Alfred John West

Alfred John West F.R.G.S.(1857–1937) was a British award-winning marine photographer in theGosportfirm of G. West and Son from 1881 (for an early reference seeExhibition Catalogue of the Photographic Society of Great Britain) and from 1897 at the age of 40, a pioneercinematographer.He was then active in both roles until 1913 when he sold hiscopyrightinnegative platesof yachting studies toBekenofCowes,and his stock of positive moving film in 1916 to a distributor, James Joseph Bennell, proprietor of:B. B. Film Hiring Service, 81, Dunlop Street,inGlasgow(see 'The Bioscope' - Thursday 7 September 1916 p 944https:// britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/titles/the-bioscope) On the closure of the business, the film stock was then sold onwards to the 'Argosy Film Co. Ltd' in 1917 a company also registered at 81 Dunlop Street on 2 August 1917 (See 'The Bioscope' - Thursday 20 September 1917 page 6) which was in film business through the 1920s but was liquidated in 1930, the business passing to 'Audible Filmcraft' which was itself wound up in 1931. It is believed that the positive film stock was transferred from West to B.B. Hiring without completing the purchase.

West confirms in hisunpublished autobiographySea Salts and Celluloid(1936)that he sold the film hire business to a Glasgow distributor to be paid for over several years but that he "kept the negatives". However he was never paid and the bulk of thefilm stockcannot now be traced. A few tantalising clips remain as doesa full descriptive cataloguein theBritish Libraryof all the moving film he created under the 'Our Navy' brand. Some potential clips have been located in the British Film Institute's online collection and those found so far are listed on theOur Navy website.The stock of A. J. West's negative plates was sold to Beken of Cowes in 1913 and is now (2020) being prepared for sale as a complete archive ofyachtingprints bythe Brett Gallery Midhurst Hampshire.West's plates are said to be numbered from 500 to 10250 in the Beken/Brett archive. Alfred West died in 1937 and is buried atHighland Road Cemetery Portsmouthin Hampshire (E Plot, Row 19, Grave 14).An extensive collection of newspaper referencesrelating to West's work has been created from 2020 to date (latest edit is shown in the document).

Business

From c. 1880 Alfred John West worked alongside his brothers and sisters in his father George West's photographic business 'G West and Son' at 97 High Street in Gosport Hants and later at 72 and 84 Palmerston RoadSouthsea.He became a nationally and internationally famous marine photographer, winning many national and international medals for his studies of yachts in full sail. His portrait of theMohawkwinning at theRoyal Southampton Yacht ClubRegatta in 1888 was awarded the gold medal at the St. Louis Convention USA for which 9 other countries competed.

In 1897 he converted to the newly developed 'moving' film and by 1898, his personal cinematographic business 'Our Navy' based in an annexe called 'The Anchorage' at his home 'Rozel' 7 Villiers Road Southsea, had a full-time staff of 50. In 1902 he formally registered the name 'Our Navy' under Limited Company number 72532(National Archives Kew – Piece details BT 31/9737/72532).

Alfred West's cinematographic activity from 1897 was in exhibiting films related to Naval, and later Military, Empire and Yachting subjects under the general title of 'Our Navy'. The shows were presented in halls and later in purpose-built cinemas across the UK and theBritish Empire.

The London home of 'Our Navy' was theRegent Street Polytechnic(now theUniversity of Westminster), which still houses one of London's first purpose-built cinema halls, theRegent Street Cinema.The Lumiere Brothers gave the first ever public film show of moving pictures in the United Kingdom on 21 February 1896 in the hall. (A programme of restorationhas been carried out which has revived the cinema and revealed a few of its late 19th-century features). 'Our Navy' also exhibited atThe Crystal Palaceand thePeople's Palacein theMile End Road.

Photographic methods

Alfred J. West invented his own shutter and stabilising devices and mounted his heavydry plate camerain the well of a sailing yawl. This was manoeuvred by his boatman under the lee of large racing yachts to obtain the best shots of these heavily-canvassed vessels at full speed.

In 1898, during the early period of cinematographic technical development, his employee James Adams was granted a patent for "Improvements in and relating to cameras and projecting Apparatus for Kinematograph Pictures"(No. 9738 of AD 1898)by theUK Patent Office.

PhotographingTurbinia

In 1897, Alfred J. West obtained photographs of theTurbiniasteam yacht travelling at full speed at theRoyal Fleet Review.He was subsequently invited byCharles Algernon Parsonsto film and photograph the vessel in theTyneand the pictures captured remain the defining image ofTurbiniaat speed. Sir Charles Parsons is believed to the person standing in the conning tower in this picture. None of the moving pictures have survived.

West writes in his (unpublished) 1936 autobiography as follows:

It was at this same Review that a wonderful little vessel named the Turbinia appeared, steaming through the Fleet at 35 knots, a speed never before achieved on water. She was the first ship to be fitted with the turbine machinery invented by her owner, the Hon. C. A. Parsons ofNewcastle-on-Tyne,and a great sensation was caused by her steaming through the lines at such a speed. Whilst she was at anchor in Portsmouth Harbour, I went aboard and told the owner that I would like to get a snap of his craft going at full speed. "No one has succeeded yet, although many have tried", replied Mr. Parsons. "I should like to have a shot at her", I persisted. "Alright, so you shall!" he said with a smile, "I will make another run through the fleet tomorrow, look out for me between lines A. and B. at noon. That should give you an opportunity." I'll be there, opposite the Flagship ", I told him. Punctually at 12 o'clock there appeared between the leaders of the lines a smother of foam – it was the Turbinia. As she raced past the Flagship, I was waiting in my launch and took a flying shot of her. When I developed the plate I was delighted to find that I had" got her ", and the owner was so pleased with the result that he invited me to take a number of photographs and a cinematograph film of his craft on the Tyne.

Subsequently, West's 'Our Navy' made regular use of this shot in its publicity and brochures, and the moving pictures of the vessel were frequently shown as part of the performances and referred to specifically in the promotional material associated with the shows as 'Turbinia... showing the effects of foam etc'.

Royal Command Performances – 1898 and 1901

In 1898, Alfred J West embarked with his staff member Chief Petty Office Thomas McGregor as ship's photographer and cinematographer on the three-month cruise ofHMSCrescent,commanded by The Duke of York (laterGeorge V). On its return to port, he gave aRoyal Command Performanceof the material toQueen VictoriaatOsborne Housein theisle of Wight.The Duke of York wrote a short review of the performance in his diary for 27 August 1898"After dinner West showed his animated photographs & McGregor the photos he took on bd. The 'Crescent' on a screen, very well done" (Diary Extract reproduced by kind permission of HMThe Queen)

A second Royal Command performance showing 'animated photographs' was given toEdward VII,his family and Estate staff on 9 November 1901 atSandringham.The film shown at that presentation was taken by Alfred West's assistant, Chief Petty Officer McGregor, who had been taken on board as official photographer for "Our Navy" for the world cruise of theroyal yachtHMSOphir.The cruise was undertaken by The Prince of Wales (later George V) and his family. Although West wrote proudly in his unpublished autobiography that the event was successful and involvedministers of state and other guests,the Prince of Wales wrote about this occasion on 10 November 1901 saying:"Afterwards West and McGregor showed the cinematograph photographs, taken by the latter, during our tour in the Colonies in the ball room, all the tenants & servants came, they were interesting but not very successful."(Diary Extract reproduced by kind permission of HM The Queen). For more detail see also'The Cruise of H.M.S. Ophir'1901 on the 'Our Navy' Website

Trafalgar centenary 1905

At the culminatingAlbert Hallcelebrations on 21 October 1905, Alfred West showed a programme of patriotic and nautical films. TheTimes of Londonreported on 20 October: "... Mr Alfred West, well known for admirable kinematographic shows of a naval character, will give a novel one, illustrating the reception of the French Fleet". The show also featured a sequence of a very old seaman who had served with Admiral Hyde-Parker (one of Nelson's captains) accompanied by a petty officer from the Royal Naval Barracks and two boys from the Royal Seamen and Marines’ Orphanage. The action took place on the quarterdeck ofHMSVictory,the elderly seaman showing a young boy the features of the ship – the ship's wheel, the memorial plaque 'Here Nelson Fell' and culminating in the laying of a wreath.This sequence survives as one of the extant film clips of 'Our Navy'.

Endorsement of BOROID safety film

In 1910, West enthusiastically endorsed a new, non-inflammable, film format 'BOROID' which was presented to the British cinematographic trade using acetate-based cellulose. It was developed, he claimed 'accidentally', by the prolific inventorBenno Borzykowski,a partner in Photochemie G.m.b.H. Berlin, and Director of the Benobor Syndicate, who had worked on patents for artificial silk and other fabrics. BOROID' was a by-product of that work but was not patented. Borzykowski published other UK patents which substituted acetates for celluloid, including "patent application number 21,719forA New or Improved Process for the Production of a Substitute for Glass Sheets or Plates and other Articles."in 1910.

The Boroid company commenced trading on 21 November 1910, being originally registered in London at 58 Coleman St., moving to 104 High Holborn in May 1911, and finally to 48 Rupert St. in June 1913. Boroid Ltd. issued its detailed share prospectus in the(Westminster Gazette of Monday 16 January 1911 (P12 col. 1 and 2):A number of testimonials were provided, including a very detailed one from Alfred J West F.R.G.S. of 'Our Navy', in which he proposed to move his entire production to 'non-flam' BOROID film: 'BOROID' had most of its assets in Germany, and the Great War of 1914-1919 put an immediate end to the business in the UK when BOROID film stock became unavailable, although it was claimed by Borzykowski in 1919 that 'several million feet' a week were being sold in the UK before being forced to close there. A Receiver was appointed by the debenture holders on 12 May 1914 (The London Project). Borzykowski moved to America in 1915 and recommenced work on Boroid (Educational Film MagazineApril 1919 P 22-25: P 136 in PDF file.In this article he refers to Alfred West's detailed and strong endorsement of Boroid safety film. In July 1910, West had taken part in a dramatic demonstration at the Criterion Restaurant (reported in 'The Globe' (Saturday 02 July 1910, P11, Col 4)"... in the course of which its non-inflammability was amply shown. Whereas a cigarette end applied to a piece of ordinary celluloid caused it to burst into flame almost immediately, the new substance, which has all the transparency and pliability of celluloid, merely melted away when exposed to the flame of a lighted match. A piece of celluloid and a piece of the new substitute were also placed successively in a cinematograph machine and exposed to the concentrated heat rays. The celluloid flamed within three seconds, but the Boroid remained exposed for three or four minutes and appeared to be quite unaffected."(See alsoThe Referee - Sunday 03 July 1910P3, col 4)

Use of West's archive of films in wartime - 1914 onwards

Although the film material had been sold by West to B. B. Film Hiring Service in 1913, the material was not out of the limelight as the war drew nearer, being formally declared on 4 August 1914. With such a large archive at their disposal it seems that the company assembled a series of up to eight parts of archive naval material and 5 parts of similar army material for distribution to cinemas as the war was declared.Kinematograph Weeklyof 13/08/1914 reported that:"Mr. Walker, the Newcastle representative for a large number of London film houses, was besieged on Monday for vacancies of “Our Navy” and "Life in the British Army,” while Pathe's” Curse of War” was sought for at double the price. "By 14 August, South London Press (P1 Col6) was announcing"LIFE IN THE BRITISH NAVY." and "LIFE IN THE BRITISH ARMY." BY ALFRED WEST F.R.G.S. "By 27 August, Kinematograph Weekly was reporting"Practically all the North Wales picture theatres are now showing war news, and such pictures as “Our Navy in Action” and” Army Manoeuvres” prove good draws. Topicals of the departure of local Territorials are also being shown. "On 8 October, Kinematograph Weekly reported"Mr. Somers, the local manager at the B.B. Film Service, Great Ducie Street, gives us to understand that their many war pictures," Our Navy, "etc., are in great demand."The presentations of these two series continued countrywide until 1919 when they were offered for sale (Kinematograph Weekly 10/07/1919) after which there are few if any press references to presentations of the films.

Films eventually presumed destroyed

The Portsmouth Evening Newsreported on 06/05/1935 (P6, Col6) that the films were eventually transferred to the Gaumont British company, but that in 1935 they were presumed destroyed as sequences relating to the funeral of Queen Victoria could not then be found.

Ephemera collections

Much work was done by the late twin brothers John and William Barnes, film historians, in tracking down and collectingephemerarelated to Alfred West, 'Our Navy' and the G. West and Son precursor business. This is held for posterity in the Barnes Collection atHove Museum and Art Gallery.Some material not yet deposited and catalogued is held privately.

Books of press cuttings collected fromSouth Coastnewspaper libraries by West's grandson, Antony Scott Clover (1917–1998), are held in the family, as are some facsimile copies of ephemeral material and prints of yachting plates. A review of all the newspaper articles and advertisements for Alfred West and Our Navy compiled in 2020-2024 (and ongoing) from theBritish Newspaper Archiveand Australian and New Zealand sources is available as a PDF file athttps://drive.google /file/d/1WAE1AADDCN9gL3FiCVx7eR3l7S3KcSgi/view

A series of cigarette cards and postcardsin a numbered series were produced to accompany the 'Our Navy' presentations and these were widely circulated and are still collected by specialists.

'Spot' promotional material included slips of paper promoting the show which were enclosed in a blue wrapper to give the appearance of medical 'powders' often taken for headache and other ailments. Hundreds of these were placed in public places awaiting discovery.

Extant film clips

The few clips that are still extant of West's film are held as originals in theBFI National Archiveand are curated by theWessex Film and Sound ArchiveatWinchester,Hants.

They can also beviewed in low resolutionon the 'Our Navy' Website

The following titles are listed (amongst others) at theInternet Movie Database.It is not yet known who has compiled the list or from what source, but the titles listed are convincing:

These entries may relate to extant clips preserved from the period, or they may simply have been copied from a contemporary catalogue.

References

Pioneers of the British Film, John Barnes, Bishopsgate Press, 1983ISBN 1-85219-012-4,pp. 45–53
Who’s Who of Victorian Cinema,Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan (eds), British Film Institute, 1996,ISBN 0-85170-539-1,pp. 149–150
Alfred John West and the Trafalgar Centenary, David Clover, H. Lewis-Jones, A. Cross (eds), The Trafalgar Chronicle 2009,ISBN 978-1-902392-19-6,Vol 19, pp. 266–282
'Limelights and shadows': popular and visual culture in South West England, 1880–1914,Leveridge, Rosalind Claire, PhD thesis, pp192–195, University of Exeter, 2011

External links