Jump to content

Boeing 747-8

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from747-8)

Boeing 747-8
ALufthansa747-8I painted in 1970s heritage livery seen atFrankfurt International Airportin 2018.
General information
TypeWide-bodyjet airliner
National originUnited States
ManufacturerBoeing Commercial Airplanes
StatusIn service
Primary usersUPS Airlines
Number built155
History
Manufactured2008–2023
Introduction date747-8F: October 12, 2011, withCargolux
747-8I: June 1, 2012, withLufthansa
First flight747-8F: February 8, 2010
747-8I: March 20, 2011
Developed fromBoeing 747-400
VariantsBoeing VC-25B
Survivable Airborne Operations Center(SAOC)

TheBoeing 747-8is the final series of the large, long-rangewide-body airlinersin theBoeing 747family fromBoeing Commercial Airplanes.The 747-8 is the largest variant of the 747 andBoeing's largest aircraft. After introducing the747-400,Boeing considered larger 747 versions as alternatives to the proposed double-deck Airbus A3XX, later developed as theAirbus A380. The stretched747 Advancedwas launched as the 747-8 on November 14, 2005, for a market forecast of 300 aircraft using engines and other technology from theBoeing 787 Dreamliner. The first 747-8F Freighter performed itsmaiden flighton February 8, 2010, and the passenger 747-8I Intercontinental followed suit on March 20, 2011. The cargo version was first delivered in October 2011 and the airliner began commercial service in June 2012.

Itsfuselageis stretched by 18 feet (5.5 m) to 250 feet (76 m), making it the longest airliner until the777X,which first flew in 2020. While keeping its basic structure and sweep, the wing is thicker and deeper, holding more fuel, and wider withraked wingtips.Powered more efficiently than preceding 747s by a smaller version of theGeneral Electric GEnxturbofan from the787 Dreamliner,itsmaximum take-off weight(MTOW) grew to 975,000 pounds (442 t), the heaviest Boeing airliner. The Freighter version has a shorter upper deck and can haul 308,000 pounds (140 t) over 4,120nautical miles[nmi] (7,630 km; 4,740 mi). The Intercontinental version can carry 467 passengers in a typical three-class configuration over 7,790 nautical miles (14,430 km; 8,960 mi). A total of 155 aircraft were built including 107 freighters and 48 passenger airliners. The final aircraft, a 747-8F, was delivered toAtlas Airon January 31, 2023.

Development

[edit]

Background

[edit]
Main article:Boeing 747
Boeing 747-400and 747-500X concept. The 747-500X fuselage would have been stretched by 18 ft (5.5 m) to 250 ft (76.2 m) long. The 747X and 747X Stretch derivatives were also proposed.

Boeinghad considered larger-capacity versions of the 747 several times during the 1990s (such as theBoeing New Large Airplane) and 2000s. The 747-500X and -600X, announced at the 1996Farnborough Airshow,would have stretched the 747,[1]but they did not attract enough interest to enter development. At the same air show, a hypothetical wider-bodied 747-700X was described by a Boeing spokesperson as being possible, but inconsistent with the future requirements identified by the company.[1]

In 2000, Boeing offered the 747X and 747X Stretch derivatives as alternatives to theAirbus A3XX.This was a more modest proposal than the previous −500X and −600X. The 747X would increase the 747'swingspanto 229 ft (69.8 m) by adding a segment at the root.[2]The 747X was to carry 430 passengers up to 8,700 nmi (16,100 km; 10,000 mi). The 747X Stretch would be extended to 263 ft (80.2 m) long, allowing it to carry 500 passengers up to 7,800 nmi (14,400 km; 9,000 mi).[2]However, the 747X family was unable to attract enough interest to enter production. Some of the ideas developed for the 747X were used on the747-400ER.[3]

After the 747X program, Boeing continued to study improvements to the 747. The 747-400XQLR (Quiet Long Range) was meant to have an increased range of 8,056 nmi (14,920 km; 9,271 mi), with betterfuel efficiencyand reducednoise.Changes studied includedraked wingtipssimilar to those used on the 767-400ER and a 'sawtooth' engine nacelle for noise reduction.[4][5]Although the 747-400XQLR did not move to production, many of its features were used for the proposed747 Advanced.

In early 2004, Boeing announced tentative plans for the 747 Advanced that were eventually adopted. Similar in nature to the 747X, the stretched 747 Advanced used technology from theBoeing 787 Dreamlinerto modernize the design and its systems.[6]In 2005, Boeing forecast a market for 300 aircraft, split evenly between freighters and passenger variants.[7]

Design effort

[edit]
Boeing'sEverett FacilityatPaine Field,originally built for the 747 program, is the site of 747-8 assembly.

On November 14, 2005, Boeing announced the launching of the 747 Advanced as the "Boeing 747-8".[8]The 747-8 was the first lengthened 747 to go into production and the second 747 version with a fuselage of modified length after the shortened747SP.The 747-8 was intended to use the same engine andcockpittechnology as that of the 787, including theGeneral Electric GEnxturbofanandfly-by-wireailerons and spoilers.[9]In 2006, Boeing said that the new design would be quieter, more economical and moreenvironmentally friendlythan previous versions of the 747. As a derivative of the already-common747-400,the 747-8 has the economic benefit of similar training andinterchangeable parts.Boeing firmed the 747-8 Freighter's configuration in October 2006.[10]

The 747-8, as a new development of Boeing's largest airliner, is notably in direct competition on long-haul routes with theAirbus A380,a full-lengthdouble-deck aircraftintroduced in 2007. For airlines seeking very large passenger airliners, the two have been pitched ascompetitorson various occasions. Boeing states that the 747-8 is more than 10 percent lighter per seat and consumes 11 percent less fuel per passenger than the A380, translating into a trip-cost reduction of 21 percent and a seat-mile cost reduction of over 6 percent.[11]

Production of the first 747-8 Freighter began in Everett in early August 2008.[12][13]On November 14, 2008, Boeing announced a delay to the 747-8 program, citing limited availability of engineering resources within Boeing, design changes and the recent strike by factory workers.[14][15][16]In February 2009, only one airline customer (Lufthansa) had ordered the 747-8I passenger model, and Boeing announced that it was reassessing the 747-8 project. Chief executive Jim McNerney stated that continuation of the project was not a foregone conclusion, and that the company was assessing various options.[17][18]

The 747-8 landing gear configuration is the same as on earlier 747 versions.

On July 21, 2009, Boeing released a photograph of the first cargo airplane, its fuselage and main wing assembled.[19]In October 2009, Boeing announced that it had delayed the first flight on the 747-8 until the first quarter of 2010 and delayed 747-8I delivery. The company took a US$1-billion charge against its earnings for this delay.[20][21][22]In response, launch customerCargoluxstated it still intended to take delivery of the thirteen freighters it had ordered;Lufthansaconfirmed its commitment to the passenger version.[23]On November 12, 2009, Boeing announced that Cargolux's first airplane was fully assembled and entering the Everett plant's paint shop. It was to undergo flight testing prior to delivery.[24]

On December 4, 2009,Korean Airbecame the second airline customer for the −8I passenger model, with an order for five airliners.[25][26]On January 8, 2010,Guggenheim Aviation Partners(GAP) announced the reduction of its −8F order from four to two aircraft.[27]In March 2011, Korean Air converted options into a firm order for two additional −8 freighters.[28][29]It received its first -8i in late August 2015.[30]

Flight testing and certification

[edit]
Boeing 747-8 flight deck

The 747-8's first engine runs were completed in December 2009.[31]Boeing announced the new model had successfully completed high-speed taxi tests on February 7, 2010.[32]On February 8, 2010, after a 2.5-hour weather delay, the 747-8 Freighter made its maiden flight, taking off fromPaine Field,Washington at 12:39 PST,[33]and landed at 4:18 pm PST.[34]Boeing estimated that more than 1,600 flight hours would be needed in order to certify the 747-8.[35]The second test flight in late February, a ferry flight toMoses Lake,Washington, tested new navigation equipment.[36]Further flight testing was to take place in Moses Lake, conducting initial airworthiness and flutter tests, before moving toPalmdale, California,for the majority of flight tests so as to not interfere with787flight tests based out ofBoeing Fieldin Seattle.[37]

By March 11, 2010, the 747-8F had flown thirteen flights covering a total of 33 hours.[38]On March 15, 2010, the second 747-8F first flew from Paine Field to Boeing Field, where it was briefly based before moving to Palmdale to continue flight testing with the first −8F.[39]On March 17 the third −8F made its first flight and joined the test program.[40]

During the flight tests, Boeing discovered abuffetproblem with the aircraft, involving turbulence coming off the landing gear doors interfering with the inboard flaps. Boeing undertook an evaluation of the issue, which included devoting the third test aircraft to investigating the problem.[41]The issue was resolved by a design change to the outboard main landing gear doors.[42]In early April 2010, Boeing identified a possible defect in one of the upperlongerons,a main component of the fuselage. According to Boeing, the parts, manufactured by subcontractorVought Aircraft Industries,were, under certain loads, susceptible to cracking. Boeing said that the issue would not affect flight testing, but other sources stated that the problem could impact the operating envelope of the aircraft until it was fully repaired.[43]Two other issues found during testing were oscillation in the inboard aileron and a structural flutter, which had not been resolved as of 2010. Combined, these problems slowed flight testing and used up almost all the margin in Boeing's development schedule.[44]

The prototype Boeing 747-8F during flight testing

On April 19, 2010, the second flight-test aircraft was moved from Moses Lake to Palmdale to conduct tests on the aircraft's engines in preparation for obtaining atype certificationfor the aircraft. The remaining aircraft in the test fleet were scheduled to move to Palmdale during May.[45]It was reported on June 3, 2010, that an engine on the second 747-8F was struck by a tug during a ground move. The engine cowling was damaged, but there was no damage to the engine itself. After repairs, the aircraft moved into fuel-efficiency testing.[46]It was announced on June 14, 2010, that the 747-8 had completed the initial phase of flight-worthiness testing and that theFederal Aviation Administrationhad given Boeing an expanded type-inspection authorization for the aircraft.[47]

By the end of June 2010, the three 747-8Fs that composed the flight-test program had flown a total of over 500 hours and had completed hot-weather testing in Arizona.[48]In June 2010, Boeing determined that a fourth −8F aircraft was needed to help complete flight testing. It was decided to use the second production aircraft, RC503, to conduct the non-instrumented or minimally-instrumented tests, such asHIRFand Water Spray Certifications.[49][50]The aircraft, painted in delivery customerCargolux's new livery, first flew on July 23, 2010.[51]

On August 21, 2010, a 747-8F proved the variant's capability by taking off from the runway at Victorville, California weighing 1,005,000 pounds (455,860 kg). Its designmaximum take-off weight(MTOW) is 975,000 pounds (442,253 kg). The fifth 747-8F joined the flight-test effort with its first flight on February 3, 2011.[52]On September 30, 2010, Boeing announced a further postponement, with the delivery of the first freighter to Cargolux planned for mid-2011.[53][54]

The 747-8 passenger version took to the skies over Everett, Washington, for the first time on March 20, 2011.[55]The second 747-8I flew on April 26, 2011.[56]Three 747-8 Intercontinentals had taken part in flight testing by December 2011.[57]

Cargolux's first 747-8F

The 747-8F received its amendedtype certificatejointly from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) andEuropean Aviation Safety Agency(EASA) on August 19, 2011. Freighter deliveries were to begin on September 19, 2011.[58][59]Then, on September 17, 2011, Cargolux announced that it would not accept the first two 747-8Fs scheduled for delivery on September 19 and 21, 2011, due to "unresolved contractual issues between Boeing and Cargolux" with the aircraft.[60][61]It entered service in October 2011.[62]

On October 25, 2011, a 747-8 flew toGrantley Adams International Airportin Barbados to begin flight testing in thetropical climateof theCaribbean,to determine its effects on the aircraft.[63][64][65]One test −8i was used for an evaluation by Lufthansa in early December, 2011 before first delivery in early 2012.[57]On December 14, 2011, the 747-8I received its type certificate from the FAA.[66]Theaircraft noisefrom the 747-8 has earned it aQuota Countof 2 for takeoff and 1 for landing at London's three major airports, a significant improvement over the 747-400.[67]

In February 2015, the Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental was given 330-minuteETOPSapproval, the first time that ETOPS-330 approval was given to a four-engined aircraft.[68]

Into service and further development

[edit]

On April 21, 2010, Boeing chief executive officerJim McNerneyannounced that the company would be accelerating the production of both the Boeing 747 and777to support increasing customer demand.[69]

Boeing handed over the first 747-8F to Cargolux in Everett, Washington, on October 12, 2011.[70]The first 747-8 Intercontinental was delivered toLufthansaon May 5, 2012, which began operating the version on flights from Frankfurt to Washington, D.C., on June 1, 2012.[71]

In 2014, Boeing embarked on an improvement program for the 747-8 named "Project Ozark", with the goal of improved range and lower fuel burn. With all improvements implemented, the resulting aircraft would have a maximum takeoff weight of greater than 1,000,000 lb (450 t). The company slowly introduced aspects of Ozark over time. An engine Performance Improvement Package resulted in a 2% lower fuel burn. Boeing also improved the tail fuel tank's function and improved the flight management software. Aircraft produced beginning in 2014 weigh 9,000 lb (4.1 t) less than the first 747-8 coming off the production line and burn 3.5% less fuel.[72]

Other improvements include revised fairings next to the tail and wing-to-body-fairings. The chevrons on the trailing edge of the GEnx-2B nacelle were made thinner. Boeing hoped that these improvements, which benefit both the passenger and freighter version, would help improve sales.[72]Boeing has since updated the incremental improvements planned for the 747-8, which include increasing the maximum takeoff weight to 472 t (1,041,000 lb), strengthening the main landing gear and increasing the aircraft's full-payload range to 8,200 nmi (15,200 km; 9,400 mi).[73]

Sales prospects

[edit]
ABritish Airways World Cargo747-8F

In early 2014, the director-general of theInternational Air Transport Associationnoted that slower economic growth, following theGreat Recessionof 2008, had led to lower demand for air freighters.[74]The world's air cargo fleet in 2012 was smaller than it was in 2003. However, the proportion of very large freighters in that fleet has increased, and Boeing's dominant position in large, fuel-efficient freighters has offered the company an opportunity to protect its market share and its product line despite the market weakness.[75]

Demand has been chiefly for the 747-8F, which accounts for the majority of 747-8 aircraft ordered. The larger capacity of the 747-8 is of particular advantage for the freighter version, because the freighter has no direct competitor,[76]as Airbus' competingA380 freighterversion was canceled during development.[77]

Airlines includingEmiratesandBritish Airwaysconsidered ordering the passenger version, but opted to purchase the Airbus A380 instead.[78][79]In 2013,Arik Airconverted its order for two 747-8s[80]to two 777-300ERs.[81][82]At the 2013 Paris Air Show, Korean Air agreed to order five 747-8 passenger versions, in addition to five ordered in 2009.[83]Korean Air and Boeing finalized the new -8 order in October 2013.[84]

The overall demand for the 747-8 turned out to be below Boeing's initial projections as well, which led to several reductions in production rate. Production was initially decreased from 2 to 1.75 aircraft per month in April 2013 and then reduced further to 1.5 aircraft per month in October 2013.[85]On June 25, 2015,The Wall Street Journalreported that the order backlog was down to 32 and Boeing had decided to reduce production to one aircraft per month in 2016.[86]In January 2016, Boeing confirmed that it was reducing 747-8 production to 0.5 per month beginning in September 2016, incurring a $569 million post-tax charge against its fourth-quarter 2015 profits. The chief reason given was that the recovery of the air cargo market had stalled, resulting in slowed demand for the 747 freighter.[87][88]

Boeing cited the 747-8F as the main driver behind potential future 747-8 orders.[89][90][91]To help reduce production costs in the meantime and maintain the 747 production line's viability, the company plans to integrate the 747 and 767 production lines more closely with each other.[92]Boeing expected the cargo market to improve by mid-2019 and were planning to increase the 747's production rate back to 1/month from then on. However, in July 2016, this production rate increase was cancelled, i.e. 747 production remained at 0.5 per month. At the same time, the company announced another after-tax charge of $814 million, reflecting a lower estimation of airframes to be produced and revenue realized.[93]In anSECfiling submitted at the same time, Boeing stated that if it was "unable to obtain sufficient orders and/or market, production and other risks cannot be mitigated, [...] it is reasonably possible that we could decide to end production of the 747."[94]

The prototype Boeing 747-8I during takeoff

The Boeing 747-8I was intended to fill a niche between the Airbus A380 and the Boeing 777-300ER.[95]The future for the 747-8 passenger version appears limited. Airlines bought the original 747 primarily for its range, not its capacity. The advent of long-range twin-engine jets, notably Boeing's own 777, took away the 747's range advantage. Compared to the 747-8I, the upcoming777-9X"mini-jumbo jet" is projected to have a lower fuel cost per seat mile and greater cargo capacity, though it has a lower passenger capacity and higher list price; consequently, the 777-9X has totaled more orders than the 747-8I due to airlines placing a high value on fuel efficiency.[96][97]

For operators that require high capacity on routes, such as Emirates Airlines, most have preferred the Airbus A380 as it is an all-new design, while the 747-8's lineage is 40 years old, although some have criticized the A380's looks and complimented the 747-8I's appearance.[95]Analysts do not see bright prospects for very large aircraft—those with more than 400 seats—whose orders have slowed in the mid-2010s, since there are widebody twinjets with similar range and greater fuel efficiency, giving airlines more flexibility at a lower upfront cost.[98][99][100][101][102][103][104]

Volga-Dnepr Airlinessigned a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Boeing for the purchase of 20 more 747-8Fs at the 2015 Paris Air Show.[105]This acquisition was finalized at the 2016 Farnborough Airshow.[106]

On October 27, 2016,UPS Airlinesannounced an order for 14 747-8Fs with options for an additional 14. The 14 options were then converted to official orders on February 1, 2018.[107]Deliveries are scheduled from 2017 through 2022.[108]On September 7, 2017, it was reported thatTurkish Airlinesis in negotiations with Boeing for purchasing 8 747-8Is to strengthen its widebody fleet.[109]

In 2019, list-price unit cost of a 747-8I was US$418.4M and a 747-8F US$419.2M.[110]By early 2019, the backlog and production rates were sufficient to sustain production until late 2022.[111]

End of production

[edit]
The last Boeing 747 to be built, operating forAtlas Air

On July 2, 2020, media reports stated that Boeing intended to end 747 production in 2022 after the 16 outstanding orders had been built and delivered. The demand for four-engine airliners had been flat for several years, with most orders going to the freighter version.[112]On January 12, 2021,Atlas Airordered four additional 747-8Fs. These were to be the final four 747-8s built.[113]

The last aircraft built, a 747-8F freighter forAtlas Air,rolled off the production line #1574 (1,574th 747 built) on December 6, 2022, and was delivered on January 31, 2023.[114][115]

Design

[edit]
Thesweepand basic structure of the wing were retained, but it is thicker and deeper with a wider span,raked wingtips,double-slotted inboardflapsand single-slotted outboard ones.

The 747-8 is a development of the Boeing 747 that takes advantage of improvements in technology and aerodynamics. The two 747-8 variants feature a fuselage stretch of 18.3 ft (5.6 m) over the 747-400, bringing the total length to 250 ft 2 in (76.25 m). The 747-8 is the world's longest currently-operational passengerairliner,surpassing theAirbus A340-600by 3.1 ft (0.95 m).[116][117]With amaximum take-off weightof 975,000 lb (442 t),[118]the 747-8 is the heaviest aircraft, commercial or military, manufactured in the U.S.[117]

Compared to the preceding 747-400, the wing design was overhauled.[119]Thesweepand basic structure were retained, avoiding additional costs, but the revisedairfoilis thicker and deeper.[119]The new wing features single-slotted outboardflapsand double-slotted inboard flaps.[120]The wing's trailing edge and raked tip are made ofcarbon-fibercomposites.[121]The increased wingspan makes the 747-8 a Category F size airplane rather than Category E size,[122]similar to the Airbus A380.[123]

The 747-8 has twoGEnxturbofans under each wing, in anacellewith chevrons.

Raked wingtips,similar to the ones used on the 777-200LR, 777-300ER, and 787 aircraft, are used on the 747-8 instead ofwingletsused on the 747-400.[124][125]These wingtip structures help reduce thewingtip vorticesat the lateral edges of the wings, decreasingwake turbulenceanddragand thereby improving fuel efficiency. Another effort to increase efficiency (through weight savings) was the introduction of fly-by-wire technology for the majority of the lateral controls.[9][verification needed]

The wing of the passenger version holds 64,225 US gal (243 m3) of jet fuel, and that of the cargo aircraft 60,925 US gal (231 m3).[118]Compared to the 747-400 and an intermediate 747 Advanced concept, the extra fuel capacity in the redesigned wing allowed Boeing to avoid adding costly new tanks to thehorizontal tail.[119]The 747-8'svertical tailunit is largely unchanged, with a height of 63 ft 6 in (19.35 m).[118]

TheGeneral Electric GEnxis the only engine available for the 747-8. Unlike the GEnx introduced on the 787, the 747 engine variant providesbleed airand features a smaller diameter to fit on the 747 wing.[126]

Variants

[edit]

747-8 Freighter

[edit]
A white, black and yellow four-engined wide-body cargo jetliner about to land
A Boeing 747-8 Freighter ofUPS Airlines,its largest operator.

The 747-400 and earlier versions had proven to be a very popularfreighter,carrying around half of the world's air freight.[127]To maintain this position, Boeing designed a freight variant of the 747-8, named the747-8 Freighteror 747-8F. The company launched the freighter version on November 14, 2005.[128]The 747-8F is the initial model to enter service. As on the 747-400F, the upper deck is shorter than passenger models; the18-foot-3+1⁄2-inch (5.575 m) stretch is just before and just aft of the wing. The 747-8 Freighter was designed with a 975,000 lb (442 t)maximum take-off weightwith apayloadcapability of 308,000 lb (140 t) and a range of 4,390 nmi (8,130 km; 5,050 mi).[129]Four extra pallet spaces were created on the main deck, with either two extracontainersand two extrapallets,or three extra pallets, on the lower deck.[19]The 747-8F is expected to have a 16% lower ton-mile operating cost than the 747-400F and offer a slightly greater range.[130]

CargoluxandNippon Cargo Airlineswere the first customers for the 747-8, placing orders for the freighter variant in November 2005.[82]The firm configuration of the aircraft was finalized in October 2006.[131]Major assembly of the aircraft began on August 8, 2008,[13]and the aircraft first left Boeing's Everett factory on November 12, 2009.[132]The first aircraft was delivered on October 12, 2011, to Cargolux.[133]At its six-month service mark, Boeing announced that initial 747-8F operators had achieved a 1-percent reduction in fuel burn over projections.[134]

In June 2015, Boeing predicted new orders for the 747-8F based on its projections of a 4.7% annual increase in air cargo demand.[135]

747-8 Intercontinental

[edit]
A Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental ofLufthansa,its largest operator.

The passenger version, named747-8 Intercontinentalor 747-8I was formally launched on November 14, 2005, by Boeing.[136]It can carry up to 467 passengers in a typical three-class configuration over a range of 8,000 nmi (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) atMach0.855. The 747-8I can carry 51 more passengers and two more freightpalletswith 26% more cargo volume than the 747-400.[130]Initial plans were for a shorter stretch of 140 in (3.6 m), compared to 220 in (5.6 m) on the freighter model, but the two variants were eventually offered with the same length to increase passenger capacity, while decreasing range.[137][138]British Airwayssupported this change, whileEmirateswas disappointed as only the shorter concept would have allowed them to fill all seats when flying long non-stop routes like Dubai to Los Angeles.[138]

The GEnx engine and redesigned wing are more efficient: Boeing stated that compared to the 747-400, the -8I was to be 16% more fuel-efficient, have 13% lower seat-mile costs with nearly the same cost per trip, and have a 30% smallernoisefootprint area.[139]Boeing stated that the 747-8I was the world's fastest commercial jet.[140]

For the 747-8, Boeing proposed some changes to the interior layout of the aircraft. The -8I's upper deck is lengthened compared to the 747-400.[141][142]Most noticeable are the curved stairway to the upper deck and a more spacious main passenger entrance.[143]The 747-8's main cabin uses an interior similar to that of the 787. Overhead bins are curved, and the center row is designed to look as though it is attached to the curved ceiling, rather than integrated into the ceiling's curve like on the777.The windows are also of similar size to the type used on the 777, which are 8% larger than those on the current 747-400s. The 747-8 features a newsolid-statelight-emitting diode(LED) lighting system, which can createmoodlighting.[141]

Main deckBusiness Classseating on the 747-8 Intercontinental

During the initial 747-8 marketing phase, Boeing also proposed creating a revenue-generating "SkyLoft" passenger facility in the crown space above thecabin.This facility would include "SkySuites", small individual compartments with sliding doors or curtains, featuring beds, seating, and entertainment or business equipment. A commonloungearea could also be provided. Boeing also proposed smaller, more modest "SkyBunks". Access to the crown area would be via a separate stairway at the rear of the aircraft. Passengers using the SkySuites, sold at a premium price, would sit in regulareconomy classseats for take-off and landing, and move to the crown area during flight. However, pricing feasibility studies found the SkyLoft concept difficult to justify. In 2007, Boeing dropped the SkyLoft concept in favor of upper-deck galley storage options, which were favored by the airlines.[144]Outfitting the crown space for sleeping remains an option onVIPaircraft,[145]and the first 747-8 BBJ with AeroLoft was produced in 2012.[146][147]

The first order for the 747-8 Intercontinental was placed by an undisclosed VIP customer in May 2006.[148][149]Lufthansabecame the first airline to order the 747-8 Intercontinental on December 6, 2006.[150]In December 2009, Korean Air announced the order of five 747-8Is.[25][26]Boeing stated firm configuration for the −8 was reached in November 2007.[151]

Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental upper deck staircase and skylight

Major assembly of the first 747-8 Intercontinental began on May 8, 2010.[139][152]Assembly of first 747-8I was completed in February 2011, before being unveiled at a rollout ceremony in Everett, Washington, on February 13, 2011.[153]At the time, deliveries were planned to begin in late 2011.[154]

Following gauntlet ground testing[154]the 747-8 Intercontinental's first flight occurred on March 20, 2011, from Paine Field in Everett, Washington.[155]The second 747-8I first flew the following month.[56]After the flight test program the 747-8I was FAA certified on December 14, 2011.[156]At that time, −8I deliveries were planned to begin in early 2012.[57][66]

During development testing,aeroelastic flutterwas observed during a test that measured how the aircraft performed if its wing-to-strut join fitting fails at the same time the fuel tanks in the horizontal stabilizer were filled at over 15% of their capacity.[157]To meet FAA regulations, Boeing reported in January 2012 that the 747-8's fuel tanks in the horizontal stabilizers would be closed off to prevent their use until the flutter condition can be resolved;[157]this reduced range by 550–930 km (300–500 nmi; 340–580 mi).[157]On December 18, 2013, Boeing announced that a series of new performance packages will allow for the reactivation of the tail fuel tanks by early 2014. Earlier 747-8s can also be retrofitted with them.[158]

The first 747-8 Intercontinental was delivered to a VIP customer on February 28, 2012. It was to be outfitted with a VIP interior before beginning service in 2014.[159]The first 747-8I was delivered in May and began commercial service on June 1, 2012, with Lufthansa.[160]

U.S. Presidential aircraft

[edit]
See also:Boeing VC-25 § VC-25B

In 2007, theUnited States Air Forcewas seeking to upgradeAir Force Oneby replacing theVC-25A(two heavily modified Boeing 747-200Bs acquired in the late 1980s).[161]In 2009, Boeing was reported to be exploring a 747-8 proposal, along with aBoeing 787 Dreamlinervariant.[162]In January 2015, the Air Force announced the selection of the 747-8 to replace the aging VC-25A for presidential transport.U.S. Air Force SecretaryDeborah Lee Jamessaid, "The Boeing 747-8 is the only aircraft manufactured in the United States [that] when fully missionized meets the necessary capabilities established to execute the presidential support mission..."[163][164]In July 2016, Boeing received a second contract for pre-engineering and manufacturing development (EMD) risk-reduction to address "system specification, the environmental control system, the aircraft interior, the electrical and power system and sustainment and maintenance approaches."[165]

On August 1, 2017,Defense Onereported that to pay less for the replacement program, the U.S. Air Force purchased two undelivered 747-8Is ordered by a bankrupt Russian firm (Transaero); the aircraft had been stored in theMojave Desertto prevent corrosion.Boeingand the Air Force will retrofit these aircraft with telecommunications and advanced security equipment for the required security level needed by presidential aircraft.[166]

On February 27, 2018, theWhite Houseannounced a fixed-price contract worth $3.9 billion (~$4.66 billion in 2023) for the development of two new 747-8I-based VC-25B aircraft to replace the aging VC-25A aircraft.[167]In March 2020, modifications started at Boeing'sSan Antonio, Texasfacility, including lower lobe doors and internalairstairs,to be delivered by December 2024.[168]

Survivable Airborne Operations Center

[edit]
See also:Survivable Airborne Operations Center

In April 2024,Sierra Nevada Corporationwas awarded a contract to develop and build theSurvivable Airborne Operations Center(SAOC) aircraft to replace theBoeing E-4 NAOC.Five 747-8Is were purchased fromKorean Airfor conversion, with the contract calling for nine in total.[169][170]

Operators

[edit]
Further information:List of Boeing 747 operators
A 747-8F ofQatar Airways Cargotaking off fromFrankfurt Airportin 2018.

In July 2018, there were 110 Boeing 747-8 aircraft in airline service withLufthansa(19),Korean Air(17),Cargolux(14),Cathay Pacific Cargo(14),AirBridgeCargo Airlines(11),UPS Airlines(7),Polar Air Cargo(7),Air China(7),Silk Way West Airlines(5),Atlas Air(3),Qatar Airways Cargo(2),Nippon Cargo Airlines(1), andCargoLogicAir(1).[171]Previous operators includeGlobal Supply Systems,a contractor ofBritish Airways,[172]as well asSaudia Cargo.[citation needed]

Boeing 747-8I aircraft in special VIP configuration for state leaders have also been ordered. TheQatar Amiri Flightreceived three VIP Boeing 747-8Is. TheState of Kuwaitreceived one VIP 747-8 in 2012. TheRoyal Flight of Omanreceived one VIP 747-8 in 2012. TheBruneiGovernment received a VIP 747-8I in 2016. TheMoroccoGovernment received one VIP 747-8I in 2017. Worldwide Aircraft Holding operated one VIP 747-8 that was sold to the Government ofTurkey.[173]One VIP 747-8I was received by the government ofSaudi Arabia,and is used byCrown PrinceMohammed bin Salman.[174][175]On September 10, 2021, it was announced that the Egyptian Government had acquired a 747-8I for use as a VIP transport aircraft; the airframe, which had originally been manufactured for Lufthansa as D-ABYE, had not been accepted by the airline and spent several years in storage in the Mojave Desert as N828BA before being re-registered as SU-EGY.[citation needed]

The final 747, a 747-8F destined for Atlas Air, was rolled out on December 6, 2022, marking the end to over 50 years of 747 production.[176]

Orders and deliveries

[edit]
Boeing 747-8 orders and deliveries by year[177]
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total
Orders 18 41 20 2 5 1 5 7 17 2 2 18 -2 18 -1 1 1 – – 155
Deliveries 747-8I – – – – – – – 12 5 10 11 3 6 – – – 1 – – 48
747-8F – – – – – – 9 20 19 9 7 6 8 6 7 5 6 4 1 107
Total – – – – – – 9 32 24 19 18 9 14 6 7 5 7 4 1 155
Boeing 747-8 firm orders and deliveries[177]
Date of
initial order 		Customer 747‑8I
orders 		747‑8F
orders 		Delivered
November 15, 2005 Cargolux – 14 14
November 15, 2005 Nippon Cargo Airlines – 8 8
May 30, 2006 Business Jet / VIP 8 – 8
September 11, 2006 Atlas Air – 14 14
November 30, 2006 Volga-Dnepr Airlines – 6 6
December 6, 2006 Lufthansa 19 – 19
November 8, 2007 Cathay Pacific – 14 14
December 7, 2009 Korean Air 10 7 17
September 11, 2012 Air China 7 – 7
November 27, 2012 Unidentified customer(s) 2 2 4
July 9, 2013 Silk Way West Airlines – 5 5
October 10, 2014 AirBridgeCargo – 7 7
October 27, 2016 UPS Airlines – 28 28
August 31, 2017 U.S. Air Force (Boeing VC-25B "Air Force One" ) 2 – 2
September 25, 2017 Qatar Airways – 2 2
Totals 48 107 155
155

Boeing 747-8 orders and deliveries (cumulative, by year):

 Orders

 Deliveries

Data as of January 2023[115]

Incidents

[edit]
Further information on GEnx Engine Issues:GEnx

On September 11, 2012, anAirBridgeCargo747-8F experienced a major engine malfunction that spread a significant amount of metallic debris on the runway. Like in a similar event with theGEnx Engineduring pre-flight taxi tests on aBoeing 787,the low-pressure turbine shaft separated and shifted backwards, damaging the low pressure turbine blades and vanes.[178]The NTSB issued urgent safety recommendations to the FAA to require ultrasonic scans for midshaft fractures before use of GEnx engines and require repetitive on-wing inspections of the engine to detect cracks.[179]

On July 31, 2013, an AirBridgeCargo 747-8F experienced core engine icing that caused engine malfunctions and damage to three engines nearChengdu, China,while en route toHong Kong;the aircraft landed safely at its destination. Boeing and General Electric announced software changes to mitigate the effects of core engine icing.[180][181][182]

Specifications

[edit]
747-8 characteristics[183]
Variant 747-8I 747-8F
Cockpitcrew Two
Accommodation: 13–14  467 (356 Y, 87 J, 24 F) 46 96 x 125 in pallets + 2LD1
Exit limit[184] 605 8
Cargovolume: 7–8  6,345 cu ft(180.1 m³) 30,832 cu ft(873.7 m³)
Length: 9–10  250 ft 2 in (76.25 m)
Height: 11  63 ft 6 in (19.35 m)
Wingspan: 9–10  224 ft 7 in (68.45 m)
Wing 5,960 sq ft (554 m2),[185]sweep37.5°,[185]8.45AR
Cabinwidth: 17  20 ft (6.1 m)
MTOW: 7–8  987,000 lb (448 t)
OEW: 7–8  485,300 lb (220.1 t) 434,600 lb (197.1 t)
Max.payload: 7–8  167,700 lb (76.1 t) 292,400 lb (132.6 t)
Fuelcapacity: 7–8  63,034US gal
(238,610 L; 52,487 imp gal) 		59,734 US gal
(226,120 L; 49,739 imp gal)
Cruisespeed: 4  Mach 0.855 (490 kn; 908 km/h; 564 mph) Mach 0.845 (485 kn; 898 km/h; 558 mph)
MMo Mach 0.9 (516 kn; 956 km/h; 594 mph)[184]
Range 7,730 nmi (14,320 km; 8,900 mi)[186][a] 4,265 nmi (7,899 km; 4,908 mi)[188]
Ceiling 43,100 ft (13,100 m)[184]
Engines(4×) GEnx-2B67
Thrust (per engine) 66,500 lbf (296 kN)
Auxiliary power unit Pratt & Whitney PW901A/C[189]

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

[edit]
Footnotes
  1. ^With 410 pax;BBJ:8,875 nmi (16,437 km; 10,213 mi) with 100 pax[187]
Citations
  1. ^ab"Boeing Outlines the" Value "of its 747 Plans",Boeing website,September 2, 1996, archived fromthe originalon October 24, 2008,retrievedApril 5,2012
  2. ^ab"Boeing 747 Celebrates 30 Years In Service"ArchivedMay 29, 2014, at theWayback Machine.Boeing, January 21, 2000.
  3. ^"Boeing Launches New, Longer-Range 747-400"ArchivedMay 29, 2014, at theWayback Machine.Boeing, November 28, 2000.
  4. ^"Boeing Offers New 747-400X Quiet Longer Range Jetliner"ArchivedMay 29, 2014, at theWayback Machine.Boeing, February 26, 2002.
  5. ^"Boeing favours GE for latest 747-400 development"ArchivedFebruary 16, 2019, at theWayback MachineFlight Global, 5 March 2002.
  6. ^"Boeing 747, the 'Queen of the Skies,' Celebrates 35th Anniversary"ArchivedOctober 9, 2017, at theWayback Machine.Boeing, February 9, 2004.
  7. ^Robert Wall (October 31, 2005)."Counterclaims".Aviation Week & Space Technology.p. 40.Archivedfrom the original on November 13, 2018.RetrievedNovember 13,2018.Boeing talks up 747 Advanced, talks down Airbus A350
  8. ^"Boeing Launches New 747-8 Family".Boeing. November 14, 2005.Archivedfrom the original on September 21, 2013.RetrievedDecember 17,2007.
  9. ^ab"Boeing Rethinks 747-8 Outsourcing".Aviation Week,April 11, 2008.ArchivedNovember 6, 2011, at theWayback Machine
  10. ^"Boeing Completes Firm Configuration of 747-8 Freighter".Boeing
  11. ^"Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental and 747-8 Freighter".Boeing. Archived fromthe originalon October 21, 2014.RetrievedJuly 1,2011.
  12. ^Dunlop, Michelle."Boeing: Getting 747-8 and 777 ready for production"ArchivedSeptember 30, 2015, at theWayback Machine.Heraldnet, August 25, 2008.
  13. ^ab"Boeing 747 Program Milestone".Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Archived fromthe originalon May 24, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 3,2011.
  14. ^"Boeing Adjusts 747-8 Program Production and Delivery Schedule".Boeing, November 14, 2008.
  15. ^"Boeing announces delay in delivery of 747-8".The Seattle Times.November 15, 2008.Archivedfrom the original on March 26, 2009.RetrievedFebruary 17,2009.
  16. ^Sobie, Brendan."Atlas seeks compensation for 747-8F delays".Air Transport Intelligence news via flightglobal, June 12, 2009.
  17. ^"Boeing hints at possible reassessment of 747-8 programme".Flight International.January 31, 2009. Archived fromthe originalon February 2, 2009.RetrievedJuly 2,2011.
  18. ^Wallace, James; Aerospace, P-I (February 24, 2009)."Boeing replaces head of 747-8 program".Seattle Post-Intelligencer.Archivedfrom the original on October 18, 2012.RetrievedJuly 2,2011.
  19. ^ab"First Boeing 747-8 Freighter Takes Shape"ArchivedDecember 22, 2015, at theWayback Machine.Boeing, July 21, 2009.
  20. ^Frean, Alexandra (October 7, 2009)."Boeing takes 1bn charge as further problems beset 747-8 jumbo jet".The Times.London. Archived fromthe originalon June 12, 2011.RetrievedApril 26,2010.
  21. ^Rothman, Andrea (October 6, 2009)."Boeing to Take $1 Billion Charge on 747 Program Costs (Update4)".Bloomberg. Archived fromthe originalon November 4, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 4,2011.
  22. ^"Boeing admits further 747-8 delay"ArchivedOctober 1, 2015, at theWayback Machine.BBC, October 6, 2009.
  23. ^"Boeing Settles In for a Bumpy Ride".The Wall Street Journal,Marketplace Section, October 7, 2009, p. B1.
  24. ^"First Boeing 747-8 Freighter Leaves Factory"ArchivedJanuary 13, 2016, at theWayback Machine.Boeing, November 12, 2009.
  25. ^ab"Boeing, Korean Air Announce Order for New 747-8 Intercontinental"ArchivedDecember 22, 2015, at theWayback Machine.Boeing, December 4, 2009.
  26. ^ab"KAL orders five Boeing 747-8 passenger aircraft".Air Transport Intelligence news via FlightGlobal, December 4, 2009.
  27. ^"Guggenheim cancels orders for two Boeing 747-8Fs".Air Transport Intelligence news via FlightGlobal, January 8, 2010.
  28. ^"Korean Air firms up two additional 747-8F options".Flight International.March 18, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon March 23, 2011.RetrievedMarch 18,2011.
  29. ^/index.php?s=43&item=1673 "Boeing, Korean Air Announce Order for Two 747-8 Freighters"ArchivedFebruary 7, 2011, at theWayback Machine.Boeing, March 18, 2011.
  30. ^"Korean Air takes delivery of its first Boeing 747-8I".atwonline.Archivedfrom the original on September 20, 2016.RetrievedSeptember 1,2016.
  31. ^Boeing Successfully Completes 747-8 Freighter Engine RunsArchivedJuly 25, 2011, at theWayback Machine.Boeing
  32. ^"Boeing Says 747-8 Freighter to Make First Flight".ABC News.February 7, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon February 10, 2010.RetrievedFebruary 7,2010.
  33. ^Ostrower, Jon."Boeing's 747-8F lifts off on maiden flight".Flightglobal, February 8, 2010.
  34. ^"Boeing 747-8 Freighter Successfully Completes First Flight"ArchivedNovember 5, 2016, at theWayback Machine.Boeing, February 8, 2010. Quote: "With 747 Chief Pilot Mark Feuerstein and Capt. Tom Imrich on the flight deck, the newest member of the 747 family took off at 12:39 p.m. local time from Paine Field in Everett and landed at Paine Field at 4:18 p.m."
  35. ^"PICTURES & VIDEO: Boeing's 747-8F lifts off on maiden flight".Flight International.February 8, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon February 12, 2010.RetrievedFebruary 9,2010.
  36. ^"Second flight with a first".Boeing. February 25, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on July 8, 2011.RetrievedMarch 3,2010.
  37. ^"747-8 Resumes Flight Testing".Aviation International News. February 23, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon July 7, 2011.RetrievedJuly 2,2011.
  38. ^"13 flights, 33 hours".Boeing. March 11, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on July 26, 2011.RetrievedMarch 12,2010.
  39. ^"Details and photo from first flight of second Boeing 747-8".Seattle Post-Intelligencer.March 15, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on October 11, 2012.RetrievedMarch 15,2010.
  40. ^"Boeing's last test-flight 747-8 Freighter completes first flight".Seattle Post-Intelligencer.March 17, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on October 11, 2012.RetrievedJuly 2,2011.
  41. ^"747-8F flap buffet could force landing gear door redesign".Flightglobal, March 24, 2010.
  42. ^"Boeing develops fix for 747-8's flap buffet".flightglobal. 2010. Archived fromthe originalon July 4, 2010.RetrievedJuly 2,2010.
  43. ^"Boeing inspects 747-8F fleet for defective stringers".Flight International.April 9, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon April 12, 2010.RetrievedApril 11,2010.
  44. ^"Boeing 747-8F nears schedule slip as first 747-8I progresses".August 20, 2010. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010.RetrievedAugust 21,2010.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  45. ^"Boeing 747-8F tests move to Palmdale".Flight International.April 20, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon July 16, 2010.RetrievedApril 20,2010.
  46. ^Ostrower, Jon."747-8F undergoing repairs after tug incident".Air Transport Intelligence news via Flightglobal, June 3, 2010.
  47. ^"Boeing 747-8 gets initial flight-worthiness OK from FAA".The Seattle Times.June 14, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on June 17, 2010.RetrievedJune 24,2010.
  48. ^"Boeing 747-8s endure hot weather, top 500 flight hours".Seattle Post-Intelligencer.June 29, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon October 7, 2012.RetrievedJune 30,2010.
  49. ^Ostrower, Jon."Boeing details role of fourth 747-8F flight test aircraft"ArchivedApril 6, 2013, at theWayback Machine.Flightblogger via Flightglobal, June 3, 2010.
  50. ^Ostrower, Jon."FARNBOROUGH: Boeing presses on with 747-8 certification effort".Flight International,July 13, 2010.
  51. ^Ostrower, Jon."Fourth 747-8F flight test aircraft completes first flight"ArchivedApril 6, 2013, at theWayback Machine.Flightblogger via Flightglobal, July 23, 2010.
  52. ^Ostrower, Jon."Fifth 747-8F test aircraft completes first flight".Air Transport Intelligence news via Flightglobal, February 4, 2011.
  53. ^"Boeing Sets 747-8 Freighter Delivery Schedule for Mid-Year 2011"ArchivedJuly 14, 2011, at theWayback Machine.Boeing, September 30, 2010.
  54. ^Trimble, Stephen(September 30, 2010)."Boeing pushes 747-8F delivery back to mid-2011".Air Transport Intelligence news via flightglobal. Archived fromthe originalon October 2, 2010.RetrievedFebruary 22,2011.
  55. ^"First 747-8I Takes to the Air"ArchivedJuly 2, 2017, at theWayback MachineAINOnline,March 20, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
  56. ^abBenedikz, Richard."Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental Flight Test"ArchivedMay 6, 2011, at theWayback Machine.Key Publishing via key.aero, April 27, 2011.
  57. ^abcNorris, Guy and Lee Ann Tegtmeier."A380 Experience and Dress Rehearsal Smooth Way For 747-8".Aviation Week,December 12, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  58. ^Ostrower, Jon."747-8F and 787 delivery dates come into focus".Air Transport Intelligence news via Flightglobal, August 24, 2011.
  59. ^"Boeing 747-8 Freighter First Delivery Set for Sept. 19".Boeing.Archivedfrom the original on September 24, 2011.RetrievedSeptember 7,2011.
  60. ^"Cargolux rejects delivery of Boeing 747-8 Freighter aircraft"ArchivedSeptember 24, 2011, at theWayback Machine.Cargolux, September 17, 2011.
  61. ^"Cargolux 747-8F dispute linked to late Qatar 787 deliveries".Air Transport Intelligence news via flightglobal, September 19, 2011.
  62. ^Jim Proulx (April 4, 2012)."New Boeing 747-8 Freighter Hits High Marks with Six Months in Service"(Press release). Boeing.Archivedfrom the original on August 26, 2014.RetrievedAugust 24,2014.
  63. ^Brancker, Nadia."Boeing B787 Dreamliner being tested in Barbados"ArchivedMay 12, 2012, at theWayback Machine.Barbados Advocate, October 20, 2011.
  64. ^747-8 Landing in BarbadosArchivedApril 16, 2016, at theWayback Machine.YouTube, October 25, 2011.
  65. ^"747-8 landing in Barbados".b747.anyonecanfly.net, October 25, 2011.[permanent dead link]
  66. ^abMecham, Michael (December 16, 2011)."Boeing Completes FAA Certification For 747-8 Intercontinental".Aviation Daily.RetrievedApril 29,2019.
  67. ^"747-8 Environmental performance – Quieter airport communities"[dead link]p. 17,Boeing/Cargolux,July 15, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
  68. ^"Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental Receives FAA Approval for 330-Minute ETOPS"(Press release).Boeing.March 18, 2015.Archivedfrom the original on January 29, 2017.RetrievedMarch 9,2016.
  69. ^"Boeing Production Rate Increases to Meet Customer Demand".Boeing.Archivedfrom the original on July 25, 2011.RetrievedJuly 1,2011.
  70. ^Ostrower, Jon."Boeing delivers first 747-8F".Flightglobal, October 12, 2011.
  71. ^via COMTEX, PR Newswire."Lufthansa conducts inaugural flight of world's first Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental passenger aircraft from Frankfurt to Washington, D.C. – Scheduled flights begin today – Commemorative celebrations today at Dulles International Airport (IAD) – Lufthansa's brand-new Business Class comes to the U.S. market – Latest in-flight products in every class".Market Watch: The Wall Street Journal. Archived fromthe originalon June 2, 2012.RetrievedJune 23,2012.
  72. ^abNorris, Guy and Jens Flottau. "Life extension",Aviation Week & Space Technology,July 7, 2014, pp. 21-2.
  73. ^"FARNBOROUGH: Landing gear tweak key to 747-8 future in passenger market".flightglobal. June 30, 2014.Archivedfrom the original on October 27, 2016.RetrievedOctober 26,2016.
  74. ^"IATA chief says weak cargo remains biggest airline worry".Reuters. February 9, 2014.Archivedfrom the original on March 5, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 14,2017.
  75. ^Norris, Guy. "Slow down", Aviation Week and Space Technology, February 3/10, 2014, pp. 54-55.
  76. ^Negroni, Christine.747 the world's airlinerArchivedSeptember 5, 2015, at theWayback Machine.Air & Space,July 2014, pp. 41-47.
  77. ^"Boeing's 747-8 vs A380: A titanic tussle".flightglobal. February 17, 2006.Archivedfrom the original on August 18, 2016.RetrievedJuly 30,2016.
  78. ^"BA opts for A380 and Dreamliner".BBC News.BBC. September 27, 2007.Archivedfrom the original on September 5, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 9,2011.
  79. ^"Boeing close to 747-8I order from Emirates: report"ArchivedSeptember 24, 2015, at theWayback Machine.Reuters, August 14, 2007.
  80. ^"Arik Air Orders Two Boeing 747-8 Intercontinentals"ArchivedOctober 9, 2011, at theWayback Machine.Boeing, October 6, 2011.
  81. ^"Arik Air ponders possible order for 15 CS300s".Flightglobal.November 4, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on April 29, 2014.RetrievedMarch 25,2014.
  82. ^ab"747 Model Orders and Deliveries summary"ArchivedSeptember 28, 2018, at theWayback Machine.Boeing, December 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  83. ^"Boeing wins life-support order for 747-8 from Korean Air"ArchivedOctober 31, 2013, at theWayback Machine.Puget Sound Business Journal, June 18, 2013. Retrieved on August 1, 2013.
  84. ^"Korean Air orders more Boeing widebodies"ArchivedOctober 28, 2013, at theWayback Machine.Flight Global, October 24, 2013.
  85. ^Trimble, Stephen."Boeing cuts 747-8 production to 1.5 per month"ArchivedFebruary 8, 2016, at theWayback Machine.Flight Global,October 18, 2013. Accessed: February 7, 2016.
  86. ^Ostrower, Jon, "Boeing to cut jet production as sales weakenArchivedDecember 7, 2016, at theWayback Machine",The Wall Street Journal,June 25, 2015, p. B3.
  87. ^"Boeing to Reduce 747 Production Rate, Recognize Fourth-Quarter Charge".Boeing. January 21, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on August 8, 2016.RetrievedJuly 27,2016.
  88. ^"Boeing to Cut Production of 747s".Wall Street Journal.January 22, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on January 5, 2017.RetrievedMarch 5,2017.
  89. ^Julia Baciu (March 25, 2010)."2011 Boeing 747-8".Top Speed.Archived fromthe originalon January 21, 2014.RetrievedApril 1,2015.
  90. ^"Boeing Gets Twin 747-8 Orders".Zacks Investment Research.April 1, 2015. Archived fromthe originalon February 3, 2014.RetrievedApril 1,2015.
  91. ^"Boeing's new 747-8 Intercontinental: Same same, but different".CNN.April 16, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on March 17, 2015.RetrievedApril 1,2015.
  92. ^Norris, Guy. "Building Bridges",Aviation Week & Space Technology,April 25-May 8, 2016, p. 27.
  93. ^"Boeing to Recognize Cost Reclassification and Charges to Second-Quarter Earnings".Boeing. July 27, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on July 27, 2016.RetrievedJuly 22,2016.
  94. ^Scott Hamilton (July 27, 2016)."747 production may end: Boeing".Leehamnews.Archivedfrom the original on September 14, 2016.RetrievedJuly 27,2016.
  95. ^abDorman, Clive (December 24, 2014)."Boeing 747-8 v Airbus A380: Is the era of the jumbo jet over?".Archivedfrom the original on August 2, 2016.RetrievedJuly 30,2016.
  96. ^"Boeing 747 On Deathwatch: How Boeing's New 777X Will Kill Its Jumbo Jet Predecessor, Once The Queen Of The Skies".International Business Times.May 4, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on April 3, 2019.RetrievedJuly 29,2016.
  97. ^"Why Boeing's pricey 777-9x could accelerate demise of the less efficient 747-8i".June 9, 2014.RetrievedJuly 29,2016.
  98. ^"Airbus A380 Production Could End, And Why Emirates Is Pissed".December 11, 2014.
  99. ^Sparaco, Pierre. "Opinion: Mega-Transports Hobbled By Their SizeArchivedJuly 10, 2015, at theWayback Machine"Aviation Week & Space Technology,3 March 2014. Accessed: 17 November 2014.
  100. ^Dastin, Jeffrey (June 4, 2015)."United Airlines does not see a fit for Airbus A380".Reuters.Archivedfrom the original on October 17, 2015.RetrievedAugust 4,2015.
  101. ^"Asian Airlines' changing presence at London HeathrowArchivedMarch 7, 2016, at theWayback Machine",Center for Aviation, 13 February 2013. Accessed: 21 September 2014.
  102. ^Hofman, Kurt. "Air France: Airbus A380 not a good fit for the network.ArchivedMarch 3, 2016, at theWayback Machine"Air Transport World,30 September 2013. Accessed: 21 September 2014.
  103. ^"China Southern's A380 problems may not be solved by possible Air China partnershipArchivedMarch 3, 2016, at theWayback Machine",CAPA: Centre for Aviation, 2 April 2013. Accessed: 21 September 2014.
  104. ^Wang, Jasmine. "China Southern Gets First Dreamliner After Failed A380 Strategy.ArchivedJune 2, 2013, at theWayback Machine"Bloomberg,1 June 2013. Accessed: 21 September 2014.
  105. ^Robert Wall And Jon Ostrower (June 17, 2015)."Boeing Gets Cargo Boost for 747 Jumbo Jet at Paris Air Show".WSJ.Archivedfrom the original on July 3, 2017.RetrievedMarch 5,2017.
  106. ^"News Releases/Statements".Archivedfrom the original on July 15, 2016.RetrievedJuly 15,2016.
  107. ^"Boeing: UPS Orders 14 Additional 747-8 Freighters, Plus Four 767 Freighters".boeing.Archivedfrom the original on February 2, 2018.RetrievedFebruary 1,2018.
  108. ^"UPS CEO says $5.3 bln order for Boeing 747 freighters reflects demand".Reuters.October 27, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on February 7, 2021.RetrievedJune 30,2017.
  109. ^"Turkish Airlines negotiates with Boeing for Super Jumbo Jets".DailySabah.September 7, 2017.Archivedfrom the original on September 11, 2017.RetrievedSeptember 10,2017.
  110. ^"About Boeing Commercial Airplanes: Prices".Boeing.Archivedfrom the original on April 25, 2020.RetrievedDecember 7,2016.
  111. ^Guy Norris (February 8, 2019)."Current Orders To Maintain 747-8 Production Through Late 2022".Aviation Week & Space Technology.Archivedfrom the original on August 7, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 15,2019.
  112. ^Johnsson, Julie (July 2, 2020)."Boeing Quietly Pulls Plug on the 747, Closing Era of Jumbo Jets".Bloomberg.Archived from the original on July 2, 2020.RetrievedJuly 3,2020.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  113. ^"Atlas orders the final four production 747-8 freighters".January 12, 2021.Archivedfrom the original on January 12, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 12,2021.
  114. ^Josephs, Leslie (December 6, 2022)."Boeing's last 747 has rolled out of the factory after a more than 50-year production run".CNBC.RetrievedDecember 7,2022.
  115. ^abChokshi, Niraj; Menghistab, Meron Tekie; Tamayo, Jovelle; Wasson, Lindsey (January 31, 2023)."The Last Boeing 747 Leaves the Factory".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJanuary 31,2023.
  116. ^"Boeing 747-8I completes first flight".Flight International,March 20, 2011.(archived copy).Quote: "At 76.3m (250ft), the −8i is the longest ever built in commercial aviation history..."
  117. ^abMolnar, Matt."Boeing's Biggest Bird Takes to the Skies"ArchivedAugust 19, 2014, at theWayback Machine.Popular Mechanics, February 9, 2010.
  118. ^abc"747-8 characteristics".Boeing.Archivedfrom the original on March 8, 2013.RetrievedOctober 19,2016.
  119. ^abcSteinke, Sebastian (January 2006)."BOEING LAUNCHES 747-8".Flug Revue.Archived fromthe originalon May 9, 2006.
  120. ^Steinke, Sebastian (January 2007)."Boeing stretches 747-8I".Flug-Revue.Rotor.Archived fromthe originalon January 21, 2007.RetrievedApril 29,2019.
  121. ^Kingsley-Jones, Max."IN FOCUS: Boeing 747-8 technical description & cutaway"ArchivedMarch 7, 2016, at theWayback Machine.Flight Global, November 13, 2012.
  122. ^"747-8 Airport Compatibility".Boeing.Archived fromthe originalon October 29, 2012.RetrievedOctober 28,2012.
  123. ^"Common Agreement Document of the A380 Airport Compatibility Group Version 2.1",p. 8,European Civil Aviation Conference,December 2002. Retrieved: 29 September 2012.
  124. ^Thomas, Geoffrey."A Timely Stretch"ArchivedJune 6, 2012, at theWayback Machine.Air Transport World, December 2005.
  125. ^"Flightdeck, wing and engines key to design".Flight International, November 22, 2005. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
  126. ^"GEnx-2B Flight Tests Begin"ArchivedFebruary 22, 2014, at theWayback Machine.Aviation Today,March 26, 2009.
  127. ^"Boeing 747-400 Freighter Family: The World's Best Freighters."Boeing.
  128. ^"Boeing Launches New 747-8 Family"ArchivedSeptember 21, 2013, at theWayback Machine.Boeing, November 14, 2005.
  129. ^Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental and 747-8 Freighter.Boeing.
  130. ^abBoeing 747-8 Family background.Boeing.
  131. ^"Boeing Completes Firm Configuration of 747-8 Freighter".Boeing. October 31, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon November 10, 2006.RetrievedJuly 14,2012.
  132. ^First Boeing 747-8 Freighter Leaves FactoryArchivedJanuary 13, 2016, at theWayback Machine.Boeing
  133. ^"Boeing Delivers First 747-8 Freighter to Cargolux – Oct 12, 2011".Boeing.mediaroom. October 12, 2011.Archivedfrom the original on February 17, 2015.RetrievedJuly 14,2012.
  134. ^"Proof of Performance".Boeingblogs.Archivedfrom the original on April 7, 2012.RetrievedJuly 14,2012.
  135. ^Wilhelm, Steve (June 11, 2015)."Boeing forecast: World will need $5.6 trillion in aircraft over next 20 years; freighters, including 747, get boost".bizjournals.Archivedfrom the original on January 13, 2016.RetrievedJune 16,2015.
  136. ^"Boeing Launches New 747-8 Family".November 14, 2005.Archivedfrom the original on September 21, 2013.
  137. ^Baseler, Randy (October 16, 2006),"Added revenue",Randy's Journal (at Boeing website),archived fromthe originalon October 21, 2014,retrievedFebruary 22,2023
  138. ^abKingsley-Jones, Max; Norris, Guy (October 24, 2006),"Emirates questions Boeing decision for larger passenger variant of 747-8 Intercontinental, preferring original longer-range proposal",FlightGlobalwebsite,archivedfrom the original on February 22, 2023,retrievedFebruary 22,2023
  139. ^ab"Boeing Begins Assembly of First 747-8 Intercontinental"(Press release). Boeing. May 8, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on February 16, 2015.
  140. ^"Boeing: 747-8".Archivedfrom the original on March 8, 2013.RetrievedOctober 19,2016.
  141. ^abWallace, James."Aerospace Notebook: Take a sneak peek inside a 747-8"ArchivedJanuary 13, 2016, at theWayback Machine.Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 14, 2005.
  142. ^"Boeing's new 747-8 Intercontinental: Same same, but different".CNN.Archivedfrom the original on January 14, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 13,2017.
  143. ^Terdiman, Daniel."From Boeing, a whole new 747"ArchivedJune 10, 2015, at theWayback Machine.CNET news, January 19, 2007.
  144. ^Kingsley-Jones, Max; Guy Norris (April 17, 2007)."Space race: next-generation cabins".Flight International. Archived fromthe originalon July 14, 2007.RetrievedApril 19,2007.
  145. ^Ostrower, Jon."Boeing unveils a new berth for 747".Flight Daily News via flightglobal, May 11, 2009.
  146. ^Walton, John. "Boeing's best bedroom: the luxury loft of a private jumbo 747-8ArchivedDecember 22, 2015, at theWayback Machine"Australian Business Traveller,September 5, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  147. ^Singh, Karanvir. "World's first Aeroloft-equipped Boeing Business Jet 747-8 revolutionizes VIP flying experienceArchivedSeptember 7, 2012, at theWayback Machine"BornRich,September 5, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  148. ^Flight International January 19–25, 2010. p. 32.
  149. ^"747-8 orders through April 2010".Active.boeing. Archived fromthe originalon July 8, 2012.RetrievedJuly 14,2012.
  150. ^"Boeing, Lufthansa Announce Order for 747-8 Intercontinental".Boeing. December 6, 2006. Archived fromthe originalon December 9, 2006.RetrievedJuly 14,2012.
  151. ^Boeing Completes 747-8 Intercontinental Firm Configuration.Boeing
  152. ^"PICTURE: Boeing 747-8I enters final body join".Flight International.October 15, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon October 20, 2010.RetrievedOctober 15,2010.
  153. ^"Boeing Updates: 747-8I Roll Out — 787 Delivery — 737 Fuel Efficient Engines — 777-300ER Order — China's Big" Purchase "".Seattle Post-Intelligencer.February 2011.Archivedfrom the original on February 18, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 13,2011.
  154. ^ab"VIDEO: 747-8I completes gauntlet testing".Flight International.March 15, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon March 20, 2011.RetrievedMarch 18,2011.
  155. ^"Video and Photos of the Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental First Flight".David Parker Brown. March 20, 2011.Archivedfrom the original on March 4, 2016.RetrievedMarch 20,2011.
  156. ^"747-8I Receives FAA certification".Boeing. December 14, 2011.Archivedfrom the original on January 7, 2012.RetrievedDecember 14,2011.
  157. ^abc"Boeing locks out 747-8 tail fuel tanks on flutter concerns".January 19, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on January 22, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 20,2012.
  158. ^"Boeing Delivers First 747-8 with Performance-Improved Engines".boeing.mediaroom.Boeing. December 18, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on January 9, 2014.RetrievedFebruary 11,2014.
  159. ^"Boeing Delivers First 747-8 Intercontinental VIP Airplane"ArchivedMarch 2, 2012, at theWayback Machine.Boeing, February 28, 2012.
  160. ^Our Bureau."Business Line: Industry & Economy / Logistics: Lufthansa to deploy latest Boeing aircraft on India flights".Thehindubusinessline.Archivedfrom the original on September 1, 2012.RetrievedJuly 14,2012.
  161. ^"US considers Airbus A380 as Air Force One and potentially a C-5 replacement".FlightGlobal, October 17, 2007.
  162. ^Butler, Amy."Boeing Only Contender for New Air Force One"ArchivedFebruary 14, 2016, at theWayback Machine.Aviation Week,January 28, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
  163. ^"AF Identifies Boeing 747-8 platform for next Air Force One".Air Force News Service.January 28, 2015.Archivedfrom the original on March 3, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 28,2015.
  164. ^Mehta, Aaron."Boeing Tapped for Air Force One Replacement".Defense News,January 28, 2015.
  165. ^"Boeing Wins Second Air Force One Contract".Aviation Week.July 21, 2016.
  166. ^"Trump Wanted a Cheaper Air Force One. So the USAF Is Buying a Bankrupt Russian Firm's Undelivered 747s".Defense One.Archivedfrom the original on August 2, 2017.RetrievedAugust 2,2017.
  167. ^"White House signs $3.9-billion deal to buy two new Air Force One planes".Los Angeles Times.February 27, 2018.Archivedfrom the original on August 14, 2018.RetrievedAugust 13,2018.
  168. ^Garrett Reim (March 11, 2020)."Boeing starts 'Air Force One' modifications of 747-8".Flightglobal.Archivedfrom the original on March 15, 2020.RetrievedMarch 13,2020.
  169. ^"Korean Air sells five jets to US aerospace firm Sierra Nevada".
  170. ^"Sierra Nevada Corporation Will Build E-4B 'Doomsday' Plane Replacement".April 27, 2024.
  171. ^"World Airline Census 2018".Flightglobal.2018.Archivedfrom the original on November 6, 2018.RetrievedAugust 21,2018.
  172. ^British Airways to return freightersArchivedJanuary 13, 2016, at theWayback Machine.worldairlinenews, January 18, 2014.
  173. ^"Qatari emir gifts Turkey's Erdogan luxurious Boeing 747-8 jet - Xinhua - English.news.cn".xinhuanet.Archived fromthe originalon March 31, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 9,2019.
  174. ^"Archived copy".Archivedfrom the original on October 22, 2020.RetrievedNovember 10,2018.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  175. ^"InPics: $600m Boeing 747-8 converted into the ultimate private jet".Arabian Business.March 5, 2015.Archivedfrom the original on March 31, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 9,2019.
  176. ^"Boeing's Final 747 Rolls Out of Washington State Factory".VOA.December 7, 2022.RetrievedDecember 10,2022.
  177. ^ab"Orders and Deliveries".Boeing.April 30, 2021.Archivedfrom the original on December 23, 2017.RetrievedMay 10,2022.
  178. ^Simon Hradecky."Incident: Air Bridge Cargo B748 at Shanghai on Sep 11th 2012, rejected takeoff".
  179. ^"NTSB issues urgent recommendations for GEnx-1B and -2B engines".Archivedfrom the original on December 27, 2019.RetrievedDecember 27,2019.
  180. ^Guy Norris (September 2, 2013)."Core Engine Icing Strikes Russian 747-8F".Aviation Week.Archived fromthe originalon December 13, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 2,2013.
  181. ^Simon Hradecky (n.d.)."Incident: Air Bridhe Cargo B748 near Hong Kong on Jul 31st 2013, both left hand engines surged at same time, one right hand engine damaged too".Archivedfrom the original on January 13, 2016.RetrievedSeptember 2,2013.
  182. ^Polina Borodina (n.d.)."Russia to investigate AirBridgeCargo 747-8F engine incident with Boeing, GE".Archivedfrom the original on August 28, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 2,2013.
  183. ^"747-8 Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning"(PDF).Boeing. August 2023. Document number: D6-58326-3.RetrievedOctober 19,2024.
  184. ^abc"Type Certificate data sheet No. A20WE"(PDF).FAA. October 5, 2016.
  185. ^ab"Boeing 747-8 technical description & cutaway".Flight Global.November 13, 2012.
  186. ^"Boeing 747-8 Technical Specs".Boeing.
  187. ^"Boeing Business Jets".Boeing.
  188. ^"Boeing Freighter Family".Boeing.
  189. ^"Auxiliary power units".Pratt & Whitney.RetrievedAugust 26,2022.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toBoeing 747-8.
External videos
video iconFirst "flight" of 747-8 Intercontinental
video icon747-8 Intercontinental rollout ceremony webcast
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boeing_747-8&oldid=1252624499"