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The1900s(pronounced "nineteen-hundreds" ) was adecadethat began on January 1, 1900, and ended on December 31, 1909. TheEdwardian era(1901–1910) covers a similar span of time. The term "nineteen-hundreds" is sometimes also used to mean the entire century from January 1, 1900, to December 31, 1999 (the years beginning with "19" ).
TheScramble for Africacontinued, with theOrange Free State,South African Republic,Ashanti Empire,Aro Confederacy,Sokoto CaliphateandKano Emiratebeing conquered by theBritish Empire,alongside theFrench Empire conquering Borno,theGerman Empire conquering the Adamawa Emirate,and thePortuguese Empire conquering the Ovambo.Atrocities in the Congo Free Statewere committed by private companies and theForce Publique,with a resultant population decline[note 1]of 1 to 15 million. From 1904 to 1908, German colonial forces inSouth West Africaled acampaign of ethnic extermination and collective punishment,genociding 24,000 to 100,000Hererosand 10,000Nama.TheFirst MoroccanandBosnian crisesled to worsened tensions in Europe that would ultimately lead to theWorld War Iin the next decade.Cuba,Bulgaria,andNorwaybecame independent.
The deadliest conventional war of this decade was theRusso-Japanese War,fought over rivalimperialambitions inManchuriaand theKorean Empire.Russia suffered a humiliating defeat in this conflict, contributing to a growing domestic unrest which culminated in theRussian Revolution of 1905.Unconventional wars of similar scale include insurrections in thePhilippines (1899–1913),China (1899–1901),andColombia (1899–1902).Lesser conflicts include interstate wars such as theSecond Boer War(1899–1902), theKuwaiti–Rashidi war(1900–1901), and theSaudi–Rashidi War(1903–1907), as well as failed uprisings and revolutions inPortuguese Angola (1902–1904),Rumelia (1903),Ottoman Eastern Anatolia (1904),Uruguay (1904),French Madagascar (1905–1906),Argentina (1905),Persia (1905–1911),German East Africa (1905–1907),andRomania (1907).A major famine took place in China from 1906 to 1907,possibly leading to 20–25 million deaths. This famine was directly caused by the 1906 China floods (April–October 1906), which hit the Huai River particularly hard and destroyed both the summer and autumn harvest. The1908 Messina earthquakecaused 75,000–82,000 deaths.
First-wave feminismmade advances, with universities being opened for women in Japan, Bulgaria, Cuba, Russia, and Peru. In 1906, Finland granted women the right to vote,[2]the first European country to do so.[3]The foundation of theWomen's Social and Political UnionbyEmmeline Pankhurstin 1903 led to the rise of theSuffragettesin Great Britain and Ireland. In 1908,a revolution took placein the Ottoman Empire, where theYoung Turksmovement restored theOttoman constitution of 1876,establishing theSecond Constitutional Era.Subsequently, ethnic tensions rose, and in 1909,up to 30,000 mainly Armenian civilians in Adana were massacredby Muslim civilians.
The decade saw the widespread application of theinternal combustion engineincluding mass production of the automobile, as well as the introduction of thetypewriter.TheWright Flyerperformed the first recorded controlled, powered, sustained heavier than air flight on December 17, 1903.Reginald FessendenofEast Bolton, Quebec,Canada made what appeared to be[clarification needed]the first audio radio broadcasts of entertainment and music ever made to a general audience. The first huge success of American cinema, as well as the largest experimental achievement to this point, was the 1903 filmThe Great Train Robbery,directed byEdwin S. Porter,while the world's first feature film,The Story of the Kelly Gang,was released on December 26, 1906, inMelbourne,Australia. Popular books of this decade includedThe Tale of Peter Rabbit(1902) andAnne of Green Gables(1908), which sold 45 million and 50 million copies respectively. Popular songs of this decade include "Lift Every Voice and Sing"and"What Are They Doing in Heaven?",which have been featured in 42 and 16hymnalsrespectively.
During the decade, the world population increased from 1.60 to 1.75 billion, with approximately 580 million births and 450 million deaths in total. As of October 2024, 5 people from this decade remain alive (seeList of oldest living people), all of them women. The last living man from this decade wasJuan Vicente Pérez(27 May 1909 – 2 April 2024).
Pronunciation varieties
[edit]There are several main varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced. Using 1906 as an example, they are "nineteen-oh-six", "nineteen-six", and "nineteen-aught-six". Which variety is most prominent depends somewhat on global region and generation. "Nineteen-oh-six" is the most common; "nineteen-six" is less common. InAmerican English,"nineteen-aught-six" is also recognized but not much used.[citation needed]
Demographics
[edit]Estimates for the world population by 1900 vary from 1.563 to 1.710 billion.
PRB
(1973–2016)[4] |
UN
(2015)[5] |
Maddison
(2008)[6] |
HYDE
(2010)[7] |
Tanton
(1994)[8] |
Biraben
(1980)[9] |
McEvedy&
Jones (1978)[10] |
Thomlinson
(1975)[11] |
Durand
(1974)[12] |
Clark
(1967)[13] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,656M | 1,650M | 1,563M | 1,654M[14] | 1,600M | 1,633M | 1,625M | 1,600M | 1,650–1,710M | 1,668M |
Politics and wars
[edit]Major political changes
[edit]- New Imperialism
- TheUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelandand theFrench Third RepublicsignEntente Cordiale
Wars
[edit]- Second Boer Warends.
- Philippine–American Wartakes place (1899–1902).
- TheKuwaiti–Rashidi wartakes place (1900–1901).
- Russo-Japanese Warestablishes theEmpire of Japanas a world power.
- Battle of Riyadhwas a minor battle of theUnification of Saudi Arabia.
- Battle of Dilamwas a major battle of theUnification WarbetweenRashidiandSaudirebels.
- First Saudi–Rashidi Warwas engaged between theSaudi loyal forcesof the newbornEmirate of Riyadhversus theEmirate of Ha'il.
- The Ottomansinvade Persiaand capture a strip of territory (1906).
Internal conflicts
[edit]- TheBoxer Rebellionends.
- TheRussian Revolution of 1905.
- TheMesopotamia uprising of 1906.
- Demand forHome Rulefor Ireland.
- Herero and Namaqua Genocidein GermanSouth-West Africa(modern Namibia).
- Kurdishuprising in Bitlisagainst the Ottoman Empire in 1907.
Colonization
[edit]- January 1, 1901, British colonies in Australiafederate,forming theCommonwealth of Australia.
Decolonization
[edit]- May 20, 1902 –Cubagains independence from the United States
- June 7, 1905 – TheNorwegian Parliamentdeclares the union with Swedendissolved,and Norway achieves full independence.
- October 5, 1908 –Bulgariadeclares its independencefrom theOttoman Empire.
Prominent political events
[edit]- January 22, 1901, the death ofQueen Victoria.
- August 9, 1902, thecoronation of Edward VII and Alexandra,as king and queen of theUnited Kingdomand theBritish Dominions.
Disasters
[edit]Natural disasters
[edit]- September 8, 1900 – A powerfulhurricanehitsGalveston, Texas,US, killing about 8,000.
- April 19, 1902 – Amagnitude 7.5 earthquakerocksGuatemala,killing 2,000.
- May 8, 1902 – InMartinique,Mount Peléeerupts, destroying the town ofSaint-Pierreand killing over 30,000.
- April 7, 1906 –Mount Vesuviuserupts and devastatesNaples.
- April 18, 1906 – The1906 San Francisco earthquake(estimated magnitude 7.8) on theSan Andreas Faultdestroys much ofSan Francisco,US, killing at least 3,000, with 225,000–300,000 left homeless, and $350 million in damages.
- September 18, 1906 – Atyphoonandtsunamikill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong.
- January 14, 1907 –An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaicakills more than 1,000.
- June 30, 1908 – TheTunguska eventor "Russian explosion" near thePodkamennaya Tunguska RiverinKrasnoyarsk Krai,Siberia,Russian Empireoccurs resulting in the flattening 2,000 km2(770 sq mi) of forest. It is believed to have been caused by theair burstof a largemeteoroidorcometfragment, at an altitude of 5–10 kilometres (3–6 mi) above theEarth's surface.[15][16][17]
- December 28, 1908 –An earthquakeandtsunamidestroysMessina,SicilyandCalabria,killing over 80,000 people.
Non-natural disasters
[edit]- April 26, 1900 – TheGreat Lumber FireofOttawa–Hullkills 7 and leaves 15,000 homeless.
- May 1, 1900 – TheScofield Mine disasterinScofield, Utah,caused by explosion killing at least 200 men.
- June 30, 1900 –Hoboken Docks Fire:The German passenger shipsSaale,Main, Bremen,andKaiser William der Grosse,all owned by theNorth German LloydSteamship line, catch fire at the docks inHoboken, New Jersey,US. The fire began on a wharf and spread to the adjacent piers, warehouses, and smaller craft, killing 326 people.
- May 3, 1901 – TheGreat Fire of 1901begins inJacksonville, Florida,US.
- July 10, 1902 – TheRolling Mill Mine disasterinJohnstown, Pennsylvania,US, kills 112 miners.
- August 10, 1903 –Paris Métro train fire.
- December 30, 1903 – Afire at the Iroquois Theaterin Chicago, US, kills 600.
- February 7, 1904 – TheGreat Baltimore FireinBaltimore,US, destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours.
- June 15, 1904 – A fire aboard the steamboatGeneral Slocumin New York City's East River kills 1,021.
- June 28, 1904 – The Danish ocean linerSSNorgeruns aground and sinks close toRockall,killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants.
- January 22, 1906 – TheSSValenciastrikes a reef offVancouver Island,Canada, killing over 100 (officially 136) in the ensuing disaster.
Assassinations and attempts
[edit]Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:
Year | Date | Name | Position | Country | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1900 | July 29 | Umberto I | King | Italy | Assassinated by anarchistGaetano Bresci.[18] |
1901 | March 6 | Wilhelm II | Kaiser | Germany | Attempted assassination inBremenby Deidrich Weiland.[19][20] |
1901 | September 6 | William McKinley | President | United States | Dies 8 days after being shot at thePan-American ExpositioninBuffalo, New York,by American anarchistLeon Czolgosz. |
1904 | June 16 | Nikolai Bobrikov | Governor-General | Finland | Assassinated by nationalist noblemanEugen Schauman. |
1905 | June 13 | Theodoros Diligiannis | Prime Minister | Greece | Killed by gambler Antonios Gherakaris, reportedly for measures taken against gambling places. |
1907 | March 11 | Dimitar Petkov | Prime Minister | Bulgaria | Killed by an anarchist. |
1907 | August 31 | Amin al-Soltan | Prime Minister | Iran | Killed in front of the Parliament. |
1908 | February 1 | Carlos I | King | Portugal | Assassinated in Lisbon, Portugal. |
1909 | October 26 | Itō Hirobumi | Prime Minister | Japan | AlsoResident-General of Korea,assassinated byAhn Jung-geunat theHarbintrain station inManchuria,for many grievances against Japan, including the assassination ofEmpress MyeongseongofKorea. |
Economics
[edit]This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(October 2021) |
The cost of an American postage stamp was worth 1 cent.[21]
Science and technology
[edit]Science
[edit]- March 17, 1905 –Annus Mirabilis papers–Albert Einsteinpublishes his paper "On a heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light", in which he explains thephotoelectric effect,using the notion oflight quanta.For this paper Einstein received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
- May 11, 1905 –Annus Mirabilis papers– Albert Einstein submits his doctoral dissertation "On the Motion of Small Particles...", in which he explainsBrownian motion.
- June 30, 1905 –Annus Mirabilis papers– Albert Einstein publishes the article "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", where he reveals his theory ofspecial relativity.
- September 27, 1905 –Annus Mirabilis papers– Albert Einstein submits his paper "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?", in which he develops an argument for the equationE=mc2.
- Planck's law of black-body radiation
- Seismographsbuilt in theUniversity of California, Berkeley,in 1900
- Practicalair conditionerdesigned byWillis Carrierin 1902
- Geiger counter(measures radioactivity) invented byHans Geigerin 1908
- PierreandMarie Curiediscoverradiumandpolonium,they coin the termradioactivity.
- Third law of thermodynamicsbyWalther Nernst
- Quantum HypothesisbyMax Planckin 1900[22][23][24][25][26]
- TheBacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG) immunization fortuberculosisis first developed.
Technology
[edit]- Widespread application of theinternal combustion engineincluding mass production of the automobile.Rudolf Dieseldemonstrated thediesel enginein the 1900Exposition Universelle(World's Fair) in Paris using peanut oil fuel (seebiodiesel). The Diesel engine takes the Grand Prix. The exposition was attended by 50 million people.[27]The same yearWilhelm Maybachdesigned an engine built atDaimler Motoren Gesellschaft—following the specifications ofEmil Jellinek—who required the engine to be namedDaimler-Mercedesafter his daughter,Mercédès Jellinek.In 1902, theMercedes 35 hpautomobiles with that engine were put into production by DMG.[28]
- Wide popularity of homephonograph."The market for home machines was created through technological innovation and pricing: Phonographs, gramophones, and graphophones were cleverly adapted to run by spring-motors (you wound them up), rather than by messy batteries or treadle mechanisms, while the musical records were adapted to reproduce loudly through a horn attachment. The cheap home machines sold as the $10 Eagle graphophone and the $40 (later $30) Home phonograph in 1896, the $20 Zon-o-phone in 1898, the $3 Victor Toy in 1900, and so on. Records sold because their fidelity improved, mass production processes were soon developed, advertising worked, and prices dropped from one and two dollars to around 35 cents.".[29][30]In 1907, aVictor Recordsrecording ofEnrico CarusosingingRuggero Leoncavallo's "Vesti la giubba"becomes the first to sell a million copies.[31]
- 1899–1900 –Thomas Alva EdisonofMilan, Ohio,invents the nickel-alkaline storagebattery.On May 27, 1901, Edison establishes theEdison Storage Battery Companyto develop and manufacture them.[32]"It proved to be Edison's most difficult project, taking ten years to develop a practical alkaline battery. By the time Edison introduced his new alkaline battery, thegasolinepowered car had so improved thatelectric vehicleswere becoming increasingly less common, being used mainly asdelivery vehiclesin cities. However, the Edison alkaline battery proved useful for lightingrailway carsandsignals,maritimebuoys,andminers lamps.Unlikeiron oremining with theEdison Ore-Milling Company,the heavy investment Edison made over ten years was repaid handsomely, and the storage battery eventually became Edison's most profitable product. Further, Edison's work paved the way for the modern alkaline battery. "[33]
- 1900 – TheBrowniecamerais invented; this was the beginning of theEastman Kodakcompany. The Brownie popularized low-costphotographyand introduced the concept of thesnapshot.The first Brownie was introduced in February 1900,[34]
- 1900 – The firstzeppelinflight occurs overLake ConstancenearFriedrichshafen,Germany on July 2, 1900.
- 1901 – First electrictypewriteris invented by George Canfield Blickensderfer ofErie, Pennsylvania.It was part of a line ofBlickensderfer typewriters,known for its portability.[35][36][37]
- 1901 –Wilhelm KressofSaint Petersburg,Russiacreates hisKress DrachenfliegerinAustria-Hungary.Power was provided by a Daimler petrol engine driving two largeauger-style two-bladed propellers, the first attempt to use an internal combustion engine to power a heavier-than-air aircraft.[38][39]
- 1901 – The first radioreceiver(successfully received a radio transmission). This receiver was developed byGuglielmo Marconi.Marconi established a wireless transmitting station at Marconi House,Rosslare Strand,County Wexford,Ireland in 1901 to act as a link betweenPoldhuinCornwallandClifdeninCounty Galway.He soon made the announcement that on December 12, 1901, using a 500-foot (150 m) kite-supported antenna for reception, the message was received atSignal HillinSt John's,Newfoundland(now part of Canada), signals transmitted by the company's new high-power station at Poldhu, Cornwall. The distance between the two points was about 2,200 miles (3,500 km).
Heralded as a great scientific advance, there was—and continues to be—some skepticism about this claim, partly because the signals had been heard faintly and sporadically. There was no independent confirmation of the reported reception, and the transmissions, consisting of theMorse codeletterSsent repeatedly, were difficult to distinguish fromatmospheric noise.(A detailed technical review of Marconi's early transatlantic work appears in John S. Belrose's work of 1995.)[40]The Poldhu transmitter was a two-stage circuit.[41][42]The first stage operated at a lower voltage and provided the energy for the second stage to spark at a higher voltage. - 1902 –Willis CarrierofAngola, New York,invented the first indoorair conditioning."He designed his spray driven air conditioning system which controlled both temperature and humidity using anozzleoriginally designed to sprayinsecticide.He built his "Apparatus for Treating Air" (U.S. Pat. #808897) which was patented in 1906 and using chilled coils which not only controlled heat but could lower the humidity to as low as 55%. The device was even able to adjust the humidity level to the desired setting creating what would become the framework for the modern air conditioner. By adjusting the air movement and temperature level to the refrigeration coils he was able to determine the size and capacity of the unit to match the need of his customers. While Carrier was not the first to design a system like this his was much more stable, successful and safer than other versions and took air conditioning out of the Dark Ages and into the realm of science. "[43]
- 1902/1906/1908 –Sir James MackenzieofScone, Scotland,invented an earlylie detectororpolygraph.MacKenzie's polygraph "could be used to monitor thecardiovascularresponses of his patients by taking theirpulseandblood pressure.[44]He had developed an early version of his device in the 1890s, but had Sebastian Shaw, aLancashirewatchmaker, improve it further. "This instrument used a clockwork mechanism for the paper-rolling and time-marker movements and it produced ink recordings of physiological functions that were easier to acquire and to interpret. It has been written that the modern polygraph is really a modification of Dr. Mackenzie's clinical ink polygraph."[45]A more modern and effective polygraph machine would be invented by John Larson in 1921.[46]
- 1902 –Georges Claudeinvented theneon lamp.He applied an electrical discharge to a sealed tube ofneongas, resulting in a red glow. Claudes started working on neon tubes which could be put to use as ordinary light bulbs. His first public display of a neon lamp took place on December 11, 1910, in Paris.[47]In 1912, Claude's associate began selling neon discharge tubes asadvertising signs.They were introduced to U.S. in 1923 when two large neon signs were bought by a Los AngelesPackardcar dealership. The glow and arresting red color made neon advertising completely different from the competition.[48]
- 1902 –Teasmade,a device for makingteaautomatically, is patented on April 7, 1902, bygunsmithFrank Clarke ofBirmingham,England. He called it "An Apparatus Whereby a Cup of Tea or Coffee is Automatically Made" and it was later marketed as "A Clock That Makes Tea!". However, his original machine and all rights to it had been purchased from its actual inventorAlbert E. Richardson,aclockmakerfromAshton-under-Lyne.The device was commercially available by 1904.[49]
- 1902 –Lyman GilmoreofWashington,United States is awarded a patent for asteam engine,intended for use in aerial vehicles. At the time he was living inRed Bluff, California.At a later date, Gilmore claimed to have incorporated his engine in "amonoplanewith a 32-footwingspan"and to have performed his debut flight in May 1902. While occasionally credited with the first powered flight in aviation history, there is no supporting evidence for his account.[50]While Gilmore was probably working on aeronautical experiments since the late 1890s and reportedly had correspondence withSamuel Pierpont Langley,there exists no photo of his creations earlier than 1908.[51]
- 1902 – TheWright brothersofOhio,United States create the 1902 version of theWright Glider.It was the third free-flight glider built by them and tested atKitty Hawk, North Carolina.This was the first of the brothers' gliders to incorporateyaw control,and its design led directly to the1903Wright Flyer.The brothers designed the 1902 glider during the winter of 1901–1902 at their home inDayton, Ohio.They designed the wing based on data from extensive airfoil tests conducted on a homemadewind tunnel.They built many of the components of the glider in Dayton, but they completed assembly at their Kitty Hawk camp in September 1902. They began testing on September 19. Over the next five weeks, they made between 700 and 1000 glide flights (as estimated by the brothers, who did not keep detailed records of these tests). The longest of these was 622.5 ft (189.7 m) in 26 seconds. "In its final form, the 1902 Wright glider was the world's first fully controllable aircraft."[52][53]
- 1903 –Ford Motor Companyproduces its first car – theFord Model A.
- 1903 –Richard Pearseof New Zealand supposedly successfully flew and landed a powered heavier-than-air machine on March 31, 1903[54]Verifiable eyewitnesses describe Pearse crashing into a hedge on two separate occasions during 1903. His monoplane must have risen to a height of at least three metres on each occasion. Good evidence exists that on March 31, 1903, Pearse achieved a powered, though poorly controlled, flight of several hundred metres. Pearse himself said that he had made a powered takeoff, "but at too low a speed for [his] controls to work". However, he remained airborne until he crashed into the hedge at the end of the field.[55][56]
- 1903 –Karl JathoofGermanyperforms a series of flights at Vahrenwalder Heide, nearHanover,between August and November, 1903. Using first a pushertriplane,then abiplane."His longest flight, however, was only 60 meters at 3–4 meters altitude." He then quit his efforts, noting his motor was too weak to make longer or higher flights.[57]The plane was equipped with a single-cylinder 10 hp (7.5 kW) Buchet engine driving a two-bladed pusher propeller and made hops of up to 200 ft (61 m), flying up to 10 ft (3.0 m) high. In comparison, Orville Wright's first controlled flight four months later was of 36 m (118 ft) in 12 seconds although Wilbur flew 59 seconds and 852 ft (260 m) later that same day. Either way Jatho managed to fly a powered heavier-than-air machine earlier than his American counterparts.[58]
- 1903 –Mary Andersoninventedwindshield wipers.In November 1903 Anderson was granted her firstpatent[59]for an automatic car window cleaning device controlled inside the car, called the windshield wiper.[60]Her device consisted of a lever and a swinging arm with a rubber blade. The lever could be operated from inside a vehicle to cause the spring-loaded arm to move back and forth across the windshield. Similar devices had been made earlier, but Anderson's was the first to be effective.[61]
- 1903 – TheWright brothersfly atKitty Hawk, North Carolina.Their airplane, theWright Flyer,performed the first recorded controlled, powered, sustained heavier than air flight on December 17, 1903. In the day's fourth flight, Wilbur Wright flew 279 meters (915 feet) in 59 seconds. First three flights were approximately 120, 175, and 200 ft (61 m), respectively. The Wrights laid particular stress on fully and accurately describing all the requirements for controlled, powered flight and put them into use in an aircraft which took off from a level launching rail, with the aid of a headwind to achieve sufficient airspeed before reaching the end of the rail.[62]It is one of the various candidates regarded as the first flying machine.
- 1904 –SS Haimunsends its first news story on March 15, 1904.[63]It was a Chinesesteamer shipcommanded bywar correspondentLionel Jamesin 1904 during theRusso-Japanese WarforThe Times.It is the first known instance of a "press boat" dedicated to war correspondence during naval battles. The recent advent ofwireless telegraphymeant that reporters were no longer limited to submitting their stories from land-based offices, and The Times spent 74 days outfitting and equipping the ship,[64]installing aDe Forest transmitteraboard the ship.[65]
- 1904–1914 – ThePanama Canalconstructed by the United States in the territory ofPanama,which hadjust gained independencefromColombia.The Canal is a 77 km (48 mi)ship canalthat joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and a key conduit for international maritime trade. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the canal had an enormous impact on shipping between the two oceans, replacing the long and treacherous route via theDrake PassageandCape Hornat the southernmost tip of South America. A ship sailing from New York toSan Franciscovia the canal travels 9,500 km (5,900 mi), well under half the 22,500 km (14,000 mi) route around Cape Horn.[66]The project starts on May 4, 1904, known as Acquisition Day. The United States government purchased all Canal properties on theIsthmus of Panamafrom the New Panama Canal Company, except thePanama Railroad.[67]The project begun under the administration ofTheodore Roosevelt,continued in that ofWilliam Howard Taftand completed in that ofWoodrow Wilson.[68][69]The Chief engineers wereJohn Frank StevensandGeorge Washington Goethals[70][71]
- 1904 – TheWelte-Mignonreproducing pianois created by Edwin Welte and Karl Bockisch. Both employed by the "Michael Welte und Söhne" firm ofFreiburg im Breisgau,Germany."It automatically replayed the tempo, phrasing, dynamics and pedalling of a particular performance, and not just the notes of the music, as was the case with other player pianos of the time." In September, 1904, the Mignon was demonstrated in theLeipzig Trade Fair.In March, 1905 it became better known when showcased "at theshowroomsof Hugo Popper, a manufacturer of roll-operatedorchestrions".By 1906, the Mignon was also exported to the United States, installed to pianos by the firmsFeurichandSteinway & Sons.[72]
- 1904 –Benjamin Holtof theHolt Manufacturing Companyinvents one of the first practicalcontinuous tracksfor use intractors.While the date of invention was reportedly November 24, 1904, Holt would not receive a patent until December, 1907.[73]
- 1905 –John Joseph MontgomeryofCalifornia,United States designs tandem-winggliders.His pilotDaniel Maloneyperforms a number of public exhibitions of high altitude flights in March and April 1905 in theSanta Clara, California,area. These flights received national media attention and demonstrated superior control of the design, with launches as high as 4,000 feet (1,200 m) and landings made at predetermined locations. The gliders were launched from balloons.[74][75]
- 1905 – The Wright Brothers introduce theirWright Flyer III.On October 5, 1905, Wilbur flew 24 miles (39 km) in 39 minutes 23 seconds,[76]longer than the total duration of all the flights of1903and1904.Ending with a safe landing when the fuel ran out. The flight was seen by a number of people, including several invited friends, their father Milton, and neighboring farmers.[77]Four days later, they wrote to theUnited States Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft,offering to sell the world's first practical fixed-wing aircraft.
- 1906 – TheGabel Automatic Entertainer,an earlyjukebox-like machine, is invented by John Gabel. It is the first such device to play a series of gramophone records. "The Automatic Entertainer with 24 selections, was produced and patented by the John Gabel owned company in Chicago. The first model (constructed in 1905) was produced in 1906 with an exposed 40 inch horn (102 cm) on top, and it is today often considered the real father of the modern multi-selection disc-playing phonographs. John Gabel and his company did in fact receive a special prize at thePan-Pacific Expositionfor the Automatic Entertainer. "[78][79]
- 1906 – TheVictor Talking Machine Companyreleases theVictrola,the most populargramophonemodel until the late 1920s.[80]The Victrola is also the firstplaybackmachine containing an internal horn.[81]Victor also erects the world's largest illuminated billboard at the time, onBroadwayin New York City, to advertise the company's records.[82]
- 1906 –Traian VuiaofRomaniatakes off with his "Traian Vuia 1", an earlymonoplane.His flight was performed inMontessonnear Paris and was about 12 meters long.[83]
- 1906 –Jacob Ellehammerof Denmark constructs theEllehammer semi-biplane.In this machine, he made a tethered flight on September 12, 1906, becoming the second European to make a powered flight.[84][85][86]
- 1906 –Alberto Santos-Dumontand hisSantos-Dumont 14-bismake the first public flight of anairplaneon October 23, 1906, in Paris. The flying machine was the first fixed-wing aircraft officially witnessed to take off, fly, and land. Santos Dumont is considered the "Father of Aviation" in his country of birth,Brazil.[87]His flight is the first to have been certified by theAéro-Club de Franceand theFédération Aéronautique Internationale(FAI).[88][89]On November 12, 1906, Santos Dumont succeeded in setting the first world record recognized by the Aero-Club De France by flying 220 metres in less than 22 seconds.[90]
- 1906 – Soundradio broadcastingwas invented byReginald FessendenandLee De Forest.Fessenden andErnst Alexandersondeveloped a high-frequencyalternator-transmitters, an improvement on an already existing device. The improved model operated at a transmitting frequency of approximately 50 kHz, although with far less power than Fessenden's rotary-spark transmitters. The alternator-transmitter achieved the goal of transmitting quality audio signals, but the lack of any way to amplify the signals meant they were somewhat weak. On December 21, 1906, Fessenden made an extensive demonstration of the new alternator-transmitter at Brant Rock, showing its utility for point-to-point wireless telephony, including interconnecting his stations to the wire telephone network. A detailed review of this demonstration appeared inThe American Telephone Journal.[91]Meanwhile, De Forest had developed theAudion tubean electronicamplifierdevice. He received a patent in January, 1907.[92]"DeForest's audion vacuum tube was the key component of all radio, telephone, radar, television, and computer systems before the invention of the transistor in 1947."[93]
- 1906 –Reginald FessendenofEast Bolton, Quebec,Canada made what appear to be the first audio radio broadcasts of entertainment and music ever made to a general audience. (Beginning in 1904, theUnited States Navyhad broadcast daily time signals and weather reports, but these employedspark-gap transmitters,transmitting inMorse code). On the evening of December 24, 1906 (Christmas Eve), Fessenden used the alternator-transmitter to send out a short program fromBrant Rock,Plymouth County,Massachusetts.It included a phonograph record ofOmbra mai fù(Largo) byGeorge Frideric Handel,followed by Fessenden himself playing the songO Holy Nighton theviolin.Finishing with reading a passage from theBible:'Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace to men of good will' (Gospel of Luke2:14). On December 31,New Year's Eve,a second short program was broadcast. The main audience for both these transmissions was an unknown number of shipboard radio operators along theEast Coast of the United States.Fessenden claimed that the Christmas Eve broadcast had been heard "as far down" asNorfolk, Virginia,while the New Year Eve's broadcast had reached places in the Caribbean. Although now seen as a landmark, these two broadcasts were barely noticed at the time and soon forgotten— the only first-hand account appears to be a letter Fessenden wrote on January 29, 1932, to his former associate, Samuel M. Kinter.[94][95]
- 1907 – TheAutochrome Lumièrewhich was patented in 1903 becomes the first commercial color photography process.
- 1907 –Thomas Edisoninvented the "Universal Electric Motor" which made it possible to operatedictation machines,etc. on all lighting circuits.[96]
- 1907 – ThePhotostat machinebegins the modern era of document imaging. The Photostat machine was invented inKansas City,Kansas,United States by Oscar Gregory in 1907, and the Photostat Corporation was incorporated inRhode Islandin 1911. "Rectigraph and Photostat machines (Plates 40–42) combined a large camera and a developing machine and used sensitized paper furnished in 350-foot rolls." The prints are made direct on sensitized paper, no negative, plate or film intervening. The usual exposure is ten seconds. After the exposure has been made the paper is cut off and carried underneath the exposure chamber to the developing bath, where it remains for 35 seconds, and is then drawn into a fi xing bath. While one print is being developed or fixed, another exposure can be made. When the copies are removed from the fi xing bath, they are allowed to dry by exposure to the air, or may be run through a drying machine. The first print taken from the original is a 'black' print; the whites in the original are black and the blacks, white. (Plate 43) A white 'positive' print of the original is made by rephotographing the black print. As many positives as required may be made by continuing to photograph the black print. "(The American Digest of Business Machines, 1924.) Du Pont Co. files include black prints of graphs dating from 1909, and the company acquired a Photostat machine in 1912.... A 1914 Rectigraph ad stated that the U.S. government had been using Rectigraphs for four years and stated that the machines were being used by insurance companies and abstract and title companies.... In 1911, a Photostat machine was $500."[97][98]
- 1908 –Henry Fordof theFord Motor Companyintroduces theFord Model T.The first production Model T was built on September 27, 1908, at theFord Piquette Avenue PlantinDetroit.It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that "put America on wheels"; some of this was because of Ford's innovations, includingassembly lineproduction instead of individual hand crafting, as well as the concept of paying the workers a wage proportionate to the cost of the car, so that they would provide a ready made market.[99]
- 1909 –Leo BaekelandofSint-Martens-Latem,Belgium officially announces his creation ofBakelite.The announcement was made at the February 1909 meeting of the New York section of theAmerican Chemical Society.[100]Bakelite is an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and popularplastic.[101][102][103]
Popular culture
[edit]Literature
[edit]The best selling books of the decade wereAnne of Green Gables(1908) andThe Tale of Peter Rabbit(1902), which sold 50 million[104]and 45 million[105]copies respectively.Serbian writersused theBelgradeliterary style, anEkavianwriting form which set basis for the later standardization of the Serbian language.Theodor Herzl,the founder of politicalZionism,publishedThe Old New Landin 1902, outlining Herzl's vision for a Jewish state in theLand of Israel.
Below are the best-selling books in the United States of each year, as determined byPublishers Weekly.[106]
- 1900:To Have and to HoldbyMary Johnston
- 1901:The CrisisbyWinston Churchill
- 1902:The VirginianbyOwen Wister
- 1903:Lady Rose's DaughterbyMary Augusta Ward
- 1904:The CrossingbyWinston Churchill
- 1905:The Marriage of William AshebyMary Augusta Ward
- 1906:ConistonbyWinston Churchill
- 1907:The Lady of the DecorationbyFrances Little
- 1908:Mr. Crewe's CareerbyWinston Churchill
- 1909:The Inner Shrineby Anonymous (Basil King)
Art
[edit]- Pablo PicassopaintsLes Demoiselles d'Avignon,considered by some to be the birth of modern art.
- Art Nouveauart movement peaked in popularity at the turn of the 20th century (1890–1905).
- Cubismart movement peaked in popularity in France between 1907 and 1911.
- Fauvismart movement peaked in popularity between 1905 and 1907.
Film
[edit]This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(January 2010) |
- April 2, 1902 –Electric Theatre,the firstmovie theaterin the United States, opens inLos Angeles.
- The first huge success of American cinema, as well as the largest experimental achievement to this point, was the 1903 filmThe Great Train Robbery,directed byEdwin S. Porter.
- The world's first feature film,The Story of the Kelly Gangis released on December 26, 1906, inMelbourne,Australia.
Music
[edit]Popular songs of the 1900s include "Lift Every Voice and Sing"and"What Are They Doing in Heaven?",which have been featured in 42[107]and 16[108][109]hymnalsrespectively.
- January 23, 1900- ThePittsburgh Symphony Orchestramakes itsCarnegie Halldebut withVictor Herbertconducting.
- February 3, 1900–Adonais,overture byGeorge Whitefield Chadwickis premiered by theBoston Symphony Orchestra.
- December 15, 1900– The second and third movements ofConcerto No.2 in C Minor for PianobySergej Rachmaninovreceive their world premiere in Moscow, with Rachmaninov playing the solo part.
- March 29th,1901-Jean de Reszke's final performance of the season with theMetropolitan Operaturns into his farewell performance with that company as he sings the title role inWagner'sLohengrin.
- October 27, 1901–Claude Debussy'sTrois Nocturnesis given in its first complete performance asCamille Chevillardconducts theLamoureux Orchestrain Paris.
- November 9,1901- First complete performance ofSergei Rachmaninoff'sPiano Concerto no. 2inC MinorinMoscowwith Rachmaninoff playing the solo part.
- December 16th,1902-Scott Joplin'ssignaturerag,"The Entertainer",is released.
- October 18, 1904–Gustav Mahler'sSymphony No. 5is premiered by theGürzenich Orchestra Colognewith Mahler conducting.
- 1905-Claude Debussyreleases his masterpiece andsignature song,"Clair de Lune".
- January 27,1907– Executives of theMetropolitan OperaremovesRichard Strauss'sSalomefrom therepertoirefollowingproteststhat theoperawas indecent.
- January 26, 1908–Sergei Rachmaninoff'sSymphony No. 2receives its première.
- March 15, 1908–Maurice Ravel'sRapsodie espagnolereceives its première in Paris.
- April 11, 1908–Spyridon Samaras's operaRheais premiered inFlorence(Teatro Verdi)
- September 19, 1908– Première ofGustav Mahler'sSymphony No. 7in Prague.
- January 25, 1909–Richard Strauss's operaElektrareceives its debut performance at theDresden State Opera
- February 19,1909– First productionBedřich Smetana's operaProdaná nevěsta(The Bartered Bride) in the USA vMetropolitan Opera,conducted byGustav MahlerwithEma Destinováin the titul role.
- February 22, 1909–Thomas Beechamconducts the first concert with his newly established Beecham Symphony Orchestra in the UK.
- November 8, 1909–Boston Opera Housein the United States opens with a performance ofLa GiocondastarringLillian NordicaandLouise Homer.
- November 28, 1909–Sergei Rachmaninoff'sPiano Concerto No. 3is premièred in New York City.
- December 18, 1909–George Enescu'sOctet for Stringsand Piano Quartet No. 1 in D Major are premiered together on a program also featuring hisSept chansons de Clement Marot,Op. 15, at the Salle des agriculteurs in Paris, as part of the "Soirées d'Art" concert series.
Fashion
[edit]This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(January 2010) |
Historic events
[edit]Agustín LizárragadiscoversMachu Picchuon July 14, 1902.
This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(August 2023) |
Sports
[edit]This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(July 2018) |
TheTour de Francestarts for the first time in 1903.[110]
Food
[edit]- U.S.New Haven, ConnecticutLouis Lassen ofLouis' Lunchmakes the first modern-dayhamburgersandwich.According to family legend, one day in 1900 a local businessman dashed into the small New Haven lunch wagon and pleaded for a lunch to go. According to the Lassen family, the customer, Gary Widmore, exclaimed "Louie! I'm in a rush, slap a meatpuck between two planks and step on it!".[111][112]Louis Lassen, the establishment's owner, placed his own blend of ground steak trimmings between two slices of toast and sent the gentleman on his way, so the story goes, with America's alleged first hamburger being served.[113]
People
[edit]Modern artists
[edit]- Umberto Boccioni
- Pierre Bonnard
- Georges Braque
- Paul Cézanne
- Marc Chagall
- Edgar Degas
- André Derain
- Raoul Dufy
- Paul Gauguin
- Juan Gris
- Wassily Kandinsky
- Gustav Klimt
- Fernand Léger
- Kazimir Malevich
- Henri Matisse
- Amedeo Modigliani
- Claude Monet
- Pablo Picasso
- Pierre-Auguste Renoir
- Auguste Rodin
- Georges Rouault
- Henri Rousseau
- Albert Pinkham Ryder
- Egon Schiele
- Gino Severini
- Paul Signac
- Henri Toulouse-Lautrec
- Suzanne Valadon
- Maurice de Vlaminck
- Gustave Caillebotte
- Édouard Manet
- Camille Pissarro
- Georges Seurat
- Alfred Sisley
Other notable people
[edit]- Agustín Lizárraga
- Eugen d'Albert
- Hugo Alfvén
- Egbert Van Alstyne
- Broncho Billy Anderson
- Fatty Arbuckle
- Louis Daniel Armstrong
- Kurt Atterberg
- Béla Bartók
- Nora Bayes
- Jagdish Chandra Bose
- Irving Berlin
- Francis Boggs
- Frank Bridge
- Alfred Bryan
- Vincent P. Bryan
- Ferruccio Busoni
- Enrico Caruso
- Gustave Charpentier
- Thurland Chattaway
- Francesco Cilea
- Will D. Cobb
- Bob Cole
- Frederick Converse
- Henry Creamer
- Henry Walford Davies
- Peter Dawson
- Claude Debussy
- Frederick Delius
- Paul Dresser
- Antonín Dvořák
- Gus Edwards
- Edward Elgar
- August Enna
- Manuel de Falla
- Geraldine Farrar
- Fred Fisher
- Paul Le Flem
- Sigmund Freud
- Rudolf Friml
- Julius Fučík
- Amelita Galli-Curci
- Mary Garden
- Edward German
- Alexander Glazunov
- Emilio de Gogorza
- Percy Grainger
- Enrique Granados
- D. W. Griffith
- Guy d'Hardelot
- Hamilton Harty
- The Haydn Quartet
- Anna Held
- Victor Herbert
- Max Hoffmann
- Gustav Holst
- Abe Holzmann
- David Horsley
- Harry Houdini
- Mississippi John Hurt
- Jenö Huszka
- Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov
- Carrie Jacobs-Bond
- Alfred Jarry
- William Jerome
- J. Rosamond Johnson
- James Weldon Johnson
- Scott Joplin
- Gus Kahn
- Jerome Kern
- Rudyard Kipling
- Carl Laemmle
- Harry Lauder
- Lead Belly
- Franz Lehár
- Ruggiero Leoncavallo
- Paul Lincke
- Gustav Mahler
- Arthur Marshall
- Jules Massenet
- Nikolai Karlovich Medtner
- Nellie Melba
- Georges Méliès
- Kerry Mills
- Billy Murray
- Evelyn Nesbit
- Ethelbert Woodbridge Nevin
- Carl Nielsen
- Jack Norworth
- Vítězslav Novák
- Maude Nugent
- Sidney Olcott
- Charles Pathé
- Edwin S. Porter
- Giacomo Puccini
- Sergei Rachmaninoff
- Maurice Ravel
- Ottorino Respighi
- Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
- Landon Ronald
- Paul Sarebresole
- Erik Satie
- Arnold Schoenberg
- Jean Schwartz
- James Scott
- Alexander Scriabin
- William Selig
- Chris Smith
- Harry B. Smith
- Ethel Smyth
- John Philip Sousa
- George Kirke Spoor
- Charles Villiers Stanford
- Andrew B. Sterling
- Oscar Strauss
- Harry Von Tilzer
- Tom Turpin
- Edgard Varèse
- Vesta Victoria
- Anton Webern
- Percy Wenrich
- Bert Williams
- Harry Williams
- Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari
- Amy Woodforde-Finden
- Israel Zangwill
- Ferdinand von Zeppelin
- Charles A. Zimmerman
Sports figures
[edit]
Baseball[edit] |
Bo xing[edit]
|
Cricket[edit] |
Last survivors
[edit]There are currently five remaining verified living people born in the 1900s decade, all of whom are women. This includesTomiko Itookaof Japan, the oldest living person, born 23 May 1908.[114]The last surviving man born during this decade wasJuan Vicente Pérezof Venezuela (27 May 1909 – 2 April 2024).[115]
See also
[edit]- List of decades
- Edwardian Era
- Progressive Era
- 1900s in literature
- Victorians,the lastpeopleto mature in the19th centuryin the year1900.
- Lost Generation,the generation whose older members became adults in the 1900s.
Timeline
[edit]The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:
1900•1901•1902•1903•1904•1905•1906•1907•1908•1909
Further reading
[edit]- Hale, Williams Bayard(January 1911)."A Dramatic Decade of History: What The First Ten Years Of The Twentieth Century Witnessed Of International Stir – A Time Prolific In Wars, Revolutions And Revolts, National Tragedy And Intrigue".The World's Work: A History of Our Time.XXI:13855–13868.RetrievedJuly 10,2009.
- Hutchinson, Woods (January 1911)."The Conquest Of The Great Diseases: The National Death-Rate Reduced 10 PerCent, The Discovery Of The Hook-Worm And The" Typhoid Fly ", Meningitis And Syphilis Both Conquered During The Decade, The Passing Of Yellow Fever".The World's Work: A History of Our Time.XXI:13881–13883.RetrievedJuly 10,2009.
- Keys, C.M. (January 1911)."Ten Years Of Industrial America: Manufacturing Industry Far Outpacing Agriculture".The World's Work: A History of Our Time.XXI:13884–13897.RetrievedJuly 10,2009.
- Page, Walter Hines(January 1911)."The Astronomical Romance Of A Decade: The Story of Ten Years' Advance In Knowledge Of The Heavens".The World's Work: A History of Our Time.XXI:13877–13880.RetrievedJuly 10,2009.
- Mahan, Alfred T.(January 1911)."The Battleship Of All-Big-Guns: How The Coming Of The" Dreadnought "Made The World's Navies Partly Obsolete, Germany's Growing Commerce Is Responsible For Changes In Many Navies, The Rise of Three Great Navies In Ten Years".The World's Work: A History of Our Time.XXI:13898–13902.RetrievedJuly 10,2009.
- Sloss, Robert (January 1911)."The Children Of The Gas-Engine: The Revolution In Speed And In Convenience In Transportation – Automobiles, Motor-Cycles, Motor-Boats, Aeroplanes And Other Queer Craft That Ten Years Have Brought".The World's Work: A History of Our Time.XXI:13869–13877.RetrievedJuly 10,2009.
References
[edit]- ^Ascherson, Neal(1999).The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo(New ed.). London: Granta. p. 9.ISBN1-86207-290-6.
- ^"Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague: Current Affairs".Finlande.nl. Archived fromthe originalon April 23, 2014.RetrievedOctober 31,2012.
- ^"BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909".Bbc.co.uk.RetrievedNovember 7,2012.
- ^Data fromPopulation Reference BureauArchived2008-05-20 at theWayback Machine. 2016 estimate: (a)"2016 World Population Data Sheet"ArchivedAugust 28, 2017, at theWayback Machine 2015 estimate: (b) Toshiko Kaneda, 2015,"2015 World Population Data Sheet"ArchivedFebruary 19, 2018, at theWayback Machine. 2014 estimate: (c) Carl Haub, 2014,"2014 World Population Data Sheet"ArchivedFebruary 18, 2018, at theWayback Machine. 2013 estimate: (d) Carl Haub, 2013,"2013 World Population Data Sheet"ArchivedFebruary 26, 2015, at theWayback Machine. 2012 estimate: (e) Carl Haub, 2012,"2012 World Population Data Sheet"ArchivedMay 21, 2014, at theWayback Machine. 2011 estimate: (f) Carl Haub, 2011,"2011 World Population Data Sheet"ArchivedNovember 18, 2017, at theWayback Machine. 2010 estimate: (g) Carl Haub, 2010,"2010 World Population Data Sheet"ArchivedJanuary 9, 2018, at theWayback Machine. 2009 estimate: (h) Carl Haub, 2009,"2009 World Population Data Sheet"ArchivedApril 22, 2010, at theWayback Machine. 2008 estimate: (i) Carl Haub, 2008,"2008 World Population Data Sheet"ArchivedDecember 19, 2017, at theWayback Machine. 2007 estimate: (j) Carl Haub, 2007,"2007 World Population Data Sheet"Archived2011-02-24 at theWayback Machine. 2006 estimate: (k) Carl Haub, 2006,"2006 World Population Data Sheet"Archived2010-12-22 at theWayback Machine. 2005 estimate: (l) Carl Haub, 2005,"2005 World Population Data Sheet"Archived2011-04-14 at theWayback Machine. 2004 estimate: (m) Carl Haub, 2004,"2004 World Population Data Sheet"ArchivedMarch 29, 2017, at theWayback Machine. 2003 estimate: (n) Carl Haub, 2003,"2003 World Population Data Sheet"Archived2019-08-19 at theWayback Machine. 2002 estimate: (o) Carl Haub, 2002,"2002 World Population Data Sheet"Archived2017-12-09 at theWayback Machine. 2001 estimate: (p) Carl Haub, 2001,"2001 World Population Data Sheet". 2000 estimate: (q) 2000,"9 Billion World Population by 2050"Archived2018-02-01 at theWayback Machine. 1997 estimate: (r) 1997,"Studying Populations". Estimates for 1995 and prior: (s) Carl Haub, 1995,"How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?"Population Today,Vol. 23 (no. 2), pp. 5–6.
- ^Data fromUnited Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 1950–2100 estimates (only medium variants shown): (a)World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision.Archived2011-05-11 at theWayback Machine Estimates prior to 1950: (b)"The World at Six Billion", 1999. Estimates from 1950 to 2100: (c)"Population of the entire world, yearly, 1950 - 2100", 2013.ArchivedNovember 19, 2016, at theWayback Machine 2014: (d)"2014 World Urbanization Prospects", 2014. 2015: (e)"2015 World Urbanization Prospects", 2015.ArchivedMarch 20, 2014, at theWayback Machine
- ^Angus Maddison, 2003,The World Economy: Historical Statistics,Vol. 2, OECD, ParisArchivedMay 13, 2008, at theWayback MachineISBN92-64-10412-7. "Statistical Appendix"ArchivedJanuary 30, 2021, at theWayback Machine(2008, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes. Figures for 1820 onwards are annual, wherever possible. For earlier years, benchmark figures are shown for 1 AD, 1000 AD, 1500, 1600 and 1700." "OECD countries GDP revised and updated 1991-2003 from National Accounts for OECD Countries, vol. I, 2006. Norway 1820-1990 GDP from Ola Grytten (2004)," The Gross Domestic Product for Norway, 1830-2003 "in Eitrheim, Klovland and Qvigstad (eds), Historical Monetary Statistics for Norway, 1819-2003, Norges Bank, Oslo. Latin American GDP 2000-2003 revised and updated from ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook 2004 and preliminary version of the 2005 Yearbook supplied by Andre Hofman. For Chile, GDP 1820-2003 from Rolf Lűders (1998)," The Comparative Economic Performance of Chile 1810-1995 ", Estudios de Economia, vol. 25, no. 2, with revised population estimates from Diaz, J., R. Lűders, and G. Wagner (2005) Chili 1810-2000: la Republica en Cifras, mimeo, Instituto de Economia, Universidad Católica de Chile. For Peru, GDP 1896-1990 and population 1896-1949 from Bruno Seminario and Arlette Beltran, Crecimiento Economico en el Peru 1896-1995, Universidad del Pacifico, 1998." "For Asia there are amendments to the GDP estimates for South and North Korea, 1911-74, to correct an error in Maddison (2003). Estimates for the Philippines, 1902-1940 were amended in line with Richard Hooley (2005), 'American Economic Policy in the Philippines, 1902-1940', Journal of Asian Economics, 16. 1820 estimates were amended for Hong Kong, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand." "Asian countries GDP revised and updated 1998-2003 from AsianOutlook, April 2005. Population estimates for all countries except China and Indonesia revised and updated 1950-2008 and 2030 from International Data Base, International Programs Center, Population Division, US Bureau of the Census, April 2005 version. China's population 1990-2003 from China Statistical Yearbook 2005, China Statistics Press, Beijing. Indonesian population 1950-2003 kindly supplied by Pierre van der Eng. The figures now include three countries previously omitted: Cook Islands, Nauru and Tuvalu."
- ^Klein Goldewijk, K., A. Beusen, M. de Vos and G. van Drecht (2011). The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human induced land use change over the past 12,000 years, Global Ecology and Biogeography20(1): 73-86.doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x(pbl.nlArchivedApril 23, 2021, at theWayback Machine). HYDE (History Database of the Global Environment), 2010. HYDE 3.1 gives estimates for 5000 BC, 1000 BC and "AD 0". HYDE estimates are higher than those byColin McEvedy(1978) but lower than those by Massimo Livi Bacci (1989, 2012). (graphs (itbulk.org)).
- ^Slightly updated data from original paper in French: (a) Jean-Noël Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13. Original paper in French: (b) Jean-Noël Biraben, 1979, "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes", Population, Vol. 34 (no. 1), pp. 13–25.
- ^Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones, 1978,Atlas of World Population History,Facts on File, New York,ISBN0-7139-1031-3.
- ^Ralph Thomlinson,1975,Demographic Problems: Controversy over population control,2nd Ed., Dickenson Publishing Company, Ecino, CA,ISBN0-8221-0166-1.
- ^John D. Durand, 1974, "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation", University of Pennsylvania, Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10.
- ^Colin Clark, 1967,Population Growth and Land Use,St. Martin's Press, New York,ISBN0-333-01126-0.
- ^DatafromHistory Database of the Global Environment.ArchivedFebruary 27, 2018, at theWayback MachineK. Klein Goldewijk, A. Beusen and P. Janssen, "HYDE 3.1: Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way", from table on pg. 2, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
- ^Pasechnik, I. P. (1986). "Refinement of the moment of explosion of the Tunguska meteorite from the seismic data".Cosmic Matter and the Earth(in Russian). Novosibirsk: Nauka. p. 66.
- ^Farinella, Paolo; Foschini, L.; Froeschlé, Christiane; Gonczi, R.; Jopek, T. J.; Longo, G.; Michel, Patrick (2001)."Probable asteroidal origin of the Tunguska Cosmic Body"(PDF).Astronomy & Astrophysics.377(3): 1081–1097.Bibcode:2001A&A...377.1081F.doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011054.RetrievedAugust 23,2011.
- ^Trayner, Chris (1994). "Perplexities of the Tunguska Meteorite".The Observatory.114:227–231.Bibcode:1994Obs...114..227T.
- ^Duggan, Christopher (2007).The Force of Destiny. A History of Italy Since 1796.Allen Lane. p. 349.ISBN9780713997095.
- ^"Kaiser Hit by a Missile Thrown into His Carriage",Chicago Daily Tribune,March 7, 1901, p. 1.
- ^"Kaiser Suffers from His Wound— Injuries Received by German Emperor More Serious than First Reported— Details of the Assault",Chicago Daily Tribune,March 8, 1901, p. 2.
- ^"1909 Postcard sent from Northern Pacific Train Conductor back home".Archived fromthe originalon September 27, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 23,2013.
- ^"How did science and technology change in the 1900s?".eNotes.
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- ^http://library.thinkquest.rg/J0111064/00invetnions.html[permanent dead link]
- ^Abhay Burande."History of Radio – Who Invented the Radio?".Buzzle.Archived from the original on March 1, 2009.RetrievedOctober 20,2009.
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- ^The life of John Gabel (1872–1955) and the history of his company is described in detail in an article well written by Rick Crandall. The article entitled "Diary Disclosures of John Gabel: A Pioneer in Automatic Music", based on an unpublished diary, was published in the autumn, 1984, newsletter of The Musical Box Society International (Vol. XXX, No. 2), and contains a lot of interesting historic information. Another story about John Gabel and his Automatic Entertainer appeared in the newsletter "Antique Phonograph Monthly" (Vol. VII, No. 8) published by Allen Koenigsberg in the summer, 1984.
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Notes
[edit]- ^"I suggest that it is impossible to separate deaths caused by massacre and starvation from those due to the pandemic of sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) which decimated central Africa at the time." -Neal Ascherson(1999)[1]
External links
[edit]- Prices and Wages by Decade: 1900s—Research guide from the University of Missouri Library shows average wages for various occupations and prices for common items from 1900 to 1909.