)
• After December 18 –Minye Kyawswa II of Ava,Burmese defecting crown prince of the Toungoo Empire (killed by invading forces) (b.1567)
• date unknown–Chand Bibi,Indianregent and warrior (b.1550)